Ph Preference and Avoidance of Adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout: Influence on Movements and Interactions

Fost, Brooks A The Pennsylvania State University ProQuest Dissert 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

A recent analysis of Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission historical data collected from streams throughout Pennsylvania containing trout concluded that base-flow pH is strongly correlated to the observed segregation of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta). Populations of Brook Trout, which are native to Pennsylvania, predominated at pH<7.0 (mostly headwaters), while Brown Trout, an introduced species that has become naturalized in much of Pennsylvania, predominated at pH>7.0 (lower reaches). The decline of historic Brook Trout populations has been linked in part to competition with Brown Trout (Hudy 2005). The relationship between the segregation pattern observed and pH is significant because low pH may be acting as a barrier that prevents further invasion of Brown Trout into the headwaters, where Brook Trout populations remain strong. The overall goal of this study was to examine the influence of pH and species interactions on the distribution of Brook Trout and Brown Trout in Pennsylvania streams. The first study examined shifts in Brook Trout and Brown Trout pH preference/avoidance after exposure to different pH conditions. Adaptation to pH is important because the results of behavioral studies may differ depending on pH exposure history. Adaptation to pH is particularly important for Brook Trout and Brown Trout because these species are often segregated in streams with a pH gradient, suggesting that behavioral responses to pH differ between the two species. In order to study how the behavioral response differed between the two species, it was necessary to determine if pH exposure history altered behavioral response. Thus, hatchery-reared Brook Trout and Brown Trout were exposed to different holding pH treatments for seven days prior to determining their behavioral response to pH. Preference was determined in a long trough where a gradient of pH (4.0-7.0) was presented to fish. Steep gradient choice tanks were used to determine avoidance. I found that hatchery-reared Brook Trout and Brown Trout pH preference was not influenced by holding pH. Results of pH avoidance trials were similar to that of preference studies, in that holding pH did not alter pH avoidance of either species. This study suggested that individuals of these species can be held in the laboratory at a pH different from the source waterbody for a short period of time without altering preference or avoidance behavior. Thus, the pH of the laboratory source water was not adjusted for the purposes of examining preference and avoidance behavior of wild fish. The second study investigated the pH preference and avoidance of wild, adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout using the same methodology applied in the first study. The behavioral response of Brook Trout and Brown Trout to low pH is one of factor that may lead to the observed segregation pattern of the two species in Pennsylvania streams. The observed segregation pattern and behavioral responses to episodic events suggest that differences in the pH preferred or avoided may exist. Although pH preference and avoidance of juveniles have been established, the preference and avoidance of adults have not been examined. Wild, adult Brown Trout showed a preference for pH 4.0 while wild, adult Brook Trout did not prefer any pH within the range tested (pH 4.0 -- 7.0). Adult Brown Trout displayed a lack of avoidance at pH below 5.0, which is similar to that reported for juvenile Brown Trout. The avoidance pH of wild, adult Brook Trout (between pH 5.5 and 6.0) and Brown Trout (between pH 6.5 and 7.0) did not differ appreciably from earlier study results for the avoidance pH of juvenile Brook Trout and Brown Trout. A comparison of confidence intervals around these avoidance estimates indicates avoidance pH is similar among adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout in this study. However, the limited overlap of confidence intervals for avoidance pH values for the two species suggests that some Brown Trout will display avoidance at a higher pH when Brook Trout will not. The results of this laboratory study indicate that adult Brook Trout -- Brown Trout segregation patterns in Pennsylvania streams could be related to pH and that competition with Brown Trout could be mediating the occurrence of Brook Trout at some pH levels. The preference and avoidance pH results from this study were used to design field experiments involving species interactions and pH. The final study examined the effects of acidification and species interactions on the distribution of Brook Trout and Brown Trout. Although pH appeared to be correlated with the observed distribution patterns of Brook Trout and Brown Trout in Pennsylvania streams, our laboratory studies examining the avoidance pH of wild, adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout did not conclusively find that avoidance pH differs between these species. The lack of conclusive difference in the pH avoidance threshold did not rule out pH as a mediating factor. Interactions between Brook Trout and Brown Trout could lead to habitat partitioning in a stream. Brown Trout are considered superior competitors, but a physiological advantage may allow Brook Trout to dominate Brown Trout in headwaters, particularly if pH is lower. Thus, the behavior of wild, adult Brook Trout and Brown Trout (alone and in combination) was observed in study reaches that were manipulated to vary the level of acidity and CO2. In the artificial stream channel, the majority of indwelling fish (fish that spent greater than 0 seconds on the treatment side during the control observation period) responded to acidification by moving to more neutral conditions (62% of Brook Trout and 68% of Brown Trout). Indwelling Brook Trout spent less time in acidic conditions during the acid treatment (41 +/- 5%) than during the control period (94 +/- 2%). However, elevated levels of CO2 may have caused their avoidance at a higher pH. Indwelling Brown Trout spent less time in the acid conditions during the acid treatment (44 +/- 4%) than during a control period (98 +/- 1%). The proportion of time spent in the acid water by indwelling trout decreased as negative interactions with other fish (such as chasing) increased. Presence of the opposite species did not influence the proportion of time spent in the acidic conditions. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that acidification mediates the segregation of Brook Trout and Brown Trout in Pennsylvania streams. Confounding factors, relating to changes in CO2 associated with the acid manipulation, and issues relating to stocking density need further investigation to identify what role these may have played.

