連續出力 炭酸 가스 레이저의 波長變調와 安定化

조무현 서울大學校 大學院 1978 국내석사

한국 힙합음악 가사에서 나타난 골계미에 관한 고찰 : 1990년대 이후 한국 힙합음악을 중심으로

조무현 경희대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

시대가 지나갈수록 음악의 장르는 더욱 증가하고 있고 세분화 되어가고 있다. 이에 맞춰서 음악과 관련된 연구도 더욱 활발히 이루어지고 있고 주제와 내용 또한 다양해지고 있는 추세이다. 본 논문에서는 한국 힙합음악의 가사에서 나타난 문학의 미적 범주중 하나인 골계미가 나타난 가사를 1990년대 이후 발매한 한국 힙합음악을 중심으로 고찰하고자 한다. 힙합음악은 미국에서부터 시작되어 역사가 50년도 안되는 짧은 역사를 가지고 있으며 국내에는 1990년대 유입되어 역사가 20여년 정도 되는 짧은 역사의 음악이다. 하지만 최근 방송과 다양한 매체에서 힙합음악 관련 콘텐츠들이 생겨나기 시작하였고 짧은 기간 내에 대중들의 관심을 얻어 냈고 현재까지도 발전 하고 있는 음악장르임에 분명하다. 하지만 역사가 짧은 만큼 힙합음악에 대한 학술적 연구 또한 다른 장르들에 비해 적은 것도 사실이다. 힙합음악의 가사는 다른 장르의 대중음악들에 비하여 청자에게 전달할 수 있는 가사 수가 많기 때문에 더 많은 정보를 담을 수 있는 특징이 있다. 또한 가사의 주제 또는 내용을 표현하는데 있어서 자율도가 높은 것 또한 힙합음악의 특징 중 하나이다. 개인의 감정, 일상, 사회비판, 스토리텔링, 본인의 이야기 등 다양한 주제로 가사를 쓸 수 있다. 그리고 가사를 표현하는 방법에 있어서도 직유, 은유, 반어, 과장, 의인 등의 다양한 수사법을 사용하여 표현하거나 때로는 직설적인 방법으로 다양하게 가사를 표현할 수 있다. 이러한 특징을 가지고 있는 힙합음악의 가사에서 문학의 미적 범주 중 하나인 골계미가 나타난 작품을 분석하고 골계미의 하위 범주인 풍자, 해학, 기지, 반어로 나누어 한국 힙합음악 가사에서 나타나는 골계미에 대하여 고찰해보았다. 본 논문은 힙합음악의 음악적 가치 대한 연구에서 끝나는 것이 아닌 한국 힙합음악 가사를 문학적인 측면에서 고찰해 봄으로써 대중음악에서의 가사 또한 작사가의 의도에 따라 청취자에게 의미가 전달되고 있고 또한 멜로디와 함께 전달되는 것뿐만 아니라 가사 또한 하나의 문학 작품으로서 다양한 표현 방법을 사용한 내용 전달로 사람들에게 감동과 재미 그리고 교훈을 줄 수 있다는 점에서 시 또는 소설등과 같은 문학 작품으로서의 기능이 가능하다는 전제로 본 논문에서 고찰을 하려한다. 향후에 더욱 많은 힙합음악과 관련된 연구가 진행되기를 바라고 또한 음악 분야에서의 연구에서 멈추지 않고 다른 분야와 합쳐진 다양한 연구가 진행되기를 바라며 본 논문을 고찰하였다. Genre of music is diversing and subdividing as the generation went by. Accordingly, the tendency of studies in music are on progress actively and their topics and contents are becoming variable. This thesis is dealing with the comic which is one of the aesthetic categories presented in lyrics of korean hiphop music Focused on released korean hiphop music after 1990s. Hiphop music, which has been begun in U.S., aged only about 50 years so far and in 1990s, it came into Korea so that it's history has been only 20 years in Korea. Recently, however, contents about hiphop music has been started to open up in broadcasts and various media, got interest from the public in short period, and is still developing so far definitely. Still, it's true that the amount of academic studies in hiphop music is smaller than other genres of music because of it's short history. Comparing to other genres of popular music, lyric of hiphop music has more texts that can deliver to listeners, which means that it has the characteristic of capacity for more information. In addition, another one of the characteristic of hiphop music is that the higher autonomy when expressing topics and contents of lyrics. It's able to writing lyrics in variable topics such as personal story, emotion, daily, fiction storytelling, and social criticism. In the view of expressing methods of lyrics, also, there are some ways to expresse using variable rhetoric such as simile, metaphor, irony, hyperbole, and personification or sometimes we can express lyrics variously in dysphemistic way. Referring to those characteristics in lyrics of hiphop music, this study is about the comic, which is one of the aesthetic categories in literature, analyzing some works, and dividing those into satire, humor, wit, and irony which are subcategories of the comic appeared in korean hiphop music. This thesis is not only ends up in study about the musical value of hiphop music, but also further study about lyrics of korean hiphop music in terms of the literature so that it is based on premise that lyrics of the popular music also have delivered the meaning to listeners with the intend of the lyricist, and as one of the literature, the lyrics can has literary function such as poetry or novel in terms of ability that can deliver emotional charge, fun, and message to people by delivering contents using variable methods of expression not only delivered with melody. This thesis was studied with will of the much more processes of studies about hiphop music and various studies collaborating with other fields without stopping the studies in the music fields. Key words: lyrics, the comic, pop music, aesthetic category, hiphop

