Ph Preference and Avoidance of Adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout: Influence on Movements and Interactions

Fost, Brooks A The Pennsylvania State University ProQuest Dissert 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

A recent analysis of Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission historical data collected from streams throughout Pennsylvania containing trout concluded that base-flow pH is strongly correlated to the observed segregation of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta). Populations of Brook Trout, which are native to Pennsylvania, predominated at pH<7.0 (mostly headwaters), while Brown Trout, an introduced species that has become naturalized in much of Pennsylvania, predominated at pH>7.0 (lower reaches). The decline of historic Brook Trout populations has been linked in part to competition with Brown Trout (Hudy 2005). The relationship between the segregation pattern observed and pH is significant because low pH may be acting as a barrier that prevents further invasion of Brown Trout into the headwaters, where Brook Trout populations remain strong. The overall goal of this study was to examine the influence of pH and species interactions on the distribution of Brook Trout and Brown Trout in Pennsylvania streams. The first study examined shifts in Brook Trout and Brown Trout pH preference/avoidance after exposure to different pH conditions. Adaptation to pH is important because the results of behavioral studies may differ depending on pH exposure history. Adaptation to pH is particularly important for Brook Trout and Brown Trout because these species are often segregated in streams with a pH gradient, suggesting that behavioral responses to pH differ between the two species. In order to study how the behavioral response differed between the two species, it was necessary to determine if pH exposure history altered behavioral response. Thus, hatchery-reared Brook Trout and Brown Trout were exposed to different holding pH treatments for seven days prior to determining their behavioral response to pH. Preference was determined in a long trough where a gradient of pH (4.0-7.0) was presented to fish. Steep gradient choice tanks were used to determine avoidance. I found that hatchery-reared Brook Trout and Brown Trout pH preference was not influenced by holding pH. Results of pH avoidance trials were similar to that of preference studies, in that holding pH did not alter pH avoidance of either species. This study suggested that individuals of these species can be held in the laboratory at a pH different from the source waterbody for a short period of time without altering preference or avoidance behavior. Thus, the pH of the laboratory source water was not adjusted for the purposes of examining preference and avoidance behavior of wild fish. The second study investigated the pH preference and avoidance of wild, adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout using the same methodology applied in the first study. The behavioral response of Brook Trout and Brown Trout to low pH is one of factor that may lead to the observed segregation pattern of the two species in Pennsylvania streams. The observed segregation pattern and behavioral responses to episodic events suggest that differences in the pH preferred or avoided may exist. Although pH preference and avoidance of juveniles have been established, the preference and avoidance of adults have not been examined. Wild, adult Brown Trout showed a preference for pH 4.0 while wild, adult Brook Trout did not prefer any pH within the range tested (pH 4.0 -- 7.0). Adult Brown Trout displayed a lack of avoidance at pH below 5.0, which is similar to that reported for juvenile Brown Trout. The avoidance pH of wild, adult Brook Trout (between pH 5.5 and 6.0) and Brown Trout (between pH 6.5 and 7.0) did not differ appreciably from earlier study results for the avoidance pH of juvenile Brook Trout and Brown Trout. A comparison of confidence intervals around these avoidance estimates indicates avoidance pH is similar among adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout in this study. However, the limited overlap of confidence intervals for avoidance pH values for the two species suggests that some Brown Trout will display avoidance at a higher pH when Brook Trout will not. The results of this laboratory study indicate that adult Brook Trout -- Brown Trout segregation patterns in Pennsylvania streams could be related to pH and that competition with Brown Trout could be mediating the occurrence of Brook Trout at some pH levels. The preference and avoidance pH results from this study were used to design field experiments involving species interactions and pH. The final study examined the effects of acidification and species interactions on the distribution of Brook Trout and Brown Trout. Although pH appeared to be correlated with the observed distribution patterns of Brook Trout and Brown Trout in Pennsylvania streams, our laboratory studies examining the avoidance pH of wild, adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout did not conclusively find that avoidance pH differs between these species. The lack of conclusive difference in the pH avoidance threshold did not rule out pH as a mediating factor. Interactions between Brook Trout and Brown Trout could lead to habitat partitioning in a stream. Brown Trout are considered superior competitors, but a physiological advantage may allow Brook Trout to dominate Brown Trout in headwaters, particularly if pH is lower. Thus, the behavior of wild, adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout (alone and in combination) was observed in study reaches that were manipulated to vary the level of acidity and CO2. In the artificial stream channel, the majority of indwelling fish (fish that spent greater than 0 seconds on the treatment side during the control observation period) responded to acidification by moving to more neutral conditions (62% of Brook Trout and 68% of Brown Trout). Indwelling Brook Trout spent less time in acidic conditions during the acid treatment (41 +/- 5%) than during the control period (94 +/- 2%). However, elevated levels of CO2 may have caused their avoidance at a higher pH. Indwelling Brown Trout spent less time in the acid conditions during the acid treatment (44 +/- 4%) than during a control period (98 +/- 1%). The proportion of time spent in the acid water by indwelling trout decreased as negative interactions with other fish (such as chasing) increased. Presence of the opposite species did not influence the proportion of time spent in the acidic conditions. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that acidification mediates the segregation of Brook Trout and Brown Trout in Pennsylvania streams. Confounding factors, relating to changes in CO2 associated with the acid manipulation, and issues relating to stocking density need further investigation to identify what role these may have played.

