태국인 한국어 학습자의 인식양태 습득 연구

Patee, Isariya 이화여자대학교 국제대학원 2024 국내박사

The purpose of this study is to examine the acquisition of Korean epistemic modality constructions by L1 Thai learners. The use of epistemic modality constructions expressing ‘speculation’ and ‘knowledge’ is restricted by various semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic conditions. Since these constructions have no corresponding form in Thai, and their use vary depending on the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic conditions, it is difficult for Thai Korean language learners to acquire these constructions. Therefore, this study focused on the acquisition of Korean epistemic modality constructions expressing ‘speculation’ and ‘knowledge’ by Thai Korean language learners and examined whether there are differences in the production of epistemic modality expressions in Korean according to each semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic condition. In Chapter I, the purpose and necessity of the study were identified, and the research questions were set after reviewing previous studies on the acquisition of Korean epistemic modality constructions and studies on Thai Korean language learners’ acquisition of Korean epistemic modality constructions. The first research question determines whether there is a difference between Thai Learners of Intermediate Korean language, Thai Learners of Advanced Korean language and Korean native speakers’ usages of epistemic modality construction expressing ‘speculation’. The second research question investigates the difference between three groups’ usages of epistemic modality constructions that represent ‘knowledge’. Chapter II provides a theoretical foundation for the research on the acquisition of Korean epistemic modality constructions expressing ‘speculation’ and ‘knowledge’. First, the definitions and categories of epistemic modality constructions were examined, and the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic characteristics of Korean epistemic modalities were identified. The epistemic modality constructions expressing ‘speculation’ selected in this study are the following: ‘-gess-’, ‘-(eu)l geosida’, ‘-(eu)n/neun/(eu)l moyangida’, ‘-(eu)nga/neunga/na/(eu)lyeona boda’, ‘-(eu)n/neun/(eu)l geosgatda’. Five modality constructions expressing ‘knowledge’ were also selected: ‘-(neun)guna’, ‘-ne’, ‘-deola’, ‘-geodeun’, ‘-ji’. In addition, the epistemic modality expressions in Thai language were examined, and the Thai language epistemic modality corresponding to the Korean language epistemic modality was organized and discussed. Chapter III describes the research method used in this study. The questions for the epistemic modality expressions semi production task consisted of multiple choice, and the semi production task questions were developed according to the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic conditions of the epistemic modality constructions expressing ‘speculation’ and ‘knowledge’. A total of 120 people were sampled, including 40 Thai intermediate Korean learners, 40 Thai advanced learners, and 40 native Korean speakers. For the analysis of the collected data, the results of the semi-production task were quantified, and a two-way analysis of variance was performed. Chapter IV analyzes the research results. First, there was a significant difference between the group of Thai intermediate learners, the Thai advanced learner group, and the native Korean speaker group in the production of epistemic modality constructions expressing ‘speculation’ in all semantic and syntactic conditions (‘With basis: On-site perceiving experience’, ‘With basis: Indirect on-site perceiving experience’, ‘With basis: internalized information/general knowledge’, ‘No basis’). Additionally, a significant difference existed between the Thai intermediate and advanced learner groups in the conditions of ‘With basis: internalized information/general knowledge’ and ‘No basis’. Second, in the conditions of ‘Euphemistic refusal’, ‘Euphemistically presenting an opinion’, and ‘Empathy expression’, the Thai intermediate and advanced learner groups differed from the native Korean speaker group in the production of epistemic modality constructions expressing ‘speculation’ s. There was also a difference in production between the intermediate learner group and the advanced learner group in the ‘Euphemistic refusal’, ‘Reassuring’, and ‘Euphemistically asking for understanding conditions’. Third, in the production of epistemic modality constructions expressing ‘knowledge’ among the semantic and syntactic conditions, Thai intermediate and advanced learner groups differed from the native Korean speaker group in the conditions of ‘Unassimilated information: Present perception’, ‘Unassimilated information: Inference’, and ‘Unassimilated information: Perception of the past’. Additionally, there was difference found between the Thai intermediate learner group and the advanced learner group in the conditions of ‘Unassimilated information: Perception of the past’, ‘Assimilated information: Assuming hearer’s ignorance’, and ‘Assimilated information: Assuming hearer’s knowledge’. Fourth, Thai intermediate and advanced learner groups differed from the native Korean speaker group in producing expressions of the epistemic modality constructions expressing ‘knowledge’ among the pragmatic conditions ‘Reduce the sense of burden: Making a promise’ and ‘Reduce the sense of burden: Present