랭스턴 휴즈의 시에 나타난 린치의 양상 연구

박숙영 전북대학교 일반대학원 2020 국내석사

Langston Hughes is a poet who sublimated lynching into art. What Hughes wanted to show through his poems was racial identity as black. It distinguishes himself from other black poets such as Countee Cullen who wanted to be a poet – not a negro poet. It means that Hughes has a profound insight in the life of blacks under the racial discrimination. Therefore, the history of lynching is a very important factor in the idea of racial identity that Hughes insisted. The history of lynching is not only the history of black slaves who forced out of their own land and then had no choice but to live a painful life in a heterogeneous American society but also the history of black whose identity was denied by exploitation and oppression. By using lynch for the poetic material, Hughes tried to reconstruct black identity and left almost 36 poems regarding to lynching. Hughes connects the imagery of rivers with his lynching poems, and describes the rivers with natural familiarity and fear. They are places that need to be remembered with fear. It is because lynchings often occurred along the rivers, where victims were hung from suspension bridges. For that reason rivers were overlaid with an image of a cemetery. In fact, they are the places where the blood of blacks has flowed from the heart of Africa to Mississippi. Hughes didn’t want to show a racist world but the vision of the better world through the imagery of the rivers in his poems. The Longview Race Riot in the summer of 1919 and the Scottsboro Case in 1931 show us ritual as well as cultural lynchings in American society. Originally lynching meant the immediate execution without legal procedures. On the other hand the Scottsboro Case was the attempt of the execution with legal procedures. The aspects of lynching extended to the ideological sphere in the 1950s. At that time, the craze of McCarthyism swept across America. It was especially harsher on black intellectuals like Langston Hughes. Nevertheless, he declared that the society where people were oppressed must be changed. The suffering he tried to manifest through his lynching poems were not just for black people. Regardless of the race, it was also the suffering of all people who were alienated and oppressed. He was urging for a world where every person is equal.

타자로서의 흑인 여성 : 랭스턴 휴즈의 '여성시'에 나타난 네그리튀드 연구

김유경 전북대학교 일반대학원 2020 국내석사

Langston Hughes is a representative black writer of the Harlem Renaissance. Unlike other black writers, he was very proud of being a black man. That is why he refused to be supported by white patrons and he wrote about negritude. He was influenced by his grandmother, Mary Langston. She was the first black woman who graduated from university. Although she was very poor, she subscribed to “Crisis” which was published weekly for black people. Further more, she made Hughes be proud of himself as the black man. Hughes started his career as a writer at “Crisis”. After she passed away, he started to live in Harlem, and he never departed from Harlem. It is said that Hughes loved living there. He wrote works about black neighbors. In particular, he wrote about black women who lived from the days of slavery until the emancipation of slaves. During the days of slavery, black women had suffered from their white owners. After emancipation, they suffered from a racial prejudice and economic difficulties. However, they were not frustrated by their condition. In his poetry, the black women were full of love and power. Through his female speakers in his poetry, he expressed not only the difficulties of black women’s life but also the strength of them. That’s why he selected black female speakers to tell negritude in his poems.

Ethnic immersion of African American college-aged students

Hughes, Tiffiny Monique University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

A key aspect of African American existence is the preference for associating with members of ones own ethnic group over the majority group (Cross, 1991). This ethnocentrism is a natural and unavoidable phenomenon which can be generalized to all ethnic groups (Gudykunst, 1994). For African Americans, this form of ethnocentrism has been labeled immersion. Various constructs of ethnic identity attempt to explain why and how this immersion occurs, including an embracing model, a reactionary model, and a sequential model. Further, it is my belief that a cautionary model also exists. The purpose of this study was to examine the concept of immersion among African American college students and to determine which, if any, of the embracing, reactionary, and cautionary models is generally true; or if all of these models are true. The sequential model could not be investigated because this study is correlational, not longitudinal. A random sample of African American college students at a large midwestern university was mailed a packet which included a background questionnaire and a survey which assessed various ethnic attitudes that reflected the aforementioned models. Results supported the existence of the embracing, reactionary, and cautionary forms of ethnic immersion. Participants gave higher scores for the embracing items as opposed to the reactionary and cautionary items. Future research on the aspects of immersion should use measures that discriminate among the various reasons that African American students embrace their culture.

