Negation in English : an essay in game-theoretical semantics : Hand, Michael Robert

Hand, Michael Robert 1985 국내박사

Theoretical and Computational Tools for Analyzing the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe

Hand, Nicholas A University of California, Berkeley ProQuest Disser 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

The analysis of the large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe can yield insights into some of the most important questions in contemporary cosmology, and in recent years, has become a data-driven endeavor. With ever-growing data sets, optimal analysis techniques have become essential, not only to extract statistics from data, but also to effectively use computing resources to produce accurate theoretical predictions for those statistics. Future LSS experiments will help answer fundamental questions about our Universe, including the physical nature of dark energy, the mass scale of neutrinos, and the physics of inflation. To do so, improvements must be made to theoretical models as well as the computational tools used to perform such analyses. This thesis examines multiple aspects of LSS data analysis, presenting novel modeling techniques as well as a software toolkit suitable for analyzing data from the next generation of LSS surveys. First, we present nbodykit , an open-source, massively parallel Python toolkit for analyzing LSS data. nbodykit is both an interactive and scalable piece of scientific software, providing parallel implementations of many commonly used algorithms in LSS. Its modular design allows researchers to integrate nbodykit with their own software to build complex applications to solve specific problems in LSS. Next, we derive an optimal means of using fast Fourier transforms to estimate the multipoles of the line-of-sight dependent power spectrum, eliminating redundancy present in previous estimators in the literature. We also discuss potential advantages of our estimator for future data sets. We then present a novel theoretical model for the redshift-space galaxy power spectrum and demonstrate its accuracy in describing the clustering of galaxies down to scales of k = 0.4 hMpc-1 . Finally, we analyze the large-scale clustering of quasars from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey to constrain the deviation from Gaussian random field initial conditions in the early Universe, known as primordial non-Gaussianity.

Mitigation of wind turbine/vortex interaction using disturbance accommodating control

Hand, M. Maureen University of Colorado at Boulder 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

Wind turbines, a competitive source of emission-free electricity, are being designed with diameters and hub heights approaching 100 m, to further reduce the cost of the energy they produce. At this height above the ground, the wind turbine is exposed to atmospheric phenomena such as low-level jets, gravity waves, and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities, which are not currently modeled in wind turbine design codes. These atmospheric phenomena can generate coherent turbulence that causes high cyclic loads on wind turbine blades. These fluctuating loads lead to fatigue damage accumulation and blade lifetime reduction. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducted an experiment to record wind turbine load response and inflow measurements. The spatial resolution of the inflow measurements was insufficient to identify specific turbulence characteristics that contribute to high cyclic loads. However, strong evidence supported the hypothesis that coherent vorticity passage through the rotor was directly correlated with large blade cyclic amplitudes. An analytic Rankine vortex model was created and implemented in wind turbine simulation codes to isolate the aerodynamic response of the wind turbine to inflow vortices. Numerous simulations computed the blade load cyclic response to vortices of varying radius, circulation strength, orientation, location with respect to the hub, and plane of rotation. The vortex in the plane of rotation most likely to occur as a result of Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities produces the highest cyclic amplitudes. The response is similar for two- and three-blade wind turbines. Advanced control was used to mitigate vortex-induced blade cyclic loading. The MATLAB(c) with Simulink(c) computational environment was used for control design. Disturbance Accommodating Control (DAC) was used to cancel the vortex "disturbance." Compared to a standard proportional-integral controller, the DAC controller reduced the blade fatigue load for vortices of various sizes and for vortices superimposed on turbulent flow fields. A full-state feedback controller that incorporates more detailed vortex inputs achieved significantly greater blade load reduction. Blade loads attributed to vortex passage, then, can be reduced through advanced control, and further reductions appear feasible.