opposing opinions (based on one's past experience)’. There was also a difference in the production between intermediate and advanced learners in the ‘Reduce the sense of burden: Suggest’, ‘Reduce the sense of burden: Request to join’, and ‘Reduce the sense of burden: Present opposing opinions (based on one’s past experience)’ conditions. In addition, it was shown that Thai Korean learners acquired the construction expressing ‘speculation’ in the semantic and syntactic conditions better as their Korean language proficiency increased, but the ‘With basis: On-site perceiving experience’ condition was still difficult to acquire even as the learners’ proficiency increased. For the pragmatic condition, the constructions expressing ‘speculation’ were also well acquired as the learners’ language proficiency increased, but the ‘Empathy expression’ condition was difficult to acquire even though the learners have reached the advanced level. As a result of analyzing the production of the epistemic modality constructions expressing ‘knowledge’, the accuracy of production increased as the proficiency level increased in all semantic and syntactic conditions, but the ‘Unassimilated information: Perception of the past’ condition was not mastered well even by advanced Thai learners. In the case of the pragmatic condition, as the level of proficiency increased, the accuracy of using the epistemic modality constructions expressing ‘knowledge’ also increases in all conditions, except the ‘Reduce the sense of burden: Making a promise’ condition that was not mastered well even by the advanced learners. Chapter V summarizes the research results and describes the significance of the study. The significance of this study is that it classified the epistemic modality constructions into those which express ‘speculation’ and constructions that express ‘knowledge’, and it also investigated the acquisition of those constructions according to various semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic conditions. This study was conducted with the samples of Thai learners learning Korean as a second language. Furthermore, this study indicates the need for explicit teaching of the constructions expressing epistemic modality according to their semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic conditions to learners of Korean as a second language. 본 연구는 태국인 한국어 학습자들의 한국어 인식양태 습득을 고찰하는 데 목적이 있다. 추측을 나타내는 인식양태 표현과 앎을 나타내는 인식양태 표현은 의미∙통사적 조건과 화용적 조건에 따라 다르게 사용된다. 이렇게 다양한 한국어 인식양태 표현들이 각각 태국어 표현으로 대응될 수 없고 의미∙통사적, 화용적 조건에 따라 사용되는 인식양태 표현이 달라지므로 태국인 한국어 학습자들의 경우 인식양태 표현을 습득하기가 쉽지 않다. 이에 본 연구는 태국인 한국어 학습자의 추측 인식양태 표현과 앎 인식양태 표현에 주목하여 각 의미∙통사적 조건과 화용적 조건에 따라 생산에 차이가 있는지 살펴보았다. I장에서는 연구의 목적과 필요성을 밝히고 한국어 인식양태 습득에 대한 선행연구와 태국인 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 한 한국어 인식양태에 대한 선행 연구를 검토한 후 연구 문제를 설정하였다. 첫 번째 연구 문제는 태국인 중급 학습자, 태국인 고급 학습자, 한국어 모어 화자의 추측 인식양태 표현 생산이 집단에 따라 차이를 보이는지 확인하기 위한 것이며, 두 번째 연구 문제는 태국인 중급 학습자, 태국인 고급 학습자, 한국어 모어 화자의 앎 인식양태 표현 생산이 집단에 따라 차이를 보이는지 살펴보기 위한 것이다. II장에서는 ‘추측’과 ‘앎’을 나타내는 인식양태의 습득 연구를 위한 이론적 기반을 마련하였다. 먼저 인식양태의 정의와 범주를 살펴보았고 한국어 인식양태의 의미·통사·화용적 기능을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 선정된 추측 인식양태 표현은 ‘-겠-’, ‘-(으)ㄹ 것이다’, ‘-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 모양이다’, ‘-(으)ㄴ가/는가/나/(으)려나 보다’, ‘-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 것 같다’ 총 5개이며, ‘앎’을 나타내는 인식양태는 ‘-(는)구나’, ‘-네’, ‘-더라’, ‘-거든’, ‘-지’ 총 5개이다. 또한, 태국어 인식양태를 확인하고 한국어 인식양태에 대응되는 태국어 인식양태를 정리하고 논의하였다. III장에서는 연구 방법을 기술하였다. 본 연구에서 인식양태 표현 준 생산 과제의 문항은 다지선다형으로 구성되었으며, 추측과 앎 인식양태 표현의 의미·통사적 조건과 화용적 조건에 따라 준 생산 과제를 개발하였다. 태국인 한국어 중급 학습자 40명, 태국인 고급 학습자 40명, 한국어 모어 화자 40명, 총 120명을 표집하였고 숙달도 검사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료의 결과를 분석하기 위해 준 생산 과제 결과는 수치화하여 이원분산분석을 실시하였다. IV장에서는 연구 결과를 분석하였으며, 이를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 모든 의미∙통사적 조건(‘근거 있음: 현장 지각 경험’, ‘근거 있음: 현장 지각 주변 경험’, ‘근거 있음: 내면화된 정보/일반적 지식’, ‘근거 없음’)에서 태국인 한국어 중급 학습자 집단과 태국인 한국어 고급 학습자 집단이 한국어 모어 화자 집단과 추측 인식양태 표현 생산에서 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 태국인 한국어 중급 집단과 태국인 한국어 고급 집단 간은 추측 인식양태 표현 생산의 ‘근거 있음: 내면화된 정보/일반적 지식’, ‘근거 없음’ 조건에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 둘째, ‘완곡하게 거절하기’, ‘완곡하게 의견 제시하기’, ‘공감하기’ 조건에서는 태국인 중급 및 고급 학습자 집단과 한국어 모어 화자 집단이 추측 인식양태 표현 생산에 차이가 있었으며, 또 ‘완곡하게 거절하기’, ‘안심시키기’, ‘완곡하게 양해 구하기’ 조건에서는 중급 학습자 집단과 고급 학습자 집단이 차이를 보였다. 셋째, 의미∙통사적 조건 중 ‘새로 앎: 현재 지각’, ‘새로 앎: 추론’, ‘새로 앎: 과거 지각’ 조건에서는 태국인 중급 학습자 집단과 고급 학습자 집단이 한국어 모어 화자 집단과 앎 인식양태 표현 생산에서 차이를 보였으며, ‘새로 앎: 과거 지각’, ‘이미 앎: 미지가정’, ‘이미 앎: 기지가정’ 조건에서는 태국인 중급 학습자와 고급 학습자 간에 차이가 있었다. 넷째, 화용적 조건 중 ‘부담줄이기: 약속하기’, ‘부담줄이기: 반대 의견 제시하기(과거 경험을 바탕으로)’ 조건에서는 태국인 중급 학습자 집단이 한국어 모어 화자 집단과 앎 인식양태 표현 생산에서 차이를 보였고 중급 학습자와 고급 학습자 간에는 ‘부담줄이기: 제안하기’, ‘부담줄이기: 청유하기’, ‘부담줄이기: 반대 의견 제시하기(과거 경험을 바탕으로)’ 조건에서 차이가 있었다. 태국인 한국어 학습자들은 대부분의 의미∙통사적 조건에서 숙달도가 높아질수록 추측 인식양태 표현을 잘 습득하였는데 ‘근거 있음: 현장의 지각 경험’ 조건은 숙달도가 높아져도 습득을 어려워하였다. 또, 대부분의 화용적 조건에서 숙달도가 높아질수록 추측 인식양태 표현을 잘 습득하였으나, ‘공감하기’ 조건은 고급 수준에 도달하였음에도 습득에 어려움이 있었다. 앎 인식양태 표현 생산 분석 결과에서는 대부분의 의미∙통사적 조건에서 숙달도가 높아질수록 생산의 정확성이 높았지만 ‘새로 앎: 과거 지각’ 조건은 태국인 고급 학습자일지라도 잘 습득하지 못하였다. 화용적 조건의 경우 대부분의 조건에서 숙달도가 높아질수록 앎 인식양태 표현 사용의 정확성이 높아졌지만 ‘부담줄이기: 약속하기’ 조건은 고급 학습자임에도 잘 습득하지 못하였다. V장에서는 연구 결과를 요약하고 연구의 의의를 기술하였다. 본 연구의 의의는 제2외국어로서 한국어를 학습하는 학습자 수가 많은 태국인 학습자를 대상으로 인식양태를 추측 인식양태 표현과 앎 인식양태 표현으로 분류하여 의미∙통사적 조건과 화용적 조건에 따른 습득을 확인했다는 데 있다. 또한 실제 한국어 교육에서 의미∙통사적 조건과 화용적 조건에 따른 추측 인식양태 표현과 앎 인식양태 표현에 대한 명시적 교수의 필요성을 제기했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