A Study of Franz Schubert's "Arpeggione Sonata" and Claude Debussy's "Premiere Rhapsodie": A Performer's Perspective

Brooks, Jeffrey Brooks ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The Florida State 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

This treatise, comprised of the transcriptions from two lecture recitals, discusses Franz Schubert's Arpeggione Sonata as transcribed for clarinet and piano and Debussy's Premiere Rhapsodie. Schubert composed his Arpeggione Sonata on the cusp of his great Beethoven Project, a project that defined his legacy. It was subsequently transcribed by four different clarinetists. Debussy composed his Premiere Rhapsodie during a period when he was learning to master his own musical style through musical imagery. Both pieces helped to define these composers' musical focus and have become important pieces in the clarinet repertoire. Topics of discussion include comparisons of selected editions and arrangements, fingerings, tessitura, intonation, ensemble balance, instrumentation, and tempi.

A study of the experiences and psychosocial developmental outcomes of African American adult transracial adoptees

Brooks, M. Devon University of California, Berkeley 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

The incidence of African American children who are adopted transracially will likely increase significantly as a result of recently passed federal legislation designed to achieve earlier and increased placements for children in need of permanency. Despite this likelihood, little is known about the long-term impact of transracial adoption on African American children. In response, this study investigates the experiences and psychosocial development of a sample of 109 adult, transracial and inracial adoptees. Data were obtained using self-administered questionnaires, as well as questionnaires completed by subjects' adoptive parents in three related studies that spanned more than 20 years. The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM), modified versions of the Global Assessment Scale (GAS), the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI), and the Duke Health Profile (DUKE) were among the standardized instruments included in the questionnaires. Findings revealed that the long-term psychosocial development of adult, transracial adoptees was positive overall. Neither transracial placement nor racial identity was a predictor of adoptees' psychosocial development. Yet, transracially adopted subjects did experience numerous challenges related to the unique nature of their adoptions. In contrast with current law, data from this study call for child welfare professionals to routinely assess the racial needs of children who may be adopted transracially, as well as the ability of prospective adoptive families to raise a transracially adopted child.

The effects of pro-poor health insurance on health facility delivery and skilled birth delivery in Indonesia: A mixed-methods evaluation

Brooks, Mohamad Ibrahim Boston University 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

Problem. As part of Indonesia's strategy to achieve the goal of Universal Health Coverage (UHC), large investments have been made to increase health access for the poor. These have resulted in the implementation of various public health insurance (PHI) schemes, including Jamkesmas, the largest health insurance program in Indonesia in 2012, targeted towards the poor and near-poor. In the backdrop of Indonesia's aspiration to reach UHC is the high rate of maternal mortality that disproportionally affects poor women. With the implementation of various pro-poor PHI programs in Indonesia, there is limited understanding of how these programs impact maternal health services among poor women. Methods. This study used a mixed-methods design. The quantitative component entailed secondary analysis of the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) from 2007 and 2012 on key outcomes of interest: health facility delivery (HFD) and skilled birth delivery (SBD). Qualitative interviews (n=55) were conducted from May-Aug 2015 in the province of Jakarta and Banten among community representatives and key stakeholders to describe the successes and challenges of health insurance membership and maternal health services among the poor. Results. Controlling for all independent variables, poor women with Jamkesmas were 21% (OR=1.21 [1.05--1.39]) more likely to have HFD and 20% (OR=1.20 [1.03--1.39]) more likely to have SBD compared to poor women without health insurance. Qualitative interviews provide some explanation to the modest effect of Jamkesmas health insurance on HFD and SBD seen in the quantitative analysis, including: the preference for pregnant women to deliver in their parents' village; the use of traditional birth attendants; lack of proper documentation for health insurance registration, distance to health facilities; shortage of qualified health providers; overcrowded health facilities; and lack of health facility accreditation. Conclusion. Poor women with Jamkesmas membership had a modest increase in HFD and SBD. These findings indicate that pro-poor PHI schemes may be able to reduce financial barriers to care. However, factors such as socio-cultural beliefs, accessibility, and quality of care are important elements that need to be addressed as part of the national UHC agenda to improve maternal health services in Indonesia.