A Study of Franz Schubert's "Arpeggione Sonata" and Claude Debussy's "Premiere Rhapsodie": A Performer's Perspective

Brooks, Jeffrey Brooks ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The Florida State 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This treatise, comprised of the transcriptions from two lecture recitals, discusses Franz Schubert's Arpeggione Sonata as transcribed for clarinet and piano and Debussy's Premiere Rhapsodie. Schubert composed his Arpeggione Sonata on the cusp of his great Beethoven Project, a project that defined his legacy. It was subsequently transcribed by four different clarinetists. Debussy composed his Premiere Rhapsodie during a period when he was learning to master his own musical style through musical imagery. Both pieces helped to define these composers' musical focus and have become important pieces in the clarinet repertoire. Topics of discussion include comparisons of selected editions and arrangements, fingerings, tessitura, intonation, ensemble balance, instrumentation, and tempi.

Neuropsychological processes related to persisting reversal errors in dyslexia and dysgraphia

Brooks, Allison Diane University of Washington 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Despite research evidence to the contrary, a persistent belief exists among educators that the defining feature of dyslexia is a propensity to reverse (rotate on the vertical axis) letters when reading and writing. Educational practitioners are still mistakenly diagnosing dyslexia on the basis of reversals despite 6 decades of research evidence to the contrary. The purpose of this research is twofold: First, to examine whether reversals are more prevalent in a well-defined sample of adults and children with reading and writing disabilities than in non-reading and writing disabled individuals, and second, to identify the underlying neuropsychological processes that predict persistent reversal errors. The hypothesis will be tested that persisting reversal errors reflect deficits in underlying neuropsychological processes that contribute to dyslexia and/or dysgraphia. Measures of attention, automatization, working memory, executive functions, and reading and writing achievement were administered to 340 participants in a larger family genetics and learning disabilities study to determine the incidence of persistent written reversal errors in older children and adults with and without reading and writing disabilities and the relationship between these neuropsychological correlates and reversal error incidence. Finally, those processes that had a significant relationship with reversal error incidence were entered into multiple regressions to identify any unique variance they may contribute to reading and writing outcomes in children and adults with reading and writing disability who make reversal errors. The incidence (frequency or percentage) of individuals making reversals was significantly different for children who did and did not have dyslexia/dysgraphia, but not for adults who did and did not have dyslexia and dysgraphia. Reversal and non-reversal groups of children and adults were differentiated on the basis of specific neuropsychological, reading, and writing skills. Executive functions and orthographic and/or phonological coding in working memory contributed to some word-level reading processes in children who made reversals, but only accuracy of word reading contributed uniquely to their reading comprehension and only accuracy of spelling contributed uniquely to their written composition. In adults who made reversals, coding in working memory continued to predict some of their reading and writing skills, but executive functions did not.

