캠퍼스 내 배달로봇 이동구간에서 JSA를 활용한 안전요구사항 도출

이종국 숭실대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

캠퍼스 내 배달로봇 이동구간에서 JSA를 활용한 안전요구사항 도출 이종국 안전보건융합공학과 숭실대학교 대학원 산업의 발달로 세계 로봇 시장은 빠르게 성장하고 있다. 그 중 서비스 로봇의 수요가 증가되고 있으며 COVID-19로 인한 비대면 서비스에 대 한 관성으로 사람들은 덜 생각하고 덜 움직이는 서비스의 욕구가 증가하 고 있다. 최근 Chat GPT의 등장으로 인하여 고민에 대한 답변을 간단하게 해결하고, 과거 자장면 등 일부 음식에 국한 되어있던 배달 서비스가 배달 플랫폼을 활용하여 다양한 종류의 음식을 집에서 받아볼 수 있는 시대가 되었다. 이러하듯 사람들은 다양한 음식을 편하고 최소한의 움직임으로 서비스 수요가 높아졌다. 이에 발맞추어 로봇은 실ㆍ내외를 막론 하고 활동 범위가 점차 늘어나고 있다. 이에 따른 다관절 로봇, 이동형 로봇, 드론 등 여러 분야의 안전사고에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 캠퍼스 내에서 배달로봇을 이용 시 지형적 특성에 의해 발생하는 유해ㆍ위험요인을 사전 발굴하고 로봇의 출발지에서 목적지까 지 발생할 수 있는 위험성들을 단계별로 추정 및 결정하여 위험성 감소 를 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 배달로봇이 주행하는 캠퍼스의 환경에서 주 행 단계별 유해ㆍ위험요인을 파악하는 JSA(Job Safety Analysis, 작업안전분석)기법과 식별된 위치마다 위험성 크기를 추정할 수 있는 PLr 등급을 적용하여 유해ㆍ위험요인에 대한 본질적, 공학적, 관리적 요인을 고 려하여 대책을 도출하였다. 도출된 대책들을 배달로봇을 사용하는 사업 주와 서비스를 이용하는 주문자를 의미하는 사용자 측면과 배달로봇을 제조하는 제조자의 측면에 대한 각각의 측면에 따른 안전요구사항을 도 출하였다. 최종적으로 도출된 각 측면의 안전요구사항을 바탕으로 배달 로봇 주행구간별 안전요구사항을 도출하였다. The Derivation of Safety Requirements Using JSA to Delivery Robot Movement Section on a Campus Lee Jong Kuk Department of Safety & Health Convergence Engineering Graduate School of Soongsil University With the development of the industry, the global robot market is growing rapidly. Among them, the demand for service robots is increasing, and the inertia of non-face-to-face services caused by COVID-19 is increasing the desire for services that people think less and move less. With the recent emergence of Chat GPT, it has become an era where answers to concerns can be easily solved, and delivery services, which were limited to some foods such as jajangmyeon in the past, can receive various types of food at home. As such, the demand for various foods to be served comfortably and with minimal movement has increased. In line with this, the scope of robot activities is gradually increasing, encompassing both inside and outside, and accordingly, research is being conducted in various fields such as multi-joint robots, mobile robots, and drones for safety accidents. In this thesis was conducted to reduce the risk by pre-discovering harmful and risk factors according to the topographical characteristics of using a Delivery Robot on campus and estimating and determining the risks that may occur from the origin to the destination of the robot. Measures were derived in consideration of essential, engineering, and management factors for harmful and risk factors by applying JSA techniques to identify harmful and risk factors at each driving stage in the campus environment where Delivery Robot drive. Safety requirements were derived according to each aspect of the user aspect, which means the employer using the Delivery Robot and the orderer using the service, and the manufacturer's aspect of manufacturing the Delivery Bobot. Based on the safety requirements of each aspect finally derived, safety requirements for each Delivery Robot driving section were derived.

