http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Bender, Kimberly Ann Michigan State University 2015 해외박사(DDOD)
소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.
Pathways research have consistently cited relational problems as reasons women become involved in crime or maintain their criminal involvement. Yet once women enter prison, they employ relational strategies to make doing time easier. Thus, relationships play an important part in the lives of female offenders. However, little is known about the directional nature (i.e., positive and negative) of women's prison relationships or the verbal interactions that take place. Drawing from communication and relational theories, the purpose of the current study was to advance the understanding of the types of verbal memorable messages women receive from people in the prison environment, the types of behavior they associate with the messages, the positive and negative relationships women maintain in prison, and how prison relationships are connected to doing time. Using in-depth interviews and surveys from a random sample of 60 women incarcerated in a single women's prison, data reveal the use of memorable messages as strategies to navigate the prison experience and self-assess personal behavior. Memorable messages were often received from other incarcerated women and came to mind when women engaged in behaviors they were proud of, not proud of and avoided. Most messages were positive and used to accomplish goals that would assist with reentry into the community. However, some messages were negative in nature and left a few women feeling discouraged, while other women went against the message in an effort to prove it wrong. Women's positive relationships were characterized by positive behavior, trust and honesty, while negative relationships were characterized by negative behavior, backstabbing and abuse from a romantic partner. Though few relationships were maintained with correctional officers, women perceived officers as helpful. Most women spent their free time with at least one other woman, but detailed the importance of alone time. Findings suggest the need for staff and inmate training to improve communication skills, which can positively impact women during and post-incarceration. Training on strategies for identifying and terminating negative relationships is also suggested for women in prison.
Bender, Susan J University of Pennsylvania 2010 해외박사(DDOD)
소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.
Murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus, MHV) infection of the CNS provides a model system for studying viral and host factors affecting pathogenic outcome. CNS infection with the highly neurovirulent rJHM.SD is characterized by extensive viral antigen distribution throughout the brain and few antiviral CD8 T cells at the site of infection, and infected mice succumb to disease by approximately seven days post-infection. In contrast, the less neurovirulent rA59 strain establishes acute infection in the CNS and liver; a robust antiviral CD8 T cell response peaks in the brain at day seven post-infection and coincides with clearance of infectious virus. Mice surviving acute rA59 infection later develop immune-mediated demyelination, and viral RNA persists at low levels in the CNS for the life of the mouse. We aimed to evaluate these pathogenic differences between rJHM.SD and rA59 by assessing: (1) the involvement of known viral receptors in CNS infection and spread and (2) the induction and modulation of antiviral CD8 T cell responses during acute and chronic CNS disease. Using primary CNS-derived cells and quantitative RT-PCR, we demonstrate differential expression of MHV receptor genes in CNS cell types and virus strain-specific differences in receptor requirements in neurons, the predominant cell type infected in vivo. Using adoptive transfer methods, we demonstrate that naive virus-specific CD8 T cells are poorly primed during CNS infection with rJHM.SD; however, a robust antiviral CD8 T cell response is elicited following peripheral inoculation of rJHM.SD, suggesting a passive mechanism specific to CNS infection. Finally, by comparing the quality of antiviral CD8 T cells during different scenarios of viral persistence, we show that rA59 persistence in the CNS modulates the differentiation of effector CD8 T cells into protective memory cells. Together, these results support the idea that extent of viral dissemination and induction/modulation of antiviral CD8 T cells collectively contribute to pathogenic outcome during MHV infection.