현덕 소설 연구 : 아동 인물의 내면 세계 중심으로

HAND GRAHAM SCHUYLER 고려대학교 대학원 2025 국내석사

본 연구의 목적은 현덕(1909~?)의 소설에서 아동 인물의 내면 세계가 표현되는 양상, 그리고 아동 인물의 서사적 역할을 분석하는 것이다. 현덕은 1938년 『조선일보』 신춘문예로 등단할 때부터 문단의 관심을 끄는 작가였으나, 문학적 가치에 비해 오늘날 잘 알려진 작가는 아니다. 여러 비평가와 연구자가 언급한 바와 같이, 현덕 문학에서 아동 인물의 등장은 작가로서의 핵심적인 특징이다. 그가 등장한 30년대 말기에 여러 작가가 아동 인물을 새롭게 상상하게 되었기 때문에 이는 그의 시대를 반영하는 점이기도 하지만, 현덕 소설의 아동상은 그의 작가로서의 정체성을 정의하는 점이기도 하다. 현덕 아동인물의 복잡한 내향성은 주목을 요한다. 이 인물들은 대체로 어른 세계에 적극적으로 참여하기를 피하고, 동시에 언어적으로 유창하지 않은 특성이 있다. 이 때문에 여러 연구자는 그 아이를 ‘동심천사’로 보며 어른만을 역사적·정치적 주체로 보는 선입견 때문에 현덕 소설 속 아동 인물을 어른 세계의 수동적인 목격자로 오해했다고 주장한다. 본고는 서사학에서 의식과 마음의 서사적 표현에 대한 연구를 통해 이 한계를 극복해서 현덕 문학의 의미를 올바르게 이해할 수 있다고 주장한다. 특히 현덕과 그 외의 아동 인물을 표현하는 당대 작가의 차별점은 현덕이 아동의 사회적 위치 및 역할만 아니라, 아동의 입장 및 인지적 특성도 파악하고 표현했다는 점이라고 주장한다. II장에서는 혼자 있는 아동 인물이 보이는 작품을 다룬다. 그런 작품에 등장하는 아동 인물들은 주로 세계의 지각과 해석에 관심을 준다. 「잣을 까는 집」(1939)에서 소녀 주인공 옥이, 옥이 어머니, 옥이 아버지가 각각 소설의 3분의 1 되는 부분에서 내적 초점화된다. 본고는 초점화된 부분을 세 개의 삽입된 서사로 구분해서 살펴보며 아동 인물의 특징과 성인 인물의 특징을 비교해서 아동 인물만의 특징을 파악했다. 옥이가 초점화된 부분은 직접적 지각과 감각에 관심을 주는 한편, 옥이 어머니가 초점화된 부분에서는 지각으로 얻은 정보가 기존에 있는 인지 구조를 거쳐 의미가 도출되고, 옥이 아버지가 초점화된 부분에서는 과거에 대한 후회와 미래의 계획에 몰입해서 현재에 대한 인식이 희박하다고 보았다. 「두꺼비가 먹은 돈」(1938)은 잃어버린 동전을 찾는 노마를 추적하면서 그가 호박 싹, 두꺼비 등 여러 동물·식물·사물이 동전을 숨겼다고 믿게 되는 과정을 살펴본다. 이 소설의 줄거리를 인지 오류의 연쇄로 보고 그것이 인간주체에 적합한 인지 틀(cognitive frame)을 융통성 없이 비인간 존재에 적용한 해석에서 비롯된다고 보면서, 현덕의 수필과 동화를 참고해 그가 의인화를 아동의 중요한 인지적 특징으로 이해했음을 확인했다. III장에서는 아동인물의 인간관계를 다루는 작품을 대상으로 타인에 대한 이해 및 협동적인 행동, 그리고 정동과 감정의 조절과 표현을 살펴본다. 「경칩」(1938)에서는 아동 인물의 협동적인 관계가 성인 인물의 실패한 인간관계와 비교되는 대안적 모델로 제시된다고 봤다. 또한 앨런 팔머(Alan Palmer)의 서사학에서 개인정신간 생각(intermental thought)의 개념을 빌어와 놀이 속에서 지도하거나 결정하는 개인 없이 놀이 활동이 협동적으로 이루어지는 과정을 해석했다. 「남생이」(1938)에서는 노마가 자신의 내면 세계와 남의 경계를 또렷하게 인식하지 못하기 때문에 어머니에 대한 왜곡된 이해를 가지게 된다고 봤다. 이 소설에서 노마와 영이가 같이 있는 장면에서 정동과 감정의 조절과 표현이 중요한 문제가 된다고 봤다. IV장에서는 현덕이 작가로서 발전하면서 아동 인물의 내면 세계가 독자의 관심을 끄는 대신에 아동 인물의 내면 세계가 다른 인물의 관심을 받는 작품을 쓰게 되었다고 보고, 작품에서 아동 인물의 내면 세계에 대한 인식은 공감적인 이해가 가능하게 만드는 모델이 된다고 봤다. 「녹성좌」(1939)는 현덕 문학에서 전환점으로서 아동 인물의 역할이 비교적으로 축소되고 이전 작품에 비해 성인 남성의 관계가 더 많은 관심을 받게 되는데, 이 작품 중에서 주인공의 조카딸 명희의 내면 세계가 표현되는 양상, 그리고 조카딸 명희와 동명이인인 여배우 최명희의 서사적 역할을 밝히는 데에 집중한다. 이 소설의 주인공이 극단 녹성좌와 얽히고 여배우 최명희를 만날 때, 조카딸에 대한 이해라는 실제에 기반한 공감으로 이해할지, 혹은 비극적인 예술에 기반 된 동정으로 이해할지를 선택해야 된다고 봤다. 1941년~1950년 사이에 현덕은 새로운 본격소설을 출판하지 못했고, 1950년에 월북한 이후 비로소 새로운 소설을 쓰게 되었다. 그 결과로 「녹성좌」, 「군맹」(1940)과 같은 작품에서 분명한 작가적 발전이 중단되고 말았다. 그러나 현덕이 월북 얼마 이후 쓴 소설 중 하나인 「복수」(1951)를 독해하면서 그가 북한 문단에 적응하려고 하면서 30년대에 발전한 문학세계를 새로운 정치적 목적에 적용하려 했다는 것이 본고의 해석이다. 이 작품에서 아동 인물의 서사적 역할은 「녹성좌」의 명희와 비슷하며, 소년 박문기의 내면 세계에 대한 이해가 공감적인 이해의 모델이자 촉매제가 된다고 주장했다. 현덕은 1953년에 숙청되었기 때문에 북한 문단에 적응하려는 노력이 실패로 끝났다고 볼 수밖에 없는데, 이 소설은 현덕 문학에서 아동 인물의 의미와 역할을 크게 발전시켰고, 그의 문학 세계를 이해하기 위한 중요한 작품이라고 주장했다. 현덕 문학은 아동 인물의 의미와 역할의 변화를 보여주지만, 아동 인물의 등장 양상과 특징에서 아동에 대한 일관적인 이해의 지속 또한 확인할 수 있다. 작품에 대한 해석을 토대로, 현덕 소설 속 아동 인물의 특징을 다음과 같이 정의할 수 있다. 첫째, 아동 인물은 직접적인 감각에 관심을 주는 경향이 있고, 성인 인물에 비하여 현재에 집중하면서 과거의 기억이나 미래의 계획에 관심을 두지 않는다. 둘째, 생각하는 방식이 주로 비언어적이고, 언어적으로 하는 생각은 그의 진심을 신뢰성 있게 표현하지 않는다. 셋째, 세상을 해석할 때 여러 대상을 의인화해서 마음과 의도가 있다고 생각하는 경향이 있다. 넷째, 일단 해석이나 판단을 하고 나면, 수정하거나 바꾸려고 하지 않고 지지하는 증거만 찾는다. 다섯째, 놀이에 집중하고 상상의 세계에 쉽게 몰입한다. 여섯째, 아동들 사이에는 개인정신간 생각이 쉽게 이루어지는데, 아동과 성인 간에 개인정신간 생각은 잘 일어나지 않는다. 