분뇨순환 돈사의 악취특성 및 제거에 관한 연구

이종국 조선대학교 2011 국내박사

Analysis results on the odor emission characteristics and causing factors at livestock Wastes circulation system pig houses are as follows; 1. The concentration of complex odors in pig house C applied livestock Wastes circulation system was relatively lower than A, B general pig houses and concentration of Hydrogen sulfide, designated odor, was similar at each pig house which are 0.23 ppm for A, 0.20 ppm for B and 0.19 ppm for pig house C. Hydrogen sulfide was identified as a major contributor to odor at all pig houses in a contribution level test. Concentration of the ammonia at pig house A was 18.0 ppm and it was much higher than pig house B and C which use environmental enhancers 12.9 ppm and 8.5 ppm respectively. 2.The concentration of organic acid as designated odor compounds was surveyed as follows: 0.14 ~ 0.29 ppm for propionic acid, 0.08 ~ 0.18 ppm for butyric acid, 0.02 ~ 0.03 ppm for n-valeric acid and 0.01 ~ 0.04 ppm for I-valeric acid. The concentration of all compounds was much higher in pig house A than pig houses B and C because pig house A did not use environmental enhancers and the organic acid concentration of pig house C was the lowest. There was no significant difference of sulfur compounds between the pig houses caused by usage of environmental enhancers because the concentration of sulfur compounds were identified lower than 0.01 ppm. Organic acid, as well as hydrogen sulfide, was evaluated as a major odor-causing substance, so it must be significantly considered to reduce the odor in the pig house. 3. The concentration of water pollutants was analyzed and the average concentration of pig house A was higher than pig houses B and C. The concentration of s-BOD directly causing the odor at pig house ranged from 228 to 6,510 ㎎/L and was remarkably lower than the concentration of livestock Wastes after six months, which is 12,876 ㎎/L, with changes of pig livestock Wastes components after aeration and stirring (with liquid and solid separation). It confirmed that usage of environmental enhancers could lead to lower odor production and the activated states of microorganism in livestock Wastes could be a major factor in reducing odor production. 4. Measurement results of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide by automatic measuring equipment showed that the emission of above compounds is dependent on the amount of ventilation. The concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide was higher at night than during the day and was concluded that the amount of ventilation is increased during the day than at night so that odor substances were emitted outside. It is concluded that ammonia and hydrogen sulfide at the pig house could be controlled by the amount of ventilation and method and emissions of the two substances are proportional to each other. The temperature and humidity of all three pig houses were surveyed and complied with the feeding and management criteria. The correlation between external and internal temperature and humidity at the pig houses was relatively low because choosing the optimal method of ventilation could buffer the temperature and humidity. 5. The evaluation of odor emission shows that the concentration of most parameter in pig house C was lower than pig house B because they fed additives containing microorganisms to pigs and sprayed it to the slurry pits and livestock Wastes treatment facility while pig house B only used environmental enhancers. The livestock Wastes circulation system in pig houses doesn't produce extra solids so it effectively reduces the odor-causing sources by not making solid-liquid separations and composting facility. Because of improvements on the environment, extra profits will be generated such as decreasing of overcrowded farming, mortality intensity, operation and maintenance costs. This study shows that the effectiveness of treatment at livestock Wastes circulation systems and the usage of microorganisms and the results could be used to develop methods for reducing odors in the pig house and that there is a need to study the specific methods to reduce odors in the pig house.

은닉 마르코프 모델을 이용한 무제약 필기체 숫자의 오프라인 인식

이종국 경북대학교 대학원 1994 국내박사

In this paper, We proposed a strategy for unconstrained handwritten numeral recognition. Two binary images for same numeral image and stroke correct algorithm are used to enhance thinning result. This processing also involves handling of cut stroke problem and noise stroke problem. Feature extraction is performed on the thinned image to divide into strokes. In this step, we extract at most four sub stroke from using simplification algorithm. Then the numerals with less than two extracted stroke are passed to recognition system. Also we proposed an off line recognition scheme for unconstrained handwritten numerals in the framework of hidden markov model(HMM), which could model stochastically the input pattern with numerous variations. We applied two recognition method according to the number of strokes and showed better recognition result from a hidden markov model(HMM), which has two models in it. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, experiments with 6,000 Concordia university numerals databases were performed. The first method has one model and shoed 95.2% of correct recognition and 4.8% of mis-recognition. In this method, we have difficulty in recognizing numerals of simple strokes and got the 96.1% of correct recognition and 3.9% of mis-recognition. In the second method, we combined two models to distribute computational complexity on them. Experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme is very promising for the off line recognition of the unconstrained handwritten numerals with numerous variations.