The Commitment Credibility of Public-Employee Pensions

Brooks, John Edward University of California, Berkeley ProQuest Disser 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

Public-employee pensions have grown significantly in cost in recent years, and will continue to be one of the central policy problems that state and local governments confront in the 21st Century. Pensions show United States' federalism at work: they vary tremendously across and within states. I examine the causes and consequences of this variation. Specifically, I ask how democratically-elected politicians can commit to pension performance, and what are consequences do pensions and politicians' decisions have?. This dissertation presents three separate empirical papers using data from 103 plans across all 50 states from 2001--2011. I also include introductory, transitional, and concluding sections. As discussed both here and in prior literature, politicians have clear incentives to compensate employees through pensions, while disguising expenses and skipping payments. This has led to significant costs and increased attention to pensions. The first paper focuses on the factors leading to variation in pensions' financial performance, or funding ratios. Centrally, I find that as management board personnel is increasingly insulated from political control, performance improves. The second paper focuses on politicians' contributions into funds. There, I uncover evidence that politicians prefer to commit to pensions covering police and fire employees. They also tend to skip payments when prior economic performance and investment returns are higher. This shows that elected officials prefer to keep taxes low when possible, even at the cost of underfunding pensions. The third paper pivots to examine a consequence of pensions: how they affect public-employee retirement rates. I present a simple theoretical model showing how reductions in commitments from employers might make public-employees less likely to believe they will receive their full pension benefits, and in turn, more likely to retire. I then present empirical evidence that as pensions are more controlled by politicians, retirements increase. Poorer funding from the prior year also is associated with increased retirements, providing evidence that performance generates feedback effects for human capital. Jointly, my papers provide broad and novel insight into the causes and consequences of variation in public pensions.

Perceived barriers to treatment adherence among pregnant African American women with diabetes

Brooks, Latina Maria Case Western Reserve University (Health Sciences) 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

Diabetes complicates over 154,000 pregnancies every year. Pregnant women with diabetes are at risk for acute and chronic complications while their infants are at high risk for morbidity and mortality. African American childbearing women have higher rates of diabetes, higher maternal complication rates and higher rates of low birth-weight infants. The purposes of this study were to identify perceived barriers to treatment adherence among pregnant African American women with diabetes and to examine the relationships of perceived barriers, adherence, and demographic characteristics. A convenience sample of 32 African American women with pregnancies complicated by diabetes were interviewed using the Barriers to Self Care Scale, the Diabetes Compliance Questionnaire, and an opened-ended question to identify and examine (1) aspects of the diabetes treatment regimen that are most difficult to adhere to; (2) perceived barriers to treatment adherence; (3) the relationships of perceived barriers and measures of adherence to demographic characteristics; and (4) identify perceived barriers that are related to adherence. The findings of the study identified insulin injections, and diet therapy, and glucose monitoring as the most difficult aspects of diabetes treatment for African American women with diabetes in pregnancy. The women also reported the greatest number of barriers to treatment adherence in the diet and glucose barriers categories. Moderate adherence was reported by the women in this study, indicating that even though the treatment regimens were difficult, and they did experience barriers to their treatment, they were at times able to overcome these barriers. There were only a few relationships found between demographic variables, perceived barriers and adherence. Age was related to adherence to diet and the number of pregnancies the women had were related to diet barriers. Glucose barriers varied by type of diabetes and diet barriers varied according to level of education. These results indicate that demographic characteristics had little relationship to perceived barriers and adherence among pregnant African American women with diabetes. Diet was the only adherence category that was found to have a relationship to perceived barriers.

A new mechanism for the generation of HIV latency

Brooks, David Gregory University of California, Los Angeles 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

The use of combination antiretroviral therapy results in a substantial reduction in viremia, a rebound of CD4+ T cells and increased survival for HIV infected individuals. However, this treatment does not result in the total eradication of HIV. Rather, the virus is thought to remain latent in a subset of long-lived T cells, wherein it avoids elimination by the immune system. In this state the virus is capable of rekindling productive infection following cessation of therapy. The sparcity of latently infected T cells <italic> in vivo</italic> and the inability to distinguish them from productively infected T cells has made it difficult to determine their origin and to study the viral and cellular interactions associated with HIV latency. HIV replication is linked to cellular gene transcription and requires target cell activation. Therefore, should an activated, infected cell become transcriptionally inactive prior to cytopathic effects, the viral genome could be maintained in a latent state. We used the SCID-hu (Thy/Liv) mouse model to establish that activation-inducible HIV can be generated at a high frequency during thymopoiesis, a process where transcriptionally activated cells mature towards quiescence. These latently infected cells can then be exported into the periphery where the virus remains dormant until T cell receptor stimulation. While the virus is in the latent state infected cells appear phenotypically normal, however following viral reactivation HIV induces the cellular phenotypic changes, such as CD4 and MHC I down-regulation, characteristic of productive infection. Thus, the apparently normal phenotype and lack of virus expression in latently infected cells could prevent recognition by the immune system and contribute to the long-lived nature of this reservoir. The findings in this dissertation indicate the thymus as a potential source of latent virus in HIV-infected humans and may in part explain the mechanism by which latent virus is localized in naive T cells <italic>in vivo</italic>.