태국인 한국어 학습자의 시제 형태소 습득 연구

Patee, Isariya 이화여자대학교 국제대학원 2014 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to investigate the acquisition of Korean tense morphemes of Thai learners. Various contrastive analysis studies on tense in Korean and tense in Thai have been conducted steadily; however, only some of them target Thai learners of Korean. More importantly, the study on Korean tense morphemes with Thai learners as the subjects has yet to be executed. Thai as an isolated language is different from Korean in term of word order, resulting in different range of tense morphemes. Therefore, it is easy for Thai learners of Korean to face difficulty in learning Korean tense morphemes. And the lack of the understanding in tense can cause trouble in communication. In order to find an effective way to educate Thai learners on tense morphemes, we need to understand the learners’ acquisition aspect of Korean tense morphemes. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine how Thai learners acquire Korean tense morphemes. Chapter I explains the objective of this study as well as the advanced research on tense in Korean and tense in Thai. The research problems include the followings: first, what are the differences between Thai learners of Korean and Korean native speakers in using tense in Korean? Second, does proficiency level of Thai learners of Korean have an influence on the acquisition of tense in Korean? Chapter II suggests the theoretical background. Here, the semantic characteristics of tense in Korean and tense in Thai, in addition to the comparison of tense systems of the two languages, are brought into consideration. Consequently, chapter III explains the tool used in this research. A grammaticality judgment test was developed as a measure to examine the acquisition aspect of tense in Korean of Thai learners. The experiment participants were a total of 100 participants: 25 beginning Thai-speaking learners, 25 intermediate Thai-speaking learners, and 50 Korean native speakers. Chapter IV describes the results of the experiment using the tool suggested in Chapter III. The results include the following: firstly, statistically significant differences between Thai learners of Korean’s and Korean native speakers’ aspects of tense use in almost all semantic functions. The results of the grammaticality judgment test show the highest percentage of correct answers to the lowest in this order: ‘simultaneous indication of present point of time and past point of time’, ‘planned action in the future’, ‘future action’, ‘action that took place at a point of time in the past’, ‘an attribute of thing or personality of a person’, ‘general fact’, ‘situation that progressed in a certain period of time in the past’, ‘supposition of conditional future situation’, ‘intention’, ‘action that took place repeatedly in the past’, ‘present state of things, feelings’, ‘situation that was completed in a particular point of time’, ‘present progressive’, ‘a habit in the present, repetition’, ‘past condition or feelings’, ‘supposition or prediction’, ‘a situation that is completed in the present’, ‘present condition’, ‘action that took place in the past and has progressed up to the present’, and ‘action that takes place in the present or to be completed soon’. Excluding ‘simultaneous indication of present point of time and past point of time’, the rest of the list displays statistically meaningful differences between Thai learners of Korean and native Korean speakers. Secondly, when Thai speaking participants were classified into more advanced learners and beginning learners, both groups of learners showed statistically meaningful differences in using Korean tense according to semantic characteristics in five semantic functions, which were ‘past condition or feelings’, ‘situation that is completed in the present’, ‘situation that was completed in a particular point of time’, ‘supposition or prediction’, and ‘supposition of conditional future situation’. As a result, it was confirmed that level of proficiency is one of the factors of these differences. The average scores of the advanced learners for each semantic function turned out high. However, the average scores of both groups of learners in terms of three following semantic functions: ‘action that takes place in the present or to be completed soon’, ‘present condition’, and ‘action that took place in the past and has