松江의 國文詩歌 硏究

이종국 全北大學校 1990 국내박사

프로그레시브 金型費 算出 시스템 構築에 관한 硏究

이종국 東亞大學校 經營大學院 1997 국내석사

Today, there is intense competition in the automobile industry. Many companies are intensively interested in investment cost determination that concludes a company future, growth and bankrupt. One of the much investment cost is the progressive mold which makes steel products. The progressive mold is a type of mold. It combines several separate manufacturing steps which need different molds into one continuous manufacturing process. By using the progressive mold, the whole manufacturing process can be efficent. However, the estimation of the cost of making progressive mold is rather ad hoc until now. The purpose of this study is to provide the standard rules of manufacturing cost of progressive molds and then program a prototype of the cost estimation system that can help us to determine the validity of investing cost of progressive mold. The system is programmed using MS Excel and Windows 95. This program doubles productivity of press types of industry, improves quality level, solves the short of man-power, reduces cost, sets the stable investment surroundings and contributes on the enterprise profit in the end.

韓·日兩國における私學の自主性と公共性に關する比較硏究 : 私立大學校法を中心として

이종국 廣島大學 1996 해외박사

이 論文의 構成은,本 硏究의 理論的 背景(序章)에이어,解放前의 韓. 日兩國의 私學法規의 內容을 分析(第1章,2章)하고,그 反省에서 成立한 解放後의 兩國 私學法規의 改革. 整備過程을 考察(第3章,4章)하고, 兩國의 私立學校法을 中心 으로한 解放後 私學法規의 內容을 分析(第5章,6章)하고,그 內容을 比較. 檢討( 第7章)하여,그로부터 韓國 私學法制上의 問題 解決을 위한 示唆点을 얻는 것 (結章)으로 되어 있다. 韓國의 私學法規는 解放前에는 日本의 保護. 支配하에 있었기 때문에 日本과 거의 비슷한 統制. 賢督的 私學法制였고, 또한 解放後 그 改革. 整備過程에 있 어서도 兩國은 아주 類似한 自主的 私學法制를 成立시켰던 것이다. 그러나 解放後의 韓國 私立學校法은 立法目的이나 基本原理에 있어서는 日本 의 私立學校法(1949年 制定)을 모델로 定하고 있었음에도 불구하고,그 具體的 內容에 있어서는 制定當時(1963年)에도 日本과 徵妃한 差異가 있었지만 그후 十數次에 걸친 改正에 의해서 줄곧 法的規制와 行政賢督을 强化하여 왔던 것 이다. 그래서 韓國에서는 私學의 自主性이 크게 輕視. 萎縮되어 私學의 特性 이나 存在意味가 약해져서 私學에의 投資마저 忌避하는 問題가 發生한 것이다 . 따라서 韓國에서는 私學의 自主性과 公共性을 均徵. 調和 시키고 私學의 正 常的인 發達을 꾀하기 위하여,특히 私立中高等學校에서의 學生選拔權의 剝奪 등 5가지의 法的規制와,學校法人 任員의 就任承認權 및 그 承認取消權등 3가 지의 行政監督을 緩和함과,동시에 日本의 私學審議會制와 評秀員會制를 導 入하면서, 한편 私立學校의 經常經費까지 支援하는 積極的인 私學支援制度를 確立할 必要가 있다는 示唆点을 얻게된다. In order to develop new optical methods, a UV reflection technique was investigated to characterize cure in epoxies, polyimides and their composites. The UV reflection technique in an aromatic diamine-cured epoxy system resulted in the spectral shift of 22nm which was correlated with the extent of epoxide reaction. Based on this result, fiber optic reflection method was implemented for in-situ characterization of epoxy composites at cure temperatures. During imidization, spectra were blue shifted. Deconvolution of the reflection spectra based on the spectra of the starting polyamic acid and final polyimide provided quantitative extent of imidization. Charge transfer (CT) fluorescence of several aromatic group containing polyimides was studied by changing diamine and dianhydride components. The fluorescence spectra showed red shifts and their intensities decreased as the imidization proceeded. UV absorption showed the identical amount of spectral shift as CT fluorescence excitation spectra. Finally, these spectral changes were correlated with the extent of imidization for several aromatic polyimide systems. The fluorescence technique was used for the study of interphase of epoxy/glass or carbon composites. For the interphase region, the cure reaction was faster at the early stage of cure even though the final cure state was similar as that of the bulk system. The effect of surface treatment was studied by a model system and an actual interphase. Amino-silane treatment on a glass interphase showed about 17% increase in crosslinking density, while water aging and air oxidation showed almost no effect. Air oxidation showed a faster reaction at the early stage of cure for the case of a simulated carbon interphase. In the case of epoxy/carbon composite, both air oxidation and water aging treatment showed a faster cure reaction at the early stage of cure. The air oxidation treatment for the epoxy/carbon composite showed a 10% improvement of the crosslinking density.