지방자치단체의 사회복지재정 지출 결정요인에 관한 연구

조무현 전북대학교 2016 국내박사

This study’s purpose is to identify which factors affect the Social welfare expenditure of local government. The concrete subject for inquiry is as follows. First, this study analyzes the characteristic and level of local government social welfare finance, social environmental factors, political and administrative factors. Second, this study analyzes that how  much  social environmental factors and political and administrative factors affected  Social welfare expenditure. Third, this study compares the effect of  independent variables on the social welfare budget ratio, the social welfare expenditures per capita of residents, the social welfare local governments own revenue ratio variables which measure the  the social welfare expenditure. Fourth, this study analyzes the effect of political and administrative characteristic of local government on the social welfare expenditure by features of political and administrative characteristic of local government. Finally, putting together these result, this study suggests the characteristic and implication of social welfare finance expenditure of local government. To perform this study, this study analyzed the research material during 2009~2015 of 222 local governments, and examined the welfare expenditure from the social welfare budget ratio, the social welfare expenditures per capita of residents, the social welfare local governments own revenue ratio. This study analyzed local governments synthetically like this and  this study's analysis was also performed comparing local administration unit(like autonomous region, city(si), town(gun)), political ground(like  the existence or nonexistence of regionalism partisan). This study executed analysis such as descriptive statistical analysis, t-test, Anova for analyzing general characteristic of variables and executed analysis such as correlation analysis, pooled regression analysis to identify the factors influencing the relationship between  variables and welfare expenditure. The result of this study is as follows. First, this study's result appeared differently in several respects, which welfare expenditure was influenced by statistically  significant differences, the degree of  influence and directivity depends on  what our study  set up the dependent variable. This result showed that this study have to choose carefully the dependent variable for analyzing the  impact factors in welfare expenditure. This result can identify with welfare expenditure ranking of local governments show difference depends on  what our study  set up the dependent variable. Second, this study's result showed that state subsidy ratio and fiscal self-reliance ratio affected on the welfare expenditure positively in general. In the final analysis, welfare expenditure of local governments affected by policy of the central government very much. At the same time, this study's result showed that there was an enormous gap in the welfare expenditure of local governments depend on the financial capability. Third, this study showed that the type of local government effects on the welfare expenditure. Especially, there is a noticeable distinction between local government and city and town in fiscal self-reliance ratio and the rate of dependence of upper government effects on the welfare expenditure. But, this difference is the difference of influence by national welfare system and underlying  cause of this difference is related to  local  fiscal capacity for their area. In other words, government subsidies ratio is determined by  local  fiscal capacity. So, it  was very likely that the gap the welfare expenditure of local governments is caused by the difference of the estimation method of government subsidies ratio. In conclusion, this study judged that the improvement of the estimation method of standards subsidies ratio and different subsidies ratio which determine the present government subsidies ratio is required to narrow the gap between the government subsidies ratio. Fourth, influence of political variables about welfare expenditure of basic local government is very little. But if the type of local governments by the political ground was distinguished and compared the influence in this study, this study was able to identify that political characteristic affected on the welfare expenditure. In