일곱째, 자신의 내면 세계와 남의 경계를 또렷하게 구분하지 못하고, 자신이 경험하는 욕망과 생각 등을 남들도 공유하고 있다는 착각을 하는 경향이 있다. The goal of this thesis is to use insights from cognitive narratology to investigate the depiction of child minds in the fiction of Hyŏn Tŏk (1909-?), and the role that child minds play in his works. Hyŏn Tŏk attracted considerable attention from the Korean literary establishment at the time of his debut as winner of the Chosun Ilbo spring literary contest in 1938, although social and political circumstance kept him from achieving continuous literary production for any extended period during the late colonial era, after liberation, or after his defection to North Korea in 1950. As numerous writers have noted, the prominent appearance of child figures is a defining aspect of his work. This can be seen in part as a reflection of the milieu of the late 1930s, when conceptions of childhood which had been established earlier in the colonial period lost potency at the same time that an increasingly oppressive political atmosphere discouraged social engagement in literature, creating a combination of circumstances that lead a number of writers to become interested in reimagining child subjectivity. At the same time, Hyŏn Tŏk’s depiction of the child is unique, and is a defining aspect of his identity as a writer. Hyŏn Tŏk’s uniqueness is reflected in his child figures’ complex interiority. However, this thesis argues that these figures’ avoidance of direct participation in the adult world and limited verbal expressivity has led previous critics to misunderstand them as passive observers of the adults around them, based on preconceptions of children as definitionally innocent, of historical and political narratives which children are excluded from participation in as the only sources of significance, and of meaning as inherently based in linguistic expression. Insights into the narrative expression of consciousness from within cognitively-informed narratology make it possible to overcome these limitations, and thereby to better understand the nature of Hyŏn Tŏk’s achievement. Chapter two examines works which depict child characters acting alone. These works tend to focus on these figures’ perception and interpretation of the world around them. The first work examined is “The Pine Nut House (Chasŭl kkanŭn chip)” (1939). This story can be divided roughly into three parts, with one third each focalized on the child character Ok-i, Ok-i's mother, and Ok-i's father. Separating the work into three internally focused embedded narratives makes it possible to compare the characteristics of the child focalizer versus the two adult focalizers, and to conclude that Ok-i's perspective focuses on sensation and direct perception, Ok-i's mother’s focuses on perception as interpreted through established cognitive structures, and Ok-i's father’s focuses on past memory and future possibility to the exclusion of awareness of the present moment. The story “The Money the Toad Ate (Tukkŏpika mŏkŭn ton)” (1938) focuses on the child character Noma’s search for a lost coin, as he comes to mistakenly believe it was hidden by a series of animate and inanimate figures including the sprouts in the squash field and a toad. This can be interpreted as a series of cognitive errors stemming from inflexible application of a cognitive frame which ascribes intentionality to its objects, although it can at the same time be noted that Hyŏn Tŏk consistently identified personification as a defining aspect of the child’s way of experiencing the world. Chapter three examines works which focus on children’s interpersonal interactions, including the processes by which they come to understand and act cooperatively with others, as well as their regulation and expression of affect and emotion. In the story “The Thaw (Kyŏngch'ip)” (1938), the interactions of the child characters are presented as an alternative model of relationship to that of the adult characters who are the focus of the story. Alan Palmer’s conception of intermental thought can be used to examine how the child characters, in the context of play, cooperate without the mental acts