Contexts of hardship, household labor responsibility, and adolescent development

Brooks, Jennifer Lyn The Pennsylvania State University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

The present study examines the relationship between contexts of familial hardship, adolescents' household labor responsibility, and well-being. Adolescents' household labor is examined within and outside of contexts of hardship, such as working poverty, single parent families, and families in which a parent is experiencing alcohol-related problems, depression, or a health condition. Mean levels of household labor responsibility and adolescents' likelihood of providing high levels of responsibility were compared across hardship contexts, using analysis of covariance and logistic regression. Building on previous literature, three different types of household tasks were examined: family labor, self care, and sibling care. Analyses were examined for all adolescents, as well as for boys and girls separately. The results of these analyses suggest that adolescents, particularly girls, in certain contexts of hardship do indeed take on higher levels of household labor responsibility. Further, the greater the number of hardships experienced, the greater the levels of responsibility adolescents took on. These increased levels of responsibility were concentrated in family labor and self care tasks and appeared in both adolescents' mean levels of responsibility and their likelihood of providing extensive levels of responsibility. The second set of analyses use structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between responsibility and six domains of adolescent adjustment: anxiety, depression, delinquent behavior, academic achievement, mastery, and self esteem. Building upon previous research and theory, it was suggested that the relationship between responsibility and adjustment might differ within and outside of contexts of hardship. The results of these analyses suggest that the implications of responsibility for adjustment do indeed differ across these contexts. The results were strongest and most consistent within the domains of anxiety, delinquency, and self esteem, for adolescents in families with a depressed parent, and for the responsibility domains of self care and family labor. Greater levels of responsibility were related to lower levels of anxiety and higher levels of self-esteem for adolescents experiencing hardship while they were not typically related to functioning inn more-privileged adolescents. Further, greater responsibility within contexts of hardship showed some relation to higher levels of delinquency, whereas responsibility and delinquency tended to bear no relation in more privileged contexts.

Coffee, liberalization and democratic development in Tanzania: A study in the politics of agriculture and development in transitional states

Brooks, Murrell Lamont University of California, Los Angeles 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Throughout the 1990s proponents of the 'Good Governance Agenda' argued that implementing the Agenda's recommendations would contribute to sustained economic development through holding leaders accountable for their policy choices and holding periodic elections. This research critically evaluates this argument by analyzing the local, national and international forces involved in developing the Tanzania Coffee Industry Act, 2001. To accomplish this, I propose an empirical model based on a domestic theory of political economy which views institutional outcomes as a result of conflicts between powerful institutional actors as they realign, incorporate and accommodate new institutional arrangements and relationships during a period of change. I argue that the changes in the laws governing the coffee industry were encouraged by (1) the state bureaucracy, particularly the Ministry of Agriculture and the Tanzania Coffee Board; (2) Regional Cooperative bureaucracy; in conjunction with (3) Foreign exporters and international financial donors. While the primary justification for the policy changes were to improve the coffee industry as a whole, in reality the statues in the coffee act intended to strengthen the position of the regional cooperative unions, local exporters and local estate owners vis a via and foreign exporters and private coffee buyers, and the ruling party. Thus, this research treats the process of market liberalization and democratic politics in the coffee sector as a symptom of broader changes in Tanzania's domestic political economy. This study will shed light on the impact of market liberalization on democratic development, the origins of the present economic structure and political regime, the divided character of the ruling elite, and the agrarian basis of power.

Reading, literature and culture: A case study of middle school students' responses to African American fiction for children

Brooks, Wanda Michelle University of Pennsylvania 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Reading experiences and instruction, on the whole, are unable to mold many African American youth into the types of readers teachers long to have in their classrooms. Many of these African American students are unable to achieve academically in other subjects because of their low reading achievement. As a consequence, they lose interest in school. As a way to better understand African American students' reading problems as well as processes, the research reported herein focuses on a curricular approach aimed at enriching the reading experiences of students. The research specifically explores how incorporating African American literature into a reading classroom is responded to and interpreted by African American, middle school children. Four qualitative research methods were used to gather data for the present study: (1) audiotaping and transcribing literature discussions, (2) collecting written journal responses, (3) observing and gathering field notes, and (4) maintaining a self-reflective journal. Three core findings were gained from this research. First, features from the African American literary tradition are identifiable in children's books by and about African Americans. Second, these features become salient to some African American children while reading and influence their constructions of meaning. Lastly, some African American children rely on several types and sources of prior cultural knowledge when making sense of books by and about African Americans. The present study concludes that African American children's literature contains significant promise with respect to influencing and enhancing African American middle school students' reading processes and subsequent development. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.

