Ph Preference and Avoidance of Adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout: Influence on Movements and Interactions

Fost, Brooks A The Pennsylvania State University ProQuest Dissert 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

A recent analysis of Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission historical data collected from streams throughout Pennsylvania containing trout concluded that base-flow pH is strongly correlated to the observed segregation of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta). Populations of Brook Trout, which are native to Pennsylvania, predominated at pH<7.0 (mostly headwaters), while Brown Trout, an introduced species that has become naturalized in much of Pennsylvania, predominated at pH>7.0 (lower reaches). The decline of historic Brook Trout populations has been linked in part to competition with Brown Trout (Hudy 2005). The relationship between the segregation pattern observed and pH is significant because low pH may be acting as a barrier that prevents further invasion of Brown Trout into the headwaters, where Brook Trout populations remain strong. The overall goal of this study was to examine the influence of pH and species interactions on the distribution of Brook Trout and Brown Trout in Pennsylvania streams. The first study examined shifts in Brook Trout and Brown Trout pH preference/avoidance after exposure to different pH conditions. Adaptation to pH is important because the results of behavioral studies may differ depending on pH exposure history. Adaptation to pH is particularly important for Brook Trout and Brown Trout because these species are often segregated in streams with a pH gradient, suggesting that behavioral responses to pH differ between the two species. In order to study how the behavioral response differed between the two species, it was necessary to determine if pH exposure history altered behavioral response. Thus, hatchery-reared Brook Trout and Brown Trout were exposed to different holding pH treatments for seven days prior to determining their behavioral response to pH. Preference was determined in a long trough where a gradient of pH (4.0-7.0) was presented to fish. Steep gradient choice tanks were used to determine avoidance. I found that hatchery-reared Brook Trout and Brown Trout pH preference was not influenced by holding pH. Results of pH avoidance trials were similar to that of preference studies, in that holding pH did not alter pH avoidance of either species. This study suggested that individuals of these species can be held in the laboratory at a pH different from the source waterbody for a short period of time without altering preference or avoidance behavior. Thus, the pH of the laboratory source water was not adjusted for the purposes of examining preference and avoidance behavior of wild fish. The second study investigated the pH preference and avoidance of wild, adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout using the same methodology applied in the first study. The behavioral response of Brook Trout and Brown Trout to low pH is one of factor that may lead to the observed segregation pattern of the two species in Pennsylvania streams. The observed segregation pattern and behavioral responses to episodic events suggest that differences in the pH preferred or avoided may exist. Although pH preference and avoidance of juveniles have been established, the preference and avoidance of adults have not been examined. Wild, adult Brown Trout showed a preference for pH 4.0 while wild, adult Brook Trout did not prefer any pH within the range tested (pH 4.0 -- 7.0). Adult Brown Trout displayed a lack of avoidance at pH below 5.0, which is similar to that reported for juvenile Brown Trout. The avoidance pH of wild, adult Brook Trout (between pH 5.5 and 6.0) and Brown Trout (between pH 6.5 and 7.0) did not differ appreciably from earlier study results for the avoidance pH of juvenile Brook Trout and Brown Trout. A comparison of confidence intervals around these avoidance estimates indicates avoidance pH is similar among adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout in this study. However, the limited overlap of confidence intervals for avoidance pH values for the two species suggests that some Brown Trout will display avoidance at a higher pH when Brook Trout will not. The results of this laboratory study indicate that adult Brook Trout -- Brown Trout segregation patterns in Pennsylvania streams could be related to pH and that competition with Brown Trout could be mediating the occurrence of Brook Trout at some pH levels. The preference and avoidance pH results from this study were used to design field experiments involving species interactions and pH. The final study examined the effects of acidification and species interactions on the distribution of Brook Trout and Brown Trout. Although pH appeared to be correlated with the observed distribution patterns of Brook Trout and Brown Trout in Pennsylvania streams, our laboratory studies examining the avoidance pH of wild, adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout did not conclusively find that avoidance pH differs between these species. The lack of conclusive difference in the pH avoidance threshold did not rule out pH as a mediating factor. Interactions between Brook Trout and Brown Trout could lead to habitat partitioning in a stream. Brown Trout are considered superior competitors, but a physiological advantage may allow Brook Trout to dominate Brown Trout in headwaters, particularly if pH is lower. Thus, the behavior of wild, adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout (alone and in combination) was observed in study reaches that were manipulated to vary the level of acidity and CO2. In the artificial stream channel, the majority of indwelling fish (fish that spent greater than 0 seconds on the treatment side during the control observation period) responded to acidification by moving to more neutral conditions (62% of Brook Trout and 68% of Brown Trout). Indwelling Brook Trout spent less time in acidic conditions during the acid treatment (41 +/- 5%) than during the control period (94 +/- 2%). However, elevated levels of CO2 may have caused their avoidance at a higher pH. Indwelling Brown Trout spent less time in the acid conditions during the acid treatment (44 +/- 4%) than during a control period (98 +/- 1%). The proportion of time spent in the acid water by indwelling trout decreased as negative interactions with other fish (such as chasing) increased. Presence of the opposite species did not influence the proportion of time spent in the acidic conditions. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that acidification mediates the segregation of Brook Trout and Brown Trout in Pennsylvania streams. Confounding factors, relating to changes in CO2 associated with the acid manipulation, and issues relating to stocking density need further investigation to identify what role these may have played.