involved in leadership or decision-making being carried out by any single individual. In “The Pond Turtle (Namsaengi)” (1938), Noma’s cognitive characteristics, particularly his inability to clearly differentiate between his own internal experiences and those of others, play a key role in leading him to a distorted understanding of his mother. Meanwhile, Noma’s interactions with Yeongi are organized around the regulation and expression of affect and emotion. Chapter four examines works in which rather than the minds of child characters becoming the focus of the reader’s attention, they become the focus of attention for other characters within the work, serving as a model for empathetic understanding. In “The Verda Stelo Troupe (Noksŏngjwa)” (1939), the protagonist’s niece Myŏnghŭi is first established as a suffering figure and subject of empathy. When the protagonist becomes involved with a theatrical troupe and meets the similarly-named actress Ch'oe Myŏnghŭi, he is faced with the choice of whether to understand her through reality-based empathy using his niece as a model, or through sympathy which is divorced from reality and instead centered on the codes of artistic tragedy. Hyŏn Tŏk published no new fiction for adults between 1941 and his defection to North Korea in 1950, due to a combination of political and personal circumstances. In “Vengeance (Poksu)” (1951), he attempted to adapt his established literary worldview to the political aims and circumstances of the North Korean literary scene in one of the first stories he published after his defection. The use of the child figure in this story represents a narrative strategy comparable to the use of the child figure in “The Verda Stelo Troupe”, and in this case as well the child figure serves as the model and catalyst for empathetic understanding. Although Hyŏn Tŏk was purged in 1953, making this attempt to adapt his sensibilities to North Korean realities a political failure, this story represents an important development in the role and meaning of child figures in his work, and should be recognized as providing key insight into the nature of his literary world. Although Hyŏn Tŏk’s career shows an evolution in the significance and role of child figures, the depiction and characteristics of these figures represent a coherent and consistent understanding of the child. Based on an examination of the above works, the characteristics of the Hyŏn Tŏk child figure can be described as follows. First, his works’ child characters tend to pay greater attention to direct perception and sensation than to abstract thought, and are distinguished from adults by their tendency to pay attention to the present moment rather than the past or the future. Second, they tend to utilize non-linguistic thought, and when they do use linguistic thought it does not reliably express their actual opinions or intentions. Third, when interpreting the world, they tend toward personification and the attribution of intention to a variety of objects both animate and inanimate. Fourth, after making an interpretation or judgment, they tend to look only for supporting evidence and to avoid correcting or altering it. Fifth, they concentrate their energies on play and are easily enraptured by imaginal worlds. Sixth, these child figures make easy and frequent use of intermental thought amongst themselves, but understanding and cooperation between children and adults is depicted as difficult if not impossible. Seventh, they lack the ability to clearly distinguish between their own interior worlds and others’, and in particular have limited awareness that others do not share their desires and thoughts.