The "I" in team: How young black men gain respect through basketball

Brooks, Scott N University of Pennsylvania 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

This ethnography describes how young black men I have come to know as a coach use the sport of basketball to gain the respect of others in their social world. They want to be known by others as a basketball player, but this takes work, a collective effort. As they learn to play the game, principles of status are established, criteria by which players are evaluated and are able to gain respect. Around the playground, they begin to learn the basic rules of the game and try to develop certain abilities. Young boys watch older players, learning the rules of the game. They note how older players move from one point to another, how the ball is moved, how critical rules are invoked in the process. They take special note of who does what to whom in what circumstances and how others, playing and watching, respond. The activity on the playground takes on various forms, from play and sociability to performance. The social order of basketball changes with space and leagues played away from the playground are typically of different character than playground ball. In recreational and competitive leagues, young players learn the rituals and conventions of "real" basketball. Basketball play becomes games, the collective action of individuals working towards a single goal, and the social organization and norms are prearranged by coaches in line with conventions of organized basketball learned through team practice. In the community, basketball is not simply a pastime, nor a means to escape poverty, but an important social institution. It is a regular, collective activity with established norms, rules, and statuses that are passed on from generation to generation. People play with different goals and aspirations but all commonly seek respect; some simply hope to be chosen for a game of pick-up ball, while others dream seriously of becoming a professional player and winning fame and fortune. Regardless, players feel the special need to impress one another here and move through a discernible social hierarchy that has become an important status passage to adulthood.

The mothering daughter. A widowed Italian-American daughter taking care of her Alzheimer's disease-afflicted mother: An ethnographic case study

Brooks, Synthia I New York University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

Whether divorced, separated, widowed or never married, single daughters caring for mothers with Alzheimer's disease are among the most vulnerable of caregivers—psychologically, medically, and financially. Yet, researchers have largely ignored her. Further, little is known about the impact of Alzheimer's disease on the mother-daughter relationship, a relationship that has long been conceptualized as complex and enduring. Through a narrative, ethnographic case study, the experience of a widowed middle-aged Italian-American daughter who is taking care of her Alzheimer's disease afflicted mother is explored. Themes in the meaning of the daughter's caregiving experience are developed: (1) Affiliation: “Onore Della Famiglia,” (Honor of the Family) emphasizes the impact of ethnicity and culture on the daughter's identity as a caregiver; (2) Hardship: “The Contradictions of Preservation and Loss,” reveals the dialectical tension between preservation and loss in the daughter's Alzheimer's disease caregiving experience; (3) “Keeping the Meaning and Passing It On,” illuminates how caregiving is not only tied to culture, but as a highly valued gender-role, may be transferred from one generation to the next. Applying Erickson's theory of generativity, caregiving is conceptualized as a generative product that is passed on by generative women. The dimensions of a daughter's psychic loss of her mother are explored, and the implications of a daughter's loss of a mother at mid-life are highlighted.

Volunteering to be taxed: Business improvement districts and the supplemental provision of public goods (California)

Brooks, Leah University of California, Los Angeles 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

If an institution allows for the supplemental provision of local public goods, where is that institution used, and public goods provided? Further, what are the consequences of such local provision of public goods? I study this question by examining the adoption of Business Improvement Districts in the city and county of Los Angeles. A Business Improvement District is formed when a majority of commercial property owners in a neighborhood vote in favor of a package of borders, taxes and expenditures on local public goods. After passage, the taxation is binding on all members of the district, thus solving a collective action problem in the provision of public goods. The first chapter in the dissertation evaluates whether the resolution of this collective action at the neighborhood level can impact economic outcomes. Examining crime patterns in the city of Los Angeles from 1990-2002, I find that BIDs are associated with large declines in crime, purchased cheaply. What are the public finance consequences of such BID-type provision? The second chapter investigates which types of cities and neighborhoods are most likely to adopt BIDs, arguing that BIDs break the Tiebout link between the municipal border and the provision of public goods. I find that cities with older building stock and which are thus more likely to have collective action problems, and those which are heterogeneous in their tastes for public goods are more likely to adopt BIDs. Using neighborhood level data, I find that neighborhoods with problems and with nearby wealthy consumers are more likely than average to adopt BIDs. The final chapter in this dissertation uses a theoretical model to explore whether geographically close competing neighborhoods are more likely to adopt supplemental public goods provision. Though neighborhoods are not, they are more likely to adopt supplemental provision when they have problems or nearby consumers of higher income.