progressed up to the present’, turned out low. The reason is that the usages of these three semantic functions are classified differently in Thai. Moreover, the fact that one’s tongue has an influence on the acquisition of tense in Korean has been assured. Last but not least, the results and significance of this study, as well as its limitations are shown in Chapter V. In this chapter, an analysis of Thai learners of Korean’s acquisition of semantic characteristics of tense in Korean is demonstrated. However, up to the present, there has been no research on the acquisition of tense in Korean that targets Thai learners of Korean. Therefore, this research can be counted as a significant one as it is the first on this topic. Through this research, the difficulty that Thai learners of Korean face in acquiring tense in Korean was revealed. There is a hope that the results of this research will be helpful in educating Thai learners on Korean tense. One of the limitations of this research is that the test failed to include questions of various forms. Through the questionnaire, present tense, past tense, and future tense can be defined totally 20 semantic functions only according to semantic characteristics. However, an excessive amount of questions in the grammaticality judgment test can impair the concentration of the learners. Thus, only 3 questions of each function were carried into the test. And because this research focuses on only ‘-eoyo’, ‘-eoseoyo’, and ‘-eu geoyeyo’ forms, it is necessary to conduct further research on more various forms. 본 연구는 태국인 한국어 학습자의 한국어 시제 형태소 습득 양상을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 현재 한국어 시제와 태국어 시제의 대조 분석 연구가 있으나 태국인 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 한 연구는 상당히 적다. 특히 태국인 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 한 한국어 시제 형태소 습득 연구는 전무하다. 한편 태국어는 고립어로 한국어와 어순이 다르고, 시제 형태소의 범주 또한 차이가 있다. 이에 따라 태국인 학습자들은 한국어 시제 형태소 학습에 어려움을 겪기 쉬우며, 시제에 대한 이해 부족으로 의사소통의 문제가 발생할 가능성이 있다. 태국인 학습자에게 한국어 시제 형태소를 보다 효과적으로 교수하기 위해서는 태국인 학습자의 한국어 시제 형태소 습득 양상이 어떠한지를 파악할 필요가 있다. 이에 본고는 태국인 한국어 학습자의 한국어 시제 형태소 습득을 살피는 것을 목적으로 삼아 고찰하고자 한다. Ⅰ장에서는 본 연구의 목적을 밝히며 한국어 시제나 태국어 시제를 연구한 선행 연구를 고찰하여 연구문제를 도출하였다. 본고의 연구문제는 첫째, 태국인 한국어 학습자의 한국어 시제 형태소 사용 양상은 한국어 모어 화자의 시제 사용 양상과 비교했을 때 어떠한 차이가 있는가, 둘째, 한국어 시제 형태소를 습득하는 데 있어서 태국인 한국어 학습자의 숙달도 변인이 영향을 미치는가이다. 다음으로는 Ⅱ장에서는 이론적 배경을 제시하였다. 한국어 시제와 태국어 시제의 의미적 특성을 고찰하며, 두 언어의 시제의 체계를 비교하였다. 이어 Ⅲ장에서는 본 연구에서 사용된 연구 도구를 제시하였다. 태국인 한국어 학습자의 한국어 시제 형태소 습득 양상을 살펴보기 위하여 개발한 도구는 문법성 판단 테스트이다. 실험 참여자는 태국어권 한국어 학습자 초급 25명, 중급 25명, 한국어 모어화자 50명으로 총 100명이었다. Ⅳ장에서는 Ⅲ장에서 개발한 도구로 실시한 실험 결과를 기술하였다. 그 결과는 첫째, 태국인 한국어 학습자의 한국어 시제 사용 양상은 한국어 모어 화자의 한국어 시제 형태소 사용 양상과 비교했을 때 한 의미를 제외한 나머지 의미에서 모두 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 문법성 판단 테스트의 정답률은 ‘현재 시점과 과거 시점을 동시에 지시’ > ‘계획된 미래’ > ‘앞으로 일어날 일’ > ‘과거시점에 발생한 행위’ > ‘사물의 속성이나 사람의 성격’ > ‘일반적 사실’ > ‘과거에 일정기간 진행된 상황이나 행동’ > ‘미래의 가정된 상황에서 추측’ > ‘의도’ > ‘과거 반복된 일이나 습관’ > ‘현재의 상태나 느낌’ > ‘과거특정 시점에 완결된 상황이나 행동’ > ‘현재의 진행’ > ‘현재의 습관이나 반복’ > ‘과거 상태나 느낌’ > ‘미래의 추측’ > ‘현재에 완결된 상황이나 행동’ > ‘현재의 상태’ > ‘과거부터 현재까지 진행’ > ‘확실성이 있는 앞으로 일어날 일’의 순으로 나타났다. ‘현재 시점과 과거 시점을 동시에 지시’의 의미를 제외한 나머지 항목에서 태국인 학습자가 한국어 모어 화자와 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 숙달도별로 태국인 학습자를 하위 집단과 상위 집단으로 나누었을 때, 두 집단은 한국어 시제 형태소의 의미적 특성에 따른 ‘과거 상태, 느낌’, ‘현재에 완결된 상황’, ‘과거 특정 시점에 완결된 상황’, ‘미래의 추측’, 그리고 ‘미래의 가정된 상황에서 추측’ 의미, 이상 총 5가지 의미 특성에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였기 때문에 숙달도 변인이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 각 의미에서 학습자 상위 집단의 점수 평균이 높게 나타났는데 ‘확실성이 있는 앞으로 일어날 일’, ‘현재의 상태’, ‘과거부터 현재까지 진행’, 이상 3가지 의미에서는 하위 집단도 물론이고 상위 집단도 점수 평균이 낮게 나타났는데 그 까닭은 각 3가지 용법에서의 한국어 시제 형태소는 태국어 시제 분류와 다르기 때문이다. 따라서 모국어가 한국어 시제 형태소 습득에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 마지막으로 Ⅴ장에서는 본고의 결론과 의의, 또는 한계에 대해서 기술하였다. 본 연구는 태국인 한국어 학습자의 한국어 시제 형태소의 의미적 특성에 따른 습득 양상을 분석하였다. 그런데 지금까지 태국인 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 한 한국어 시제 형태소 습득 연구가 없었기 때문에, 해당 영역의 최초 연구로서 본 연구가 가지는 의의를 찾을 수 있겠다. 연구를 통해 태국인 한국어 학습자가 한국어 시제 형태소의 어떤 부분을 습득하는 데 어려움을 겪고 있는지를 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 나타난 결과를 통하여 태국인 한국어 학습자에게 한국어 시제 형태소를 교수하는 데 도움이 될 것이라고 희망한다. 본 연구의 한계점으로는 다양한 형식의 문항을 포함하지 못했다는 점을 들 수 있다. 문항지를 통해 한국어의 현재시제, 과거시제, 미래시제의 각 의미적 특성에 따른 총 20가지 의미를 살펴보았는데, 문법성 판단 테스트에서 많은 문항을 실시하면 학습자의 집중력이 떨어질 수 있으므로 각 의미에서 3가지 문항만 실시하였다. 또한 본고에서는 ‘­어요’, ‘­었어요’, ‘­(으)ㄹ 거예요’ 형식으로만 연구하였기 때문에 더 다양한 형식으로 연구할 필요가 있다.