A Study of Franz Schubert's "Arpeggione Sonata" and Claude Debussy's "Premiere Rhapsodie": A Performer's Perspective

Brooks, Jeffrey Brooks ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The Florida State 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This treatise, comprised of the transcriptions from two lecture recitals, discusses Franz Schubert's Arpeggione Sonata as transcribed for clarinet and piano and Debussy's Premiere Rhapsodie. Schubert composed his Arpeggione Sonata on the cusp of his great Beethoven Project, a project that defined his legacy. It was subsequently transcribed by four different clarinetists. Debussy composed his Premiere Rhapsodie during a period when he was learning to master his own musical style through musical imagery. Both pieces helped to define these composers' musical focus and have become important pieces in the clarinet repertoire. Topics of discussion include comparisons of selected editions and arrangements, fingerings, tessitura, intonation, ensemble balance, instrumentation, and tempi.

Volunteering to be taxed: Business improvement districts and the supplemental provision of public goods (California)

Brooks, Leah University of California, Los Angeles 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

If an institution allows for the supplemental provision of local public goods, where is that institution used, and public goods provided? Further, what are the consequences of such local provision of public goods? I study this question by examining the adoption of Business Improvement Districts in the city and county of Los Angeles. A Business Improvement District is formed when a majority of commercial property owners in a neighborhood vote in favor of a package of borders, taxes and expenditures on local public goods. After passage, the taxation is binding on all members of the district, thus solving a collective action problem in the provision of public goods. The first chapter in the dissertation evaluates whether the resolution of this collective action at the neighborhood level can impact economic outcomes. Examining crime patterns in the city of Los Angeles from 1990-2002, I find that BIDs are associated with large declines in crime, purchased cheaply. What are the public finance consequences of such BID-type provision? The second chapter investigates which types of cities and neighborhoods are most likely to adopt BIDs, arguing that BIDs break the Tiebout link between the municipal border and the provision of public goods. I find that cities with older building stock and which are thus more likely to have collective action problems, and those which are heterogeneous in their tastes for public goods are more likely to adopt BIDs. Using neighborhood level data, I find that neighborhoods with problems and with nearby wealthy consumers are more likely than average to adopt BIDs. The final chapter in this dissertation uses a theoretical model to explore whether geographically close competing neighborhoods are more likely to adopt supplemental public goods provision. Though neighborhoods are not, they are more likely to adopt supplemental provision when they have problems or nearby consumers of higher income.

Solving a mixed-integer programming formulation of a classification model with misclassification limits

Brooks, J. Paul Georgia Institute of Technology 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Classification, the development of rules for the allocation of observations to one or more groups, is a fundamental problem in machine learning and has been applied to many problems in medicine and business. We consider aspects of a classification model developed by Gallagher, Lee, and Patterson that is based on a result by Anderson. The model seeks to maximize the probability of correct G-group classification, subject to limits on misclassification probabilities. The mixed-integer programming formulation of the model is an empirical method for estimating the parameters of an optimal classification rule, which are identified as coefficients of linear functions by Anderson. The model is shown to be a consistent method for estimating the parameters of the optimal solution to the problem of maximizing the probability of correct classification subject to limits on inter-group misclassification probabilities. A polynomial time algorithm is described for two-group instances. The method is NP -complete for a general number of groups, and an approximation is formulated as a mixed-integer program (MIP). The MIP is difficult to solve due to the formulation of constraints wherein certain variables are equal to the maximum of a set of linear functions. These constraints are conducive to an ill-conditioned coefficient matrix. Methods for generating edges of the conflict graph and conflict hypergraphs are discussed. The conflict graph is employed for finding cuts in a branch-and-bound framework. This technique and others lead to improvement in solution time over industry-standard software on instances generated by real-world data. The classification accuracy of the model in relation to standard classification methods on real-world and simulated data is also noted.