other words, policy decisions on political ideology and inclination has not been identified obviously in regionalism partisan area. On the other hand, policy decisions on political ideology and inclination has  been identified obviously without regionalism partisan area. In this way, influence factors which affected on the welfare expenditure differently appeared depend on the political ground. Especially, The fact that this study identified the influence which affected on the welfare expenditure was a noticeable distinction by the political ground in political variables is of great significance. Despite this research result and meaning, this study has a some limitations. this study's follow-up research subject is as follows on the some limitations. First, because this study uses the limited materials in 2009~2015's, this study could not analyzed specific system and political influencing relationship which can affect on the welfare expenditure of local government. So, follow-up research need to analyze the influence factors of the welfare expenditure in the consideration of various  factors. Second, this study considered the inclination of politics of a local government head, the inclination of politics of a local assembly man for analyzing the effect of political factors on the welfare expenditure. But this study's limit is that judgment basis of the individual inclination of politics judged it on the one's own party or past one's own party. So, follow-up research need to fix a standard more delicately. At the same time, for analyzing the influence factors of the welfare expenditure which considered peculiar local politic environment of Korea this study compared the regionalism partisan's effect upon regionalism partisan. But the fact that this study used advanced research's theoretical background which could judge one's regionalism partisan distinguished standard by operant definition of research has a limit to generalise. So, follow-up research need to study on the standard setting and development of index which allows to judge one's regionalism partisan objectively. Third, this study didn't define the characteristic of dependent variable clearly. So, there is a limit that interpret the meaning of influence on the independent variable about the dependent variable. So, first of all follow-up research must study theoretically and  empirically what this research defines on the welfare expenditure in identifying estimation and decision factor of welfare expenditure of local government, and then this study need to suggest clearly the  concept and characteristic of dependent variable which estimates the welfare expenditure. If such process was performed before, the follow-up research can interpret that the independent variable affect on the dependent variable which defines the welfare expenditure and the follow-up research also can interpret the result's meaning. Fourth, the follow-up research should identify how  budget of an own business  was organized for estimating more delicately about the effort of the welfare expenditure of local government. welfare expenditure ratio of welfare its own finances using the study was the easy variables to estimate the welfare budget ratio and the welfare expenditure variables per person. But, this variables also have a limit to estimate a local government's own effort in that variables affect on the policy of the central government. So, the budget data of an own business need to be constructed for estimating a local government's own effort about the welfare expenditure in the future.

球狀黑鉛鑄鐵의 凝固 및 冷却過程에 따른 黑鉛生成量에 關한 硏究

조무현 朝鮮大學校 大學院 1985 국내석사

The amount of graphite in cast iron was measured by means of structure analysis during freezing, The results obtained in this study were as follows. 1. The amount of graphite in the flake graphite cast iron was more than that in the spheroidal graphite cast iron of the same carbon equivalent. 2. The amount of graphite in spheroidal graphite iron cast was affected by its freezing rate. 3. The amount of graphite was affected by the spheroidizing and inoculation treatment of the molten iron. 4. The amount of graphite in the Ca-system spheroidal graphite cast iron was more than that in the Mg-system spheroidal graphite cast iron. 5. After freezing the amount of over-saturated carbon was affected by degree of super cooling.