Mexican American parents' beliefs about their adolescent's mental health and parental use of alternative interventions

Pate, Lucila Ramirez The University of Texas at Austin 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

The Mexican American population is the largest and fastest growing Latino subgroup in the United States. Research has indicated Mexican Americans experience as many, if not more, mental health problems as other ethnic groups, including anxiety, depression, agoraphobia, simple phobia, drug and alcohol abuse, and increased rates of suicide. Mexican Americans, however, are among some of the most underserved by the mental health community. Little research, however, has focused on parents' beliefs about their adolescents' mental health, their utilization of mainstream mental health services, or their use of alternative resources for addressing their adolescent's problems. This is particularly troubling given Mexican American youth have disproportionately high rates of substance abuse, delinquency, depression and suicide. Mexican American youth's utilization patterns mirror those of adults, with lower rates of utilization than their peers of other ethnicities, and higher rates of early termination of treatment. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine a number of topics related to Mexican American mothers' perspectives on adolescent mental health, including factors that contribute to problems, steps parents would be willing to take to help their adolescent, their beliefs about the use of mental health professionals, and their use of alternatives such as curanderos, priests, or family reliance to address their adolescent mental health problems. Participants were 27 mothers of adolescents who identify themselves as being of Mexican descent (Mexican; Mexican American). Mothers who agreed to participate were interviewed in person using a semi-structured interview format. The results revealed considerable consistency in the participants' views regardless of family history, adolescent problems faced, language spoken, and their generation in the U.S. The results of this study indicated that the Mexican American mothers who participated were attuned to adolescent functioning, with a keen sense for determining whether their adolescent is experiencing problems. The participants were able to navigate a complex system that involved considering other resources in their surroundings to address their adolescent's problems. Overall, participants indicated positive regard toward the use of family, church, schools, and professionals in helping their adolescent, while the use of traditional folk healers, such as curanderos, was only minimally indicated.