Principal-Ing While Black & Female: A Manifesto on Unbought and Unbossed Leadership in Urban Schools

Hughes-Odom, Lianne L University of Pennsylvania ProQuest Dissertations 2024 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation delves into the unique experiences of Black women principals in the Greater Boston Area. More precisely, it explores the impact of their distinctive leadership styles, characterized as either “unbought and unbossed,” a term originally coined by Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm, or a reinterpretation as “bought and unbossed.” The study investigates the success and challenges Black women encounter in the principalship while attempting to create a culture of achievement for Black students. This study explores the following questions: In what ways do Black women principals in the Greater Boston Area enact and embody “unbought and unbossed” leadership? What successes and challenges do Black women principals face? How do they navigate these challenges to ensure a culture of achievement for Black students? By adopting an inquiry stance and conducting 18 non-evaluative, semi-structured interviews, alongside a basic demographic and White supremacy culture survey, my research reveals profound insights into how Black women embody the essence of “unbought and unbossed” leadership.Furthermore, my research extends beyond Chisolm’s groundwork by introducing a new framework, “Principal-Ing While Black, Bought, & Unbossed: A Reframe of Shirley Chisholm’s Concept of Unbought & Unbossed Leadership.” This framework provides a deeper and more nuanced understanding of how the Black women in my study navigate the intricacies of their roles as principals in the Greater Boston area through a new term, “bought and unbossed leadership.” Through this framework, I construct a typology for the two leadership strategies, delving into their respective characteristics, methodologies, and, most importantly, the implications of their leadership on the individual, schools, and professions. By juxtaposing these concepts, I initiate a dialogue that illuminates the advantages and drawbacks associated with each approach to leadership by situating the examples in the lived experiences of the Black women in my study. This framework contributes significantly to the field of education as it positions Black women as experts on their own experiences and allows them to provide strategies developed by and for Black women to navigate the challenges of the principalship in urban districts.

Factors which influence adult learners' equitable use and learning of technologies

Hughes, Robert Donald Harvard University 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

This study identifies factors that influence adult learners' use and learning of computers. It looks at the experiences of seven women who attended computer-based family literacy classes. The variation in these women's experiences and backgrounds allows for a richness of data. They are homemakers and professional women; women on welfare and women from the middle class. This study explicates their experiences and places computer use into the context of their lives. The study initially reviews previous studies which have looked at singular factors (e.g., cognition or gender roles) that inhibit or encourage technology use. Then, the study uses ethnographic methods to look at various causal factors that create these seven women's level of engagement with computers. By looking at these various factors, patterns emerge that suggest ways in which the level of computer use can be increased among traditionally excluded populations. None of the women are high-level users, and the data identify a variety of causes which explain how they reached their level of computer use at the time of the study. These reasons include internalized factors such as their cognitive styles and affective perceptions, and their self-identity based on social class and cultural practices. The reasons also involve factors external to their control. These external factors include available resources, societal roles and cultural norms, and educational levels and opportunities. Rather than any factor singularly defining how these women use computers, the data show that the factors work together and have different impacts on different participants. While this study looked at computers, the impacts of these barriers are not confined to computers. The factors that inhibit computer use are the same circumstances and defining experiences that limit any educational success. This study offers evidence that computers can provide a flexible and supportive environment for some learners; however, there is also evidence that computers can create another way in which people will fail to learn. For the women in this study to use computers at higher levels, factors that limit their use of computers must be addressed. The experiences of study participants suggest ways to create equitable learning environments.