On the physics and chemistry of the ice shell and sub-surface ocean of Europa

Hand, Kevin Peter Stanford University 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

Results from the Galileo spacecraft magnetometer were used to investigate the sub-surface ocean chemistry of Europa and to derive relationships for salinity and ice-layer thickness as a function of induced amplitude response. The best fit to the data is a 4 km ice shell and near saturation salt concentrations. This is the first empirical constraint provided for the ice shell thickness independent of surface geology and thermal models. Results for salt concentration imply that contemporary Europa could be suitable for halophilic organisms, but it may be too salty for the origin of life as we know it. The effect of the jovian magnetic field on the surface of Europa was investigated experimentally. A cryostat-coupled vacuum chamber with an electron gun was used to irradiate thin ice films at temperatures and pressures appropriate to Europa. Hydrogen peroxide production was measured for a range of temperatures, beam currents, and electron energies. Coupled experimental results and numerical models indicate that sub-surface H2O2 concentrations could be significantly larger than the observed surface abundance. Ice mixtures of H2O, CO2, hydrocarbons, and ammonia were irradiated to examine organic chemistry and prebiotic chemistry on Europa. Clathrate hydrates were considered as a mechanism for trapping volatile species. Calculations for oxidant delivery to the sub-surface ocean show that Europa's ocean is not likely to be oxidant limited. Finally, the issue of chemical and molecular biomarkers on the surface of Europa was investigated by irradiating bacterial spores. Implications for future robotic missions are addressed.

The Use of Military Astrology in Late Medieval Italy: The Textual Evidence

Hand, Robert S The Catholic University of America 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

This study examines the thirteenth-century astrologer Guido Bonatti's Liber Astronomicus as a case study to investigate one aspect of the many practical applications of astrology in the later Middle Ages. Specifically, it looks at the application of military astrology to analyze Bonatti's use of his source material in relation to his own practice. The dissertation develops a methodology to discern the astrologer's practice from his textual inheritance. Bonatti was possibly the most important astrologer of the high middle ages. His work was an encyclopedic, yet detailed survey of the entire field of astrological study in the Europe of his day. He acknowledged his Arab sources but was not merely a compiler of their material. Like many of his European contemporaries in other fields such as Thomas Aquinas, Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon, Bonatti put his own stamp on the field of astrology. Staying within the basic traditions as he inherited them, he systematized and expanded often terse material, and frequently innovated in certain applications of astrology. By close and detailed examinations of Bonatti's text and comparison with his sources, we can see the changes that reflect his personal experience which in turn caused him to alter and emend the tradition. From this we can distinguish the practitioner from the compiler of astrological materials. This study argues that such close internal textual analysis of the astrological treatises themselves reveals the medieval uses of astrology far better than external narrative sources. Ultimately over the course of this study it also becomes clear that in the area of astrology Bonatti carried out the same kinds of intellectual synthesis and systematization that we see in the works of notable contemporaries in other fields.