냉간성형용 마그네슘 합금의 성형성 개선에 관한 연구

조무현 조선대학교 대학원 2008 국내박사

In order to clarify the effect of various factors on the formability of wrought Mg alloys, the influences of thermomechanical treatment conditions and ECATD(Equal Channel Angular Tensile Deformation) on the microstructural change, recrystallization behavior, development of texture, phase change and tensile properties in Mg-Al-Zn and Mg-Li-Zn alloys have been studied. The results obtained are as follows; (1) The sheet hot-rolled at lower hot-rolling temperature and higher reduction rate revels many cracks at the edge of the hot-rolled sheet in Mg-Al-Zn alloy while hot-rolling process without cracks is possible even at lower hot-rolling temperature and higher reduction rate in Mg-Al-Zn alloy (2) Recrystallization temperature of grains deformed by hot-rolling depends on hot-rolling temperature; Recrystallization limit temperature of the sheet hot-rolled at lower hot-rolling temperature is fallen due to introduction of lattice defects such as deformation twin, dislocation and lattice distortion but recrystallization limit temperature of the sheet hot-rolled at higher hot-rolling temperature is raisen due to lower driving force for recrystallization, results in coarser grains. (3) The yield strength of hot-rolled sheet is increased while the elongation of that is decreased owing to the formation of deformation twin and deformed grains with falling hot-rolling temperature. (4) Comparing tensile strain of the sheets which is hot-rolled at different temperature with annealing temperature, the largest elongation is obtained in the sheet hot-rolled at 230 ℃ and then annealed at 200 ℃ and/or the sheet hot-rolled at 180 ℃ and then annealed at 300 ℃. (5) With increasing annealing temperature of the hot-rolled sheet, the size of dimples on the fracture surface is decreased and is uniformed throughout fracture surface, but fracture mode is changed to intergranular fracture by annealing above 400 ℃. (6) For optimal ECATD extrusion conditions without fracture, the temperatures of mold and both ends of the sheet to be ECATD shall be unifrom and constant. Especially, when temperatures at entrance and exit sides of the mold for ECATD are not equal, yield strength of the sheet becomes lower than that of the friction force at oblique point of ECATD mold, results in unexpected elongation and fracture of sheets. (7) At lower ECATD mold temperature and higher extrusion rate, the friction force at oblique point of ECATD mold is increased while the degree of elongation of grains and the amount of deformation twin are increased. (8) Recrystallization temperature is fallen with increasing extrusion rate after ECATD deformation; recrystallization temperature of the sheet which is ECATD deformed at a speed of 40mm/min is about 250 ℃, but recrystallization temperatures of the sheets being ECATD deformed at speeds of 10 and 20 mm/min are higher than that of the sheet being ECATD deformed at a speed of 40 mm/min. (9) By hot-rolling at 130 ℃, {00·1}<10·0> basal texture being inclined toward TD is developed, results in double poles of {00·1} basal plane on the stereographic projection. The slope of basal plane {00·1} is decreased with increasing hot-rolling temperature. (10) Comparing annealing texture with hot-rolling and annealing temperatures, the slope of basal plane {00·1} is decreased with increasing annealing temperature and the angle of inclination of {00·1} basal plane is increased in the sheet hot-rolled at lower temperature. (11) Double poles of {00·1} basal plane being developed by hot-rolling are changed to single pole by ECATD deformation, the change from double poles to single pole is dominated with increasing extrusion speed. (12) With increasing temperature of ECATD deformation, the intensities of {00·1} and {10·0} poles are increased and double poles of {00·1} basal plane are changed to single pole. (13) In Mg-7%Li-1%Zn alloy, α and β phases deformed by hot-rolling are recrystallized at different annealing temperature; α phase which is matrix and hcp crystal structure is recrystallized at 200 ~ 250 ℃ but β phases which is precipitated at grain boundary is recrystallized at 300 ℃. (14) Yield strength and strain of hot-rolled Mg-7%Li-1%Zn alloy are 15.2 kgf/㎟ and 14.2 %, respectively. However, yield strength is decreased to 1.8 kgf/㎟ and 11.15 kgf/㎟ and strain is increased to 24.3 % and 36.3 % by annealing at 300 ℃ and 400 ℃, respectively. In all the specimens, tensile strength is decreased with increasing strain after yielding due to the crystallographic characteristics of Mg alloy.