Public Policy and Risk Management in the US Pharmaceutical Supply Chain

Hughes, Molly The Ohio State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

Supply chain risk management and public policy are both complex and ever-changing fields that continually affect each other across many industries including the United States (US) pharmaceutical industry. There is a call for more overlap between public policy and SCM from supply chain scholars (Helper et al., 2021; Joglekar et al., 2016; Spring et al., 2017; Tokar and Swink, 2019) and from public-policy makers (The White House, 2021). This dissertation focuses on understanding the elements connecting public policy and supply chain risk management (SCRM) and how the decisions in one discipline can affect the decisions in the other.First, a conceptual model is created depicting the elements, sub-elements, and relationships between public policy and supply chain risk management. This model is created through a structured literature review of notable and influential supply chain management journals and leverages interpretive sensemaking to contextually understand the public policy, social welfare, supply chain risk, supply chain risk management, and supply chain performance elements in each paper. The relationships are also identified in context and support a feedback loop between the elements; showing that public policy can affect SCRM and so too can SCRM affect public policy by way of affecting social welfare. This model is generalizable, spanning industries and geographic regions. After establishing the conceptual model, a deeper study of the US pharmaceutical supply chain is executed in the second essay. Pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) are a player in the support supply chain of US pharmaceutical distribution, working on behalf of health care sponsors (e.g., health insurance) to manage the business decisions surrounding pharmaceutical coverage. This study asks how one of the PBM’s sourcing practices, removal of drugs from insurance coverage, affects adverse events to patients. Secondary data from the FDA adverse events reporting system, PBM formulary removal documents, and Medicaid data are analyzed through an interrupted time series analysis to detect the effect of the removals on adverse events to the public. The findings align with a relationship shown in the conceptual model from essay one, management decisions affecting social welfare (impact to patients). The implications for academia, public policy, and industry are discussed. The final essay builds on the previous two, investing another relationship from the conceptual model, the effect public policy has on supply chain performance. The connection to supply chain risk of these performance metrics is then discussed. Public-policy makers promote the “equal substitution” between brand and generic drugs without consideration for the underlying logistical decisions. The logistics service quality (LSQ) literature is leveraged to test if the LSQ of generic and brand name drugs are, indeed, equal. Data from a large player in the middle of the pharmaceutical supply chain is leveraged to better understand the different dimensions of LSQ between these two types of drugs (branded versus generic drugs) and the connection to risk is discussed.

Protein Structure in Reversible Amyloid Formed by Low-complexity Regions

Hughes, Michael Patrick ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Cali 2018 해외박사(DDOD)

There is a current renaissance of research on membraneless organelles and their relationship to life in the cell. Protein-protein interactions between mysterious regions of proteins called Low Complexity Regions (LCRs) are known to be important.

Using Helix-coil Models to Study Protein Unfolded States

Hughes, Roy Gene, Jr Duke University 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