Works of the Spirit: American literatures and religious cultures, 1771-1797

Brooks, Joanna University of California, Los Angeles 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation investigates the role of the “Spirit” in the eighteenth-century advent of literary production by Native Americans, African-Americans, and indentured servants. Writers like Samson Occom, Phillis Wheatley, and John Marrant came into literacy, literary status, and contact with each other through trans-Atlantic evangelical networks. Their works instate the Spirit as an effective cultural currency and as the basis for a vernacular hermeneutics. Conventional accounts of early American intellectual history sometimes correlate the death of Jonathan Edwards with the birth of normative secularism. Emergent literatures of this period attest to the continuing significance of religion and religious association for communities not served by the logic of the American Enlightenment or enfranchised by early national politics. A ministerial calling redeemed Quaker Jane Hoskens from indentured servitude; her <italic>Life and Spiritual Sufferings</italic> (1771) is the first published autobiography by an American woman of the working class. John Marrant's <italic> Journal</italic> (1790) records the extended workings of providence in the life of the African-American evangelist, beyond the exemplary ending of his famous conversion <italic>Narrative</italic> (1785) to the details of his mission among displaced Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia. Marrant later joined Prince Hall's African Lodge of Freemasons in Boston. In three speeches delivered to the Lodge, Marrant and Hall forged from remnants of Kabbalism and Occultism a prophetic vision of Black political destiny. Mohegan minister Samson Occom compiled his own writings with those of Watts, Herbert, and Wesley to form <italic>A Choice Collection of Hymns and Spiritual Songs </italic> (1774); Occom's hymnody of exodus accompanied displaced tribes' settlement of a new pan-tribal community at Brotherton, New York. This genealogical study of recently recovered and repopularized texts discloses rich connections between religious experience and literary production in late-eighteenth century America. It also addresses a stumbling block common to critical treatments of this body of writing: the assumption that religion must be read as a mark of colonialist control. My research suggests a more complicated, more promising possibility, a picture of early American cultures reconstituted and revitalized in religious discourse.

The Common Pot: Indigenous writing and the reconstruction of native space in the Northeast

Brooks, Lisa Tanya Cornell University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

"The Common Pot: Indigenous Writing and the Reconstruction of Native Space in the Northeast" builds on current conversations within the fields of Early American Indian Literature, American Indian History, and Native Literary Criticism to reconstruct the historical space of the northeast through the writings of its indigenous inhabitants. The project entailed intensive research and recovery of Algonquian and Iroquoian texts, and the development of a theoretical framework based on the language and oral literature from which these texts emerged. While most literary critics have portrayed early native writers either as individuals "caught between two worlds," or as "subjects" whom, even as they resisted the colonial world, struggled to exist within it, this study demonstrates the ways in which native leaders, including Samson Occom, Joseph Brant, Hendrick Aupaumut, and William Apess, adopted writing as a tool to reconstruct and reclaim "native rights" and "native land." In particular, it explores the operation of writing within the network of waterways and relations that constitutes the "native space" of the northeast. From within these texts, a trope emerges that encapsulates this understanding of native space. The "Common Pot" is a metaphor that appears in stories, speeches, and written documents during the 18th and 19th centuries, embodying land, community, and the shared space of sustenance between relations. The "pot" can refer to the village, or to the networks of alliance on which people relied for support. Native leaders often invoked the metaphor to emphasize the need for unity and the reality of interdependence, especially as colonial control over native lands increased. A central contention of the dissertation is that the texts that emerged from within this space constitute a uniquely indigenous literary tradition. Far from being "corrupted" by writing, native people frequently resisted the role designed for them by their missionary teachers, and used the skills they acquired to compose petitions, political tracts, and speeches; to record community councils and histories; and, most importantly, to imagine collectively the routes through which the Common Pot could survive.