열 기상 증착법에 의해 형성된 구리박막의 실시간 고유 응력 거동에 관한 연구

조무현 전남대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

Volmer-Weber 형의 성장을 하는 구리박막은 두께 증가에 따라 초기 압축, 인장, 2차 압축응력의 독특한 3단계 응력거동을 보인다. 이 단계별 응력 기구를 밝히고자 많은 실험적 연구가 진행되고 있음에도 불구하고 인장응력 및 압축응력이 생성되는 원인에 대해서는 여전히 이해가 부족한 실정이다. 이에 구리박막 증착시 증착속도, 기판의 표면조도 및 온도의 변화가 고유응력에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 연구하였다. 열 기상 증착 법으로 실리콘(111) 기판 위에 구리 박막을 증착함과 동시에 박막 두께 증가에 따른 박막의 응력거동을 관찰 하였다. 박막의 응력은 다중광 곡률 측정 장치를 이용하여 박막이 증착 되는 동안 실시간으로 측정한 곡률을 stoney식에 대입하여 계산하였다. 실험결과, 모든 실험에서 구리박막의 고유응력은 3단계 응력거동을 보였다. 증착속도가 증가함에 따라 2차 압축응력 값이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 기판의 표면 조도가 증가함에 따라 초기압축응력이 빠르게 나타났고, 최대 인장응력 값이 늘어났다. 기판의 온도가 증가함에 따라 최대 평균 인장응력은 증가하는 경향을 보이며, 최대 평균 인장응력이 나타나는 두께 역시 증가하였다.

警察官署管轄區域의 適正性 硏究

조무현 慶北大學校 1987 국내석사

Modern society incurs a big discrepancy between the rich and the poor resulting from the heightening of Capitalism, and also incurs, in daily life, unrestricted pursuit of individual desire and extravagant luxuries. General trends of modern national response to this kind of phenomena is to widen and fortify the administrative power; in this context, the importance of police operation with its core action of Restriction and Enlightenment becomes more conspicuous. Responding to the increased demand of police administration in order to ensure the efficiency and promptness of administrative strategies, the present study has investigated the impending problems with regard to police jurisdiction systems with Taegu City area as an example case. This study has attempted to attain the following aims in enforcing police power by reasonably establishing and clarifying regional boundaries of police stations. 1) To increase the efficiency of administrative performance in the organization of police stations 2) To justly attribute the responsibilities occurring in performing police administration to relevant police stations 3) To explore the methods of how to offer the greatest convenience to the people of the region in police administration This study has found out that if performed according to the present jurisdiction boundaries between police stations, administrative efficiency will be reduced. The concrete examples of problematic jurisdiction boundaries are as follows. 1) If streams or rivers are set up as criterion of boundary line, problems arise between Soosung Police Station and Nampoo Police Station, and also between Soosung Police Station and Dongpoo Police Station 2) If streets or avenues are set up as criterion of boundary line, problems arise between Dongpoo Police Station and Pookoo Police Station. 3) In the matter of regional convenience, the acceptance of various applications and prompt response and enforcement of police power lose their effiency In order to carry out this study, 6 police stations and 11 police boxes under the jurisdiction of Taegu City Police Force Department were chosen as subjects of studies. Next, broad investigation of literatures together with various statistic materials was made. The theoretic ground and actual legal problems involved in establishing jurisdiction boundaries and present boundaries were surveyed. The proposals of change and adjustment to resonable establishment of relevant jurisdiction areas are finally presented.