Federal sector unionization and rated performance of civil service health care workers

Pate, Christopher L The Pennsylvania State University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation examines the effects of unionization on rated performance of civil service health care workers assigned to U.S. Army medical treatment facilities (MTFs) as of September 1997 (N = 10,186). Complemented by a general performance model, equity theory serves as the theoretical framework. Utilizing data from the Defense Manpower Data Center, United States Department of Labor, and United States Office of Personnel Management, sequential binary and multinomial logistic regression models are used to evaluate performance differentials between union represented and non-represented employees. Selectivity bias is examined using a two-stage Heckman model. Findings suggest that unionization exerts a positive influence on rated performance of represented workers, but effects depend upon employee and establishment characteristics. Consistent with predictions, cross-group differentials in rated performance are found based upon employee age, length of federal service, and establishment size. Differences based upon gender and minority status are directionally consistent with predictions, but are statistically insignificant. Since selectivity bias is not indicated in the Heckman model, results are assumed to be unaffected by sample selection bias. Results also suggest that local union configuration influences rated performance of represented workers. Findings not only have immediate implications for federal sector unions and federal sector personnel management policies, but they also have important implications for unions, employers and policy makers in the broader health care industry.

Segregation and social control: An agent based simulation

Pate, Stephen Matthew State University of New York at Albany 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

There exists a considerable body of literature devoted to the evolution of segregated settlement patterns. Among the most influential works is Schelling (1978). Schelling describes a variety of mechanisms that facilitate the partitioning of populations into readily discernable groups. Among Schelling's most important observations regard the influence of individual choices. This study builds on those insights in an examination of uncoordinated individual settlement preferences; and how, when taken in the aggregate, they form clearly segregated residential patterns. This study also examines an element of Schelling's work, that segregation is reinforced by the practices of organizations. In particular, individual choices may be reinforced by formal social control as represented by the influence of policing practices. Following the minority threat perspective as exemplified by Blalock (1967), this study examines how evolving coalitions respond to and are effected both by organizing trends and formal social controls. Rather than relying on observational data such as Census or UCR reports, this study seeks to understand the phenomena of segregation and reinforcement through the use of computer simulation modeling. In using computer models, this research is able to ally many of the problems often associated with research in this area.

Genealogies of Korean adoption: American empire, militarization, and yellow desire

Pate, SooJin University of Minnesota 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation traces genealogies of Korean adoption that disrupt the dominant narrative of Korean adoption as a) a humanitarian rescue project and b) a reproduction of white heteronormative kinship in order to track the subject formation of the Korean orphan and adoptee. It does so by situating the emergence of Korean adoption neither in the Korean War (1950-1953) nor in the postwar recovery efforts of the U.S. but within the context of U.S. military occupation of the southern portion of Korea that began in 1945---five years prior to the Korean War and ten years before the "official" beginning of Korean adoption. In so doing, I argue that the figures of the Korean orphan and adoptee have defined neocolonial relations between the U.S. and Korea, as well as fostered white heteronormative constructions of the American family and nation. In Chapter One, I link the development of U.S. neocolonialism in South Korea to the neocolonial practice of Korean adoption by demonstrating how U.S. militarism and its policies of militarized humanitarianism became the precursors to this form of child welfare. I suggest that the Korean orphan ushered the arrival of what I call "American humanitarianism empire," which enabled the U.S. to promote the myth of American exceptionalism while, at the same time, participate in imperial activities in the newly decolonized Korea. In Chapter Two, I argue that the discursive practice of, what I call, "yellow desire" facilitated the inclusion of Korean orphans into the U.S. domestic and national family. Informed by the 1950s Cold War Orientalist policies of racial integration, yellow desire runs on the logic that differences can be absorbed through assimilation. I contend that yellow desire is what compelled average white Americans to adopt Korean children during the era of Asian exclusion. In Chapter Three, I examine the process in which orphans became adoptees. As an institution of discipline and normalization, the orphanage as a "processing station" prepared the child to be incorporated into the white American home. It became the site where Korea's social outcasts were shaped into useful subjects for the state: economically profitable for Korea and politically beneficial for the U.S. In this way, Korean adoption can be regarded as a civilizing project of modernity that ensures its success as a racially integrative project. Finally, in Chapter Four, I argue that the figure of the Korean adoptee---upon entrance into her new American family---documents the excesses, limits, and contradictions of Korean adoption as a project of empire and as a project of white normativity. Even though the adoptee is disciplined in the orphanage to seamlessly assimilate into her new adoptive family, the very presence of the adoptee's body within the adoptive family disrupts the semblance of the all-American (read white) nuclear family. As a result, the adoptee's presence exposes the nonnormative, queer dimensions of Korean adoption. Understanding the figures of the orphan and adoptee as geopolitical and socioeconomic constructions is significant because it not only denaturalizes Korean adoption but also illuminates the pivotal roles they played in building and preserving neocolonial relations between the U.S. and Korea. The dominant narrative of Korean adoption that depicts it as a "humanitarian project" or "rescue mission," however, makes illegible the material conditions that produced it. By reorienting Korean adoption as a project of empire, I make legible the material conditions of U.S. military intervention and occupation, war, neocolonialism, and militarized humanitarianism---the very conditions that enabled the emergence and persistence of Korean adoption, as well as the subject formations of the orphan and adoptee.