Dynamics and Structure: From Microtubule Networks to Population Networks

Brooks, Heather The University of Utah ProQuest Dissertations & Th 2018 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

The interplay of dynamics and structure is a common theme in both mathematics and biology. In this thesis, the author develops and analyzes mathematical models that give insight into the dynamics and structure of a variety of biological applications. The author presents a variety of contributions in applications of mathematics to explore biological systems across several scales. First, she analyzes pattern formation in a partial differential equation model based on two interacting proteins that are undergoing passive and active transport, respectively. This work is inspired by a longstanding problem in identifying a biophysical mechanism for the control of synaptic density in C. elegans and leads to a novel mathematical formulation of Turing-type patterns in intracellular transport. The author also demonstrates the persistence of these patterns on growing domains, and discusses extensions for a two-dimensional model. She then presents two models that explore how stochastic processes affect intracellular dynamics. First, the author and her collaborators derive effective stochastic differential equations that describe intermittent virus trafficking. Next, she shows how ion channel fluctuations lead to subthreshold oscillations in neuron models. In the final chapter, she discusses two projects for ongoing and future work: one on modeling parasite infection on dynamic social networks, and another on the bifurcation structure of localized patterns on lattices. All of these projects, presented together, chronicle the journey of the author through her mathematical development and attempts to identify, discover, create, and communicate mathematics that inspires and excites.

Riemannian Geometry of the Curvature Tensor

Brooks, Thomas Gunnison ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Penn 2018 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

The curvature tensor is the most important isometry invariant of a Riemannian metric. We study several related conditions on the curvature tensor to obtain topological and geo- metrical restrictions. The first condition is the that the kernel of.

Increasing the involvement of African American parents in public education: Case studies of two successful school leaders

Brooks, Sharon M State University of New York at Buffalo 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

One challenge for many urban elementary principals is getting African American parents involved in their children's education. During the International Successful School Leadership Project (ISSP) on principals who improved the academic achievement of children in challenging schools, two predominantly African American urban elementary schools were found that had high minority parent involvement. The purpose of this study was to learn what made their parents differ from the minority parents discussed in the literature. A case study format was chosen with a purposeful selection of 33 interviewees. Forty-six additional transcriptions from previous studies were also utilized as data. Data was collected through interviews, observations and documentation. Constant comparison was used to analyze data. It was learned that safety, teaching efficacy, social and cultural capital impact upon minority parents involvement. This study is significant because it closes a gap in the literature by demonstrating that teaching efficacy does affect minority parent involvement. It also closes a gap in the literature by introducing a parent-centered parent involvement model that is sensitive to the societal demands of minority and low-income parents.

Building Bridges through Music: A Recording and Performance Collaboration with Adult Composers, Young Soloists, and Collegiate Band Accompaniment

Brooks, Melanie Jane ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Arizona State Univ 2018 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Although music is regarded as a universal language, it is rare to find musicians of different ages, ability levels, and backgrounds interacting with each other in collaborative performances. There is a dearth of mixed-ability-level wind band and string orchestra repertoire, and the few pieces that exist fail to celebrate the talents of the youngest and least-experienced performers. Composers writing music for school-age ensembles have also been excluded from the collaborative process, rarely communicating with the young musicians for whom they are writing. This project introduced twenty-nine compositions into the wind band and string orchestra repertoire via a collaboration that engaged multiple constituencies. Students of wind and string instruments from Phoenix's El Sistema-inspired Harmony Project and the Tijuana-based Ninos de La Guadalupana Villa Del Campo worked together with students at Arizona State University and composers from Canada, Finland, and across the United States to learn and record concertos for novice-level soloists with intermediate-level accompaniment ensembles. This project was influenced by the intergenerational ensembles common in Finnish music institutes. The author provides a document which includes a survey of the existing concerto repertoire for wind bands and previous intergenerational and multicultural studies in the field of music. The author then presents each of the mixed-ability concertos created and recorded in this project and offers biographical information on the composers. Finally, the author reflects upon qualitative surveys completed by the project's participants. Most the new concertos are available to the public. This music can be useful in the development and implementation of similar collaborations of musicians of all ages and abilities.