The regulation of cortical development by Neurogenin2

Hand, Randal A The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

The mammalian nervous system consists of complex neuronal networks formed by extremely diverse sub-groups of neurons located throughout the body. Neurons of the cerebral cortex form neural circuits with the brain and spinal cord allowing for mammals to sense and interact with their environment. The majority of neurons within the cerebral cortex are classified into two groups: inhibitory GABAergic interneurons and excitatory glutamatergic pyramidal neurons. Pyramidal neurons are the largest population of neurons accounting for approximately eighty percent of all neurons within the cerebral cortex. Pyramidal neurons have several defining features including the use of glutamate as an excitatory neurotransmitter, the mode in which they migrate along radial glia to reach their final location, a unipolar dendritic morphology, and a long projecting axon. Within the cerebral cortex, the basic helix loop helix transcription factor, Neurogenin2 regulates the acquisition of many of the cardinal features of pyramidal neurons. Initially, Neurogenin2 was identified based on its ability to promote neuronal differentiation (proneural function) within the peripheral and central nervous systems. Elegant genetic studies demonstrated that Neurogenin2 also specifies the expression of glutamate as the neurotransmitter for pyramidal neurons. My research identified novel roles for Neurogenin2 including the regulation of radial glia guided migration, their pyramidal dendritic morphology and the axon projection of pyramidal neurons. In addition, I found that a C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation site in Neurogenin2 was necessary to promote migration and the acquisition of the appropriate dendritic morphology. Loss of function assays revealed that Neurogenin2 regulates the guidance of callosal axons and formation of the corpus callosum. Here, I propose that Neurogenin2 is a master regulator of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons phenotype. Neurogenin2 regulates many aspects required for proper circuit formation including the physical location of neurons, the ability of a neuron to receive afferent signals through proper dendritic morphogenesis, and the ability of a neuron to innervate the proper tissue through the guidance of its long projecting axon. Since Neurogenin2 regulates these aspects of neural circuit formation, it is of no surprise that Neurogenin2 and many of the genes regulated by Neurogenin2 are implicated in mental retardation, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorders.

Homogenization in cardiac electrophysiology and blow-up in bacterial chemotaxis

Hand, Paul Earl New York University 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

In the first part of this dissertation, we investigate three different issues involving homogenization in cardiac electrophysiology. We present a modification for how heart tissue is typically modeled in order to derive values for intracellular and extracellular conductivities needed for bidomain simulations. In our model, cardiac myocytes are rectangular prisms and gap junctions appear in a distributed manner as flux boundary conditions for Laplace's equation. In other models, gap junctions tend to be explicit geometrical entities. Using directly measurable microproperties such as cellular dimensions and end-to-end and side-to-side gap junction coupling strengths, we inexpensively obtain effective conductivities close to those given by simulations with a detailed cyto-architecture. This model provides a convenient framework for studying the effect on conductivities of aligned vs. brick-like arrangements of cells and the effect of different distributions of gap junctions between the sides and ends of myocytes. We further illustrate this framework by investigating the effect on conductivity of non-uniform distributions of gap junctions within the ends of cells. We show that uniform distributions are local maximizers of conductivity through analytical perturbation arguments. We also derive a homogenized description of an ephaptic communication mechanism along a single strand of cells. We perform numerical simulations of the full model and its homogenization. We observe that the two descriptions agree when gap junctional coupling is at physiologically normal levels. When gap junctional coupling is low, the homogenized description does not capture the behavior that the ephaptic mechanism can speed up action potential propagation. In the second part of this dissertation, we investigate finite-time blow-up and stability of the Keller-Segel model for bacterial chemotaxis. We use a second moment calculation to establish finite-time blow-up for the Keller-Segel system on a disk with Dirichlet boundary conditions and a supercritical mass. We numerically investigate the evolution and stability of the Keller-Segel system in order to provide a conjecture about the generality of boundary blow-up for supercritical mass under the Jager-Luckhaus boundary conditions. Finally, we use the free energy of solutions to Keller-Segel equations to derive a functional inequality that may be helpful for analyzing the stability of steady states.