稅務서비스의 利用者 滿足度 評價

이종국 東亞大學校 2004 국내박사

본 연구는 세무서비스 항목의 중요성에 대한 납세자와 세무대리인의 인식에 있어서의 차이를 조사하고, 이들 세무서비스에 대한 만족도를 조사하였다. 자료는 세무대리인과 당해 세무대리인에게 세무대리업무를 위탁하고 있는 납세자를 대상으로 설문지를 사용하여 세무서비스의 질을 측정하는 30개 변수와 세무서비스에 대한 만족도를 조사하는 외생변수를 입수하였다. 설문자료는 요인분석과 회귀분석을 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 납세자는 세무대리인이 제공하고 있는 세무서비스에 대해 '세무대리인의 실력', '세무신고서의 정확성', '세무분야에 대한 해박한 지식', '증빙·서류의 철저한 보관', '각종 신고·업무기일의 준수'와 '납세자와의 약속준수'에 대해 좋은 평가를 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 비하여, 세무대리인은 그들이 납세자에게 제공하고 있는 세무서비스에 대해 '세무대리인의 실력', '세무신고서의 정확성', '증빙·서류의 철저한 보관', '세무조사에 대한 적절한 대응', '각종 신고·업무기일의 준수', '납세자 입장에 근거한 성실한 업무처리'와 '납세자와의 약속준수'에 대해 좋은 평가를 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 요인분석의 결과는 세무서비스의 시간적 측면, 기능적 측면, 비용적 측면, 기술적 측면과 물리적 측면이 모두 이용자 만족도에 영향을 미치고 있으나, 특히, 세무서비스의 시간적 측면과 기능적 측면이 이용자 만족도에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 세무서비스에 대한 이용자 평가와 만족도간의 회귀분석 결과는, 시간적 측면, 기능적 측면, 비용적 측면, 기술적 측면, 외부조정 여부, 물리적 측면, 계약기간의 순으로 설명력이 높은 변수라는 것을 보여주고 있으며, 세무서비스의 시간적 측면, 기능적 측면, 비용적 측면, 기술적 측면이 높게 평가될수록 이용자 만족도가 증가하는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 또한, 계약기간이 길수록 고객의 만족도가 높아질 것으로 나타나고 있으나 통계적인 유의성은 없으며, 세무대리인의 외부조정여부는 예상과 달리 부호가 반대로 나타났으며, 이는 지정법인이 비지정법인보다 세무서비스에 대한 이용자 만족도가 높다는 것을 의미한다. This thesis investigates whether or not there exist any differences between clients and tax preparers in their perceptions of the importance of specific tax services. This study also evaluates what determines the degree of satisfaction with those tax services and investigates whether or not there exist any differences between clients and tax preparers in determinants of satisfaction with tax services. The data have been obtained by using questionnaires sent to both tax preparers and their clients. Questionnaires include 30 questions to measure service quality and one question to measure user satisfaction. The statistical techniques employed are the factor analysis and the regression analysis. The results of the analysis are as follows: Among the tax services provided by their preparers, the clients have evaluated highly such services as "preparers' competency," "precision of the tax return," "erudition in tax services," "safekeeping of vouchers," "compliance with the due dates of filing and other businesses," and "keeping promises with clients." Among the services given to their clients, on the other hand, the tax preparers have evaluated highly such items as "preparers' competency," "precision of the tax return," "safekeeping of vouchers," "proper coping with tax audits," "compliance with the due dates of filing and other businesses," "doing business from the standpoint of clients," and "keeping promises with clients." The results of factor analysis show that while all factors of tax services such as time, function, expense, technique, and physicality affect the satisfaction of users, only two factors(time and function) have statistical significance. According to the result of the regression analysis, factors have turned out higher in their accountability in the order of time, function, expense, technique, employment of outside preparers, physicality, and contract period. The result also shows that the higher are the factor scores such as time, function, expense, and technique is, the higher user satisfaction is. It has also turned out that the longer the contract period is, the higher user satisfaction will be, although the result is not statistical significant. The empirical evidence does not support the view that user satisfaction is lower in the case of preparers designated by tax authority than in the case of non-designated preparers.