Exploring the relationship between ingestion of inorganic arsenic and incidence of urinary tract cancers in central Oklahoma

Pate, Anne Elizabeth The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Arsenic has long been established as a human carcinogen. When ingested in its inorganic form it can be a causal factor in the development of multiple types of internal cancers including those of the urinary tract. Health effects resulting from ingestion of water contaminated with high concentrations of arsenic have been extensively studied in other parts of the world; however, health effects resulting from exposure to the lower concentrations that are typical in the continental United States are not as well defined. It has been established that the Garber-Wellington aquifer, which is a source of drinking water for central Oklahoma, has elevated concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic. While concentrations of arsenic are regulated and allowed to be no higher than 10 microg/L in public water supply (PWS) systems, there are no regulations protecting individuals who obtain their drinking water from wells. Due to this potential exposure to elevated levels of arsenic being ingested from well water, and the known evidence that this exposure may result in cancer, there is sufficient need to determine if there is a measurable effect on the population of the five counties in central Oklahoma where the Garber-Wellington aquifer is the primary source of drinking water. Data from the Oklahoma Central Cancer Registry (OCCR) was used to calculate the Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIRs) for urinary bladder, kidney, and renal pelvis cancers by census tract. Exposure was determined by combining estimated arsenic concentrations with the proportion of the census tract that was covered by a PWS system. These variables were assessed in a multiple linear regression model to characterize the relationship between the census tract SIRs and arsenic exposure. A statistically significant association was found with female bladder cancer and arsenic concentrations. Borderline statistically significant associations were found with male urinary tract and specifically bladder cancer incidence and arsenic concentrations. Attempts to measure smoking status at a smaller geographic level would be beneficial for future studies. Overall, the findings of the current study suggested that further investigation into the issue is warranted.

Online Teacher Professional Development Facilitation Techniques and Strategies: A Case Study

Pate, Amanda Taylor University of Florida ProQuest Dissertations & The 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

In 2020, the state of Florida strategized to improve reading instruction for K-12 students by mandating all elementary and literacy teachers receive a reading endorsement. In response to the mandate, the University of Florida’s Lastinger Center for Learning developed an online, asynchronous, self-paced teacher professional development program to serve large numbers of teachers. By design, the self-paced program does not include collaboration among learners but does rely on a facilitator to guide learners toward successful completion. While there is some literature on the roles of online facilitators in online learning environments (e.g. Berge, 1995; Martin et al. 2018), I wanted to understand the role of the facilitator within the unique design of this scaled up, self-paced online professional development. For this qualitative case study, I sought to answer the research question: What supports does an excellent facilitator provide in an online professional development program that contribute to participant completion? Data sources included three semi-structured elicitation interviews, observations, and documents from one course facilitator, resulting in close to 250 pages of data. Several themes emerged from the analysis of my data. I found that Myrtle, the facilitator, used many of the facilitation techniques found in the online facilitation frameworks (Berge, 1995; Martin et al., 2018) such as pedagogical, social, managerial, and technical support. However, she used additional strategies that were less visible to her learners because they occurred behind the scenes to organize and document learner progress. In addition to these facilitation strategies, Myrtle addressed the diverse linguistic needs of her learners whose first language was not English. My findings provide suggestions for how to support high quality professional development within an online, asynchronous self-paced learning environment. This study adds to our understanding of the role of online facilitators, both broadly and more locally within the context of the Literacy Matrix, as it expands to meet the growing needs of the Florida teaching workforce. Improving online professional learning for literacy teachers can contribute to improved student outcomes in reading.

Effectiveness of Web-based programs in improving breastfeeding self-efficacy

Pate, Barbara L University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 2009 해외공개박사

Public health professionals are committed to promoting and supporting optimal breastfeeding practices by providing support, information, and resources on breastfeeding. However, public health nurses and nutritionists continue to report time constraints and knowledge deficits as significant barriers to providing adequate and appropriate education and support for breastfeeding. Many health agencies, facing similar challenges, are turning to the use of Web-based systems for promoting healthy lifestyles. This study will examine the effectiveness of Web-based programs for improving breastfeeding self-efficacy, a major determinant of breastfeeding outcomes. Methods. Pregnant women on WIC who met eligibility requirements and completed consent forms were randomly assigned to either a six-week Web-based intervention group or a usual care control group. The theory of breastfeeding self-efficacy was used as a framework to determine if there was a significant difference in breastfeeding self-efficacy posttest scores between the intervention group and the control group. Results. One hundred and forty five pregnant women on WIC were screened by health department nutritionists for eligibility and willingness to participate in the study. Twenty-three participants completed consent and pretest forms, were randomly assigned to groups, and participated in the study. After adjusting for pre-intervention scores, there was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups on the BSES-SF posttest scores (F[1,20] = 8.045, p = .01, eta p2 = .29). The control group's BSES-SF posttest estimated marginal mean score (M = 41.54, SE = 1.49) was significantly lower than the experimental group's (M = 47.68, SE = 1.56). The partial eta squared value (etap2 = .29) indicated that breastfeeding Web-based interventions had a large effect on improving breastfeeding self-efficacy scores. Discussion. The findings in this study indicate that combining the use of a structured intervention consisting of existing breastfeeding Websites in combination with breastfeeding peer counselors may have the potential to overcome the time and distance obstacles that many pregnant women face when trying to access clinic-based breastfeeding education and support programs. The use of peer counselor-guided Web-based interventions may empower women to learn about breastfeeding on their own schedule, in their own environment, and with an opportunity to share the learning experience with significant others in a private setting.