An abstract of a thesis devoted to using helix-coil models to study unfolded states. Research on polypeptide unfolded states has received much more attention in the last decade or so than it has in the past. Unfolded states are thought to be implicated in various misfolding diseases and likely play crucial roles in protein folding equilibria and folding rates. Structural characterization of unfolded states has proven to be much more difficult than the now well established practice of determining the structures of folded proteins. This is largely because many core assumptions underlying folded structure determination methods are invalid for unfolded states. This has led to a dearth of knowledge concerning the nature of unfolded state conformational distributions. While many aspects of unfolded state structure are not well known, there does exist a significant body of work stretching back half a century that has been focused on structural characterization of marginally stable polypeptide systems. This body of work represents an extensive collection of experimental data and biophysical models associated with describing helix-coil equilibria in polypeptide systems. Much of the work on unfolded states in the last decade has not been devoted specifically to the improvement of our understanding of helix-coil equilibria, which arguably is the most well characterized of the various conformational equilibria that likely contribute to unfolded state conformational distributions. This thesis seeks to provide a deeper investigation of helix-coil equilibria using modern statistical data analysis and biophysical modeling techniques. The studies contained within seek to provide deeper insights and new perspectives on what we presumably know very well about protein unfolded states. Chapter 1 gives an overview of recent and historical work on studying protein unfolded states. The study of helix-coil equilibria is placed in the context of the general field of unfolded state research and the basics of helix-coil models are introduced. Chapter 2 introduces the newest incarnation of a sophisticated helix-coil model. State of the art modern statistical techniques are employed to estimate the energies of various physical interactions that serve to influence helix-coil equilibria. A new Bayesian model selection approach is utilized to test many long-standing hypotheses concerning the physical nature of the helix-coil transition. Some assumptions made in previous models are shown to be invalid and the new model exhibits greatly improved predictive performance relative to its predecessor. Chapter 3 introduces a new statistical model that can be used to interpret amide exchange measurements. As amide exchange can serve as a probe for residue-specific properties of helix-coil ensembles, the new model provides a novel and robust method to use these types of measurements to characterize helix-coil ensembles experimentally and test the position-specific predictions of helix-coil models. The statistical model is shown to perform exceedingly better than the most commonly used method for interpreting amide exchange data. The estimates of the model obtained from amide exchange measurements on an example helical peptide also show a remarkable consistency with the predictions of the helix-coil model. Chapter 4 involves a study of helix-coil ensembles through the enumeration of helix-coil configurations. Aside from providing new insights into helix-coil ensembles, this chapter also introduces a new method by which helix-coil models can be extended to calculate new types of observables. Future work on this approach could potentially allow helix-coil models to move into use domains that were previously inaccessible and reserved for other types of unfolded state models that were introduced in chapter 1.

Monte Carlo Simulations of Luminescent Solar Concentrators: A study towards improved performance

Hughes, Michael D Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSC) are promising devices for low-cost solar energy. LSCs typically consist of a clear sheet imbedded with luminescent specie(s). Through internal reflection, enhanced by luminescent emission, LSCs deliver concentrated light to small-area photovoltaics (PV). The work of this thesis focuses on improving the performance of LSCs through novel design, deployment, modeling, and characterization. A new design of LSC showing enhanced internal reflection is studied and is shown to be a promising multifunctional building material. Next, LSCs are leveraged to exploit the unique optical properties of ultra-thin film solar cells enhanced by plasmonic structures and more than an order of magnitude enhancement is predicted. While these initial investigations are carried out on LSCs utilizing luminescent dyes, the subsequent studies presented investigate the use of inorganic luminescent phosphor powders for a more cost-effective and robust LSC. A novel experimental and simulation approach is developed to characterize radiation transport in phosphor powders which addresses the particulate nature of luminescent phosphors. With this approach, a new LSC design utilizing luminescent phosphor films are realized for the first time and promising results of its performance are presented.

Approaches to Wakhi subject-oriented past tense clitics

Hughes, Todd R University of Florida 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

Wakhi past tense agreement clitics are classified as second position, or Wackernagel, clitics, similar to those in Pashto, Tagalog and Ancient Greek. Various approaches in the literature analyze these clitics through phonological, syntactic or hybrid perspectives. In some proposals the clitics are treated as arguments of the verb, while in others as agreement clitics affixed to the verb as well as non-verbal constituents. In this study, Wakhi clitics are analyzed as subject agreement morphemes, rather than phonologically deficient pronominal arguments. Suggesting that the clitic and DP are related to each other in an agreement chain, the claim is made that v is the locus of &phis;-features in the clause. The proposal then suggests that Wakhi pronominal clitics are a reflection of unvalued &phis;-features and an unvalued contrast feature ([-c]), both part of the head of a projection FocusP. Each of these features (or feature bundles), probe separately. The contrast feature, as a strong feature, prompts movement of the valuing DP (whether subject or object) to its specifier position (i.e. spec,FocP). This movement, following feature valuing, produces the proper structure for overt subject-oriented agreement morphemes (clitics) to be hosted by various constituents. Additionally, statistical analysis of the results of a field questionnaire administered in a Wakhi village in the mountains of Tajikistan indicate certain semantic effects when clitics suffix to non-verbal constituents. The data demonstrate a statistically significant difference between the use of clitics for semantic effect in the lower Wakhan variety and their use in the upper Wakhan variety.