Inquiry teams: Bridging data informed decision-making and teacher inquiry

Hand, Debbie J University of Pennsylvania 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

In the past eight years, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 has led to increased levels of school accountability with a targeted focus on using data as a tool to inform educational decisions and to improve teaching and learning. There is a growing body of research on how data from various assessments can be used to make informed school and classroom-based decisions. The findings presented in the literature illustrate an ongoing struggle between the use of data and its ultimate impact on instructional practices (Wayman, 2005). Specifically, research has highlighted a need to create a culture of collaborative inquiry where teachers have meaningful and purposeful conversations about data that lead to improved teaching and learning (Wayman, 2005; Schmoker, 2004; Copland, 2003). After careful examination of all data available, teachers are expected to test hypotheses and conceptualize a theory of action to help all students learn. Other research suggests that in order to build a community of inquiry, the professional learning of teachers must be grounded in collaboration, reflection and experimentation to affect change in practice (Darling-Hammond & McLaughlin, 1995). In the 2007--2008 school year, the Office of Accountability of the New York City Department of Education mandated the creation and implementation of Inquiry Teams in every NYC public school (K--12). This current study investigates the bridge between data informed decision making and teacher inquiry by implementing a mixed method, cross-case study within the local context of my work environment, which is one of the four Learning Support Organizations (LSOs), affiliated with the New York City DOE. This research was specifically designed to study the impact of the first-year of mandated Inquiry Teams on a purposive sample of schools. The intent was to determine the impact of these teams in developing teachers' abilities in using data to inform instructional practices, supporting a school-wide culture of professional learning and reflective practices, and improving student outcomes for target populations of students. Qualitative analysis will be based on data collected from interviews and observations while quantitative analysis will be performed on teacher survey data and student achievement data.

Cytokines and memory T cell homeostasis

Hand, Timothy Wesley Yale University 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

Memory CD8 T cells can provide long-lived immunity against pathogenic reinfection. As such, knowledge of the factors that contribute to the development, function and maintenance of memory CD8 T cells could be critical in the design of new vaccines. Signals derived from the cytokines IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15 have been shown to be critical for the development of an effective memory CD8 T cell response. In particular, the expression of the receptor for IL-7 (IL-7Ralpha) marks those cells with an increased proclivity to become memory cells from those more likely to initiate apoptosis. To determine whether IL-7Ralpha and IL-7 signals were sufficient for the production of memory CD8 cells we transgenically over-expressed IL-7Ralpha (IL-7Ralphatg) on CD8 T cells. We found that IL-7Ralpha expression was wholly insufficient for memory CD8 T cell production as it neither increased the total number of cells able to survive from the effector phase nor did it allow the survival of more terminally-differentiated effectors at the expense of genuine memory precursors. To investigate the reason for the why IL-7Ralpha did not affect the CD8 response, we treated mice carrying IL-7RalphatgT cells with IL-7 and found that despite equal expression of the receptor, those cells that were more terminally differentiated were unable to respond with increased survival and proliferation. We have since been able to show that only memory precursors are able to maintain the capability to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway in response to IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15. Furthermore we have shown that by inducing constitutive signaling through the PI3K pathway we are able to significantly reduce the death of effector cells following contraction. Finally, memory CD8 T cell function seems to "mature" with time, after the infection has subsided. We tested whether IL-2 and IL-7 induce this "functional maturation". We found that neither IL-7 nor IL-2 induce functional maturation and that IL-2 actually reduces the proliferative potential of developing CD8 memory T cells.