Nutritional and Environmental Stressors and Their Effects on Performance, Metabolism, and the Immune System of Dairy Cattle

Pate, Russell T ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Illi 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

Understanding the role that stress plays on livestock health and production is of utmost importance in today’s agricultural industry. In particular, dairy cattle face many stressful conditions that have an impact on lactation performance and overall animal health. These stress-related factors not only affect cattle wellbeing, but also have a vastly negative impact on the economic state of the dairy industry. For instance, heat stress (HS) can cost the dairy industry between $900 million to $5 billion annually, while mycotoxin contamination issues can cause up to $1.7 billion in annual losses. Therefore, this research aims to provide a further understanding of the biological effects of two stressors in dairy cattle production systems, nutrition-related aflatoxin (AF) challenge and environment-related HS challenge, and help identify potential solutions that would alleviate the negative consequences of these stressors.Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted to evaluate lactation performance and inflammatory markers in multiparous, lactating Holstein cows during an AF challenge when two separate mitigation strategies were implemented: 1.) trace mineral injection, and 2.) dietary supplementation of aluminosilicate clay. In the first experiment, 58 Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design: saline injection and no AF challenge (NEG), saline injection and AF challenge (POS), and trace mineral injection and AF challenge (MM). Cows in NEG had lower AF excretion in milk and greater 3.5% fat-corrected milk compared to cows in POS. Cows in POS had greater MUN and BUN than cows in MM. Liver concentrations of Se and Fe were greater for cows in MM compared to cows in POS. An upregulation of liver GPX1 was observed for cows in POS compared to cows in MM. In the second experiment, 16 multiparous, lactating, Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin Square design with 21-d periods: no adsorbent and no AF challenge (CON), no adsorbent and an AF challenge (POS), 113 g (4 oz) of aluminosilicate clay (adsorbent) top-dressed on the total mixed ration (TMR) with an AF challenge (F4), or 227 g (8 oz) of adsorbent with an AF challenge (F8). Fat-corrected milk increased as concentration of adsorbent in the diet increased. There was a decrease in milk aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) concentration at d 18 as concentration of adsorbent in the diet increased. Cows in CON had greater concentrations of serum cholesterol and plasma superoxide dismutase compared to cows in POS. The expression of NFKB1 was greater in liver of cows in POS compared to cows in CON. The expression of mTOR was greater in the liver of cows in CON compared to cows in POS. When compared with cows in CON, cows in POS had greater odds ratio for hepatocyte inflammation.Experiments 3 and 4 were companion studies aimed at evaluating the effects of a commercially-available rumen-protected methionine (RPM) source fed to Holstein cows during a HS challenge on: 1.) lactation performance and physiological responses, and 2.) metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in blood, as well as immunohistochemical parameters in mammary tissue. Thirty-two multiparous, lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments [TMR with rumen-protected Met (RPM) or TMR without RPM (CON)], and within each dietary treatment group cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 environmental treatment groups in a split-plot crossover design. The study was divided into 2 periods with 2 phases per period. In phase 1, all cows were in thermoneutral conditions (TN) and fed ad libitum. In phase 2, group 1 was exposed to a HS challenge (HSC). Group 2 remained in TN but was pair-fed (PFTN) to HSC counterparts. After a 21-d washout period, the study was repeated (period 2) and the environmental treatments were inverted relative to treatments from phase 2 of period 1, while dietary treatments (RPM or CON) remained the same for each cow. Cows in HSC had a greater increase in vaginal temperature and respiration rate compared to cows in PFTN. Cows in PFTN had a greater decrease in DMI and milk yield compared to cows in HSC. Cows in CON had a greater decrease in milk protein concentration for PFTN and HSC compared to cows in RPM for PFTN and HSC. Cows in CON for HSC had greater decrease in milk fat concentration compared to cows in RPM for HSC. At 8 h post-feeding, cows in PFTN had a greater decrease in PUN compared to cows in HSC. At 4 h post-feeding, cows in HSC had a greater increase in plasma glucose compared to cows in PFTN. At 8 h post-feeding, cows in PFTN had a greater increase in plasma NEFA compared to cows in HSC. Cows in PFTN had a greater decrease in plasma insulin compared to cows in HSC at 4 and 8 h. Cows in PFTN had a greater increase in insulin sensitivity compared to cows in HSC at 4 and 8 h. Compared to cows in PFTN, cows in HSC had a greater increase in plasma SAA, serum haptoglobin, plasma LBP, and plasma IL-1β. Compared to cows in CON, cows in RPM had a lower percentage of apoptotic cells and a lower proportion of apoptotic to proliferating cells during HSC.In conclusion, AF exposure hindered lactation performance, reduced liver function, and increased liver inflammation. Subcutaneous injection of trace minerals helped maintain an adequate antioxidant response in cows during AF challenge. Aluminosilicate clay had a positive impact on milk production and hepatocyte inflammation, while reducing AF transference. Furthermore, HSC altered physiological and production parameters, as well as metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in blood. Rumen protected methionine feeding maintained milk protein and fat concentration, while aiding mammary cell preservation during a HS challenge.