Facilities Teams: Improving the Learning Culture Around Failure

Brooks, Scott G ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Creighton Universi 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Learning from failure in a team environment is a crucial component for any organization wanting to grow and innovate. When a team does not learn from failure, it hinders performance and negatively influences the organization. The purpose of this case study is to help the Raytheon facilities leadership team understand how the project management and real estate strategy team handle and learn from failure. The case study used a qualitative case study approach, using interviews and a document review, to help understand the current state of the two teams around learning from failure. Through the qualitative approach, four themes emerged. The four themes are inadequate processes, procedures, and guidelines, inadequate roles and responsibilities, insufficient training and mentoring, and inadequate accountability. These four themes summarized the research findings of the case study. Further, they bring to the forefront the challenges the teams face while trying to learn from failure. If the facilities leadership team can develop a plan to help mitigate some of these challenges, it may help develop a robust learning culture around failure. A culture that can learn from mistakes and failure, helping the two teams realize greater rewards from mistakes. This, in turn, may help improve when they fail, leading to more creativity and innovation within the teams.

Commemoration of the dead: Late Byzantine tomb decoration (mid-thirteenth to mid-fifteenth centuries)

Brooks, Sarah Tyler New York University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Among the most prestigious of Late Byzantine burial monuments were painted niche tombs. Built for wealthy patrons to serve as the focal points for communal and private devotions commemorating the dead, they formed an important genre of church decoration. This study is the first to consider the Late Byzantine niche tomb in detail, placing it within its broader art historical, social and religious contexts. Chapter One treats the architectural setting and basic form of the Late Byzantine niche tomb. Set within the church interior or on the building's façade, the tombs' mosaic or frescoed compositions were highlighted by an architectural frame, either built or painted, and often included attendant sculpture, most prominently the sarcophagus. As in earlier periods, their painted compositions featured both sacred subjects and funerary portraits (renderings of the human subject), point to continuity with earlier traditions. The predominance of images combining both human subjects and divine figures, however, is distinctive to the Late Byzantine period. An in-depth examination of the tombs' painted decoration is taken up in Chapter Two. In the representation of the human subject, visual features conveying gender, status, and age are emphasized, with texts displayed at the tomb reinforcing these same elements. The selection of sacred figures decorating the tomb in many cases indicates that such monuments were personalized, in keeping with the character and status of the individual commemorated. Questions of audience and patronage are explored in Chapter Three. A tomb's location, as well as the character of the foundation in which it was erected, influenced the audience's access to and reception of the tomb's imagery. Archaeology as well as textual sources reveal a great deal about how tombs were commissioned, with individual churches receiving significant and much-needed funds in exchange for housing burials. Rites associated with the commemoration of the dead are treated in Chapter Four, including the funeral, commemorative anniversaries, acts of private devotion, moments in the Divine Liturgy, and select Saturdays of Remembrance. The role of the decorated tomb in the enactment of such ritual is featured here.

The Negro in the New World: The cultural politics of race, nation and empire, 1885--1911

Brooks, Lori Lynne Yale University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation focuses on the cultural construction of national identity and its intersection with race in the decades over the turn of the twentieth century. The study emphasizes African Americans' involvement in national cultural institutions and events, from the establishment of the first viable national conservatory of music in New York in 1885 to the formation of the first historically documented and self-conscious community of African American artists in New York City in 1901. During the last decade of the nineteenth century, an historically significant number of African Americans became songwriters, concert artists, and popular stage performers. Abandoning traditional occupational routes to upward mobility, blacks began to identify themselves as artists across divisions of high and popular culture. I argue that these artists shifted the debate over the creation of a distinctively national culture by arguing for the capacity of subaltern cultures to represent the nation, a problem exacerbated by the marginalization of African Americans within national society. These artists attempted to move black subcultural musics into the American mainstream by utilizing black southern themes in order to argue for black cultures as central defining narratives of American identity. Finally, by imagining alternative racial formations in their work, they challenged systems of racial hierarchy in the United States and the importation of this hierarchy into new American territories overseas following the Spanish- and Philippine American Wars.

Defining and evaluating test suite consolidation for event sequence-based test cases

Brooks, Penelope A University of Maryland, College Park 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This research presents a new test suite consolidation technique, called CONTEST, for automated GUI testing. A new probabilistic model of the GUI is developed to allow direct application of CONTEST. Multiple existing test suites are used to populate the model and compute probabilities based on the observed event sequences. These probabilities are used to generate a new test suite that consolidates the original ones. A new test suite similarity metric, called CONTeSSi (n), is introduced which compares multiple event sequence-based test suites using relative event positions. Results of empirical studies showed that CONTEST yields a test suite that achieves better fault detection and code coverage than the original suites, and that the CONTeSSi(n) metric is a better indicator of the similarity between sequence-based test suites than existing metrics.