환경체험교육이 강릉지역 중등학생의 환경인식에 미치는 영향

조무현 강릉대학교 교육대학원 2002 국내석사

최근 강룽지역에서도 남대천 문제가 부각되면서 토양오염, 대기오염, 해양오염의 각종 환경오염에 대한 관심도가 증가하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 환경체험교육이 중등학생들의 환경인식에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 청소년 환경 체험 프로그램에 참가한 76명의 학생들과 이런 교육을 받지 않은 84명의 학생들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 구체적 논문 내용은 크게 환경문제에 대한 관심도 및 기초용어, 환경오염과 그 원인, 환경문제 해결과 환경교육 둥 3개 영역으로 구성되어 있는데, 주요 분석결과 는 다음과 같다. 1. 환경체험교육을 받은 학생들 88%가 환경문제에 대해 매우 관심이 높았으며, 환경체험교육을 받지 않은 학생들 48% 정도가 환경문제에 관심을 나타내었다. 또한 환경체험교육을 받은 학생들과 받지 않은 학생들 간에 환경에 관한 기초용어 인지도의 차이는 0.05의 유의수준 하에서는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 환경오염과 그 원인에 대한 인지도 조사에서는 환경체험교육을 받은 학생들과 환경체험교육을 받지 않은 학생들 모두 강릉시의 수질오염, 해양오염, 쓰레기 처리 문제의 경우에는 심각성을 보인 반면, 대기오염의 경우에는 심각하지 않다고 답변하였다. 환경오염의 원인에 대한 강릉남대천과 경포호수의 오염 원인과 호수나 하천에서 서식하는 생물의 종류에 대한 인지도 조사에서는 환경체험학습을 받은 학생들과 받지 않은 학생들 사이에서 0.0002의 유의수준을 갖는 것으로 나타나 두 집단 간에는 매우 유의하게 인지도 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 환경문제 해결을 위한 환경교육의 필요성과 환경교육으로 일어난 변화, 학교 환경교육의 문제점, 환경보전 캠페인 실천 여부 등에서는 유의수준이 0.0000으로 환경체험학습을 받은 학생들과 환경체험학습을 받지 않은 학생들 간에 매우 유의하게 참여도의 차이가 나타났다. 환경에 관한 이론적 지식은 양 집단 간 차이가 없이 나타났으나 실용적인 환경지식과 적극적인 환경보전 의식은 환경체험학습을 받은 학생들이 보다 많이 인지함으로써 자기주도 체험학습이 어느 정도 환경지식과 환경의식을 고취시킨 것으로 판단된다. 하지만 실생활에서의 적용은 환경체험 학습을 받은 학생과 받지 않은 학생 사이에서 구분이 뚜렷하지 않은 것으로 나타나 환경교육내용의 개선과 이론의 실천에 보다 많은 노력을 기울여야 할 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 우리 주변의 공간과 소재를 통해서 다양화된 환경교육의 여러 목표를 통합적으로 달성할 수 있는 환경체험교육이 보다 확산될 필요성이 있다. In Gangneung area too, concerns on environmental pollution have increased, as debates on polluted Namdaechon stream received a great attention. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how field experience has affected environmental attitudes. For this purpose, it surveyed 160 middle and high school students who were divided into two groups based on whether they had field experience or not. More specifically speaking, contents of research are constituted with three parts, including (1) concerns on environmental problems and basic environmental vocabularies, (2) environmental pollution and its causes, and (3) solutions for environmental problems and environmental education. Major findings are as follows. 1. While only 48% of students without previous field experience revealed an interest on environmental problems, 88% of their counterparts with experience expressed their concerns on same items. The two groups, however, did not show any significant differences in terms of recognizing basic environmental vocabularies. 2. Both groups similarly answered that Gangneung had serious problems of water and marine pollutions and waste disposal, whereas they agreed that air was not yet severely polluted in the area. By contrast, the two were significantly different in their knowledge of the causes of pollution in the Namdaechon stream and the Gyongpo lake and species living in aquatic ecosystem. 3. Regarding solutions for environmental problems and environmental education, the two groups were also significantly different in their participation. These findings indicate that field experience has somewhat contributed to enhancing environmental knowledge and attitudes. However it should be also noted that students with field experience have not actively applied their learned knowledge and experience in their daily life. Therefore, it is necessary to develop field experience programs in order to integrate diverse purposes of environmental education.

장군 형태를 응용한 도자 조형 연구

조무현 국민대학교 1997 국내석사

혈소판유래성장인자-BB가 성견 치근이개부병변의 조직재생에 미치는효과

조무현 경북대학교 1993 국내박사