한국 종교문화와 기독교적 영성

이종국 서울신학대학교 상담대학원 2007 국내석사

Culture is the mental programs and the software of the mind. Korean Culture is belongs to as follows. ① Culture of Discrimination ② Culture of Collectivism ③ Culture of Femininity ④ Culture of Uncertainty-avoidance ⑤ Culture of Long-term orientation Korean Culture of Religion is belongs to as follows. ① Shamanism(rewelfarism, hedonism, a ghost relationship) ② Confucianism(authoritarianism, conservatism, a high and low relationship) ③ Buddhism(individualism, asceticism, a causal relationship) Korean Culture of Religion have a dramatic effect on the Self-image of Korean. Self-image is to project to be God-image, and God-image is to introject to be Self-image. The best part is Self-image & God-image with identify oneself with the spirituality. Spirituality of contextual process as follows, interpretation → image → style → meaning. So, Spirituality of contextual is frame of interpretation with optional. Therefore, Korean Christian's Spirituality of contextual is frame of interpretation with Shamanism, Confucianism, and Buddhism. <Holistic of Korean's Generality & Christianity> ◁표 삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요) Christian Counseling for Korean Christian is that give care a damn as follows. ① Mapping of the Bible/Self-Image of God-Image ② Monitering by the Bible/Self-Image by God-Image ③ Filtering for the Bible/Self-Image for God-Image

包括根抵當權에 關한 考察

이종국 호남대학교 대학원 2000 국내석사

包括根抵當이란 보통의 抵當權과는 달리 일정한 基本的인 繼續的 거래관계 없이 특정한 債權者에 대하여 債務者가 부담하는 一切의 債務를 擔保하기 위한 根抵當權이라 말할 수 있다. 包括根抵當은 모든 거래에서 다양한 根抵當 계약을 하게 되며 金融機關에서는 극단적인 包括根抵當보다는, 金融機關과의 與信去來로 인한 現在 및 將來의 一切의 債務를 擔保하는 형식으로 이용되고 있다. 이러한 包括根抵當制度는 당사자 사이에서 반복·계속되는 복잡하고 다양한 각 거래마다 包括根抵當을 設定하는 번거러움을 피하여 각종의 거래 전부에 통하는 一般的·抽象的 信用去來契約을 맺고, 그러한 일반적 與信契約을 전제로 하여 그 거래로부터 생기는 모든 債權을 일정한도까지 擔保하기 위한 것이다. 現行民法은 第357條의 第1項에 明文規定을 두고 있지만 당사자와의 분쟁을 규율하기에는 어려운 점이 많다. 이에 學說·判例상으로도 包括根抵當의 有效性을 인정하기는 하지만 그 理論的 基礎가 확립되지 못하는 실정이다. 包括根抵當이 오랫동안 널리 행하여져 오고 있음에도 불구하고 이 制度 자체의 정당성에 관한 疑問이 제기되고 있다는 것은 이 制度에 관한 全般的인 檢討가 필요하다는 것을 의미한다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 論文에서는 第1章에 序論에 이어, 第2章에서는 包括根抵當의 有效性 與否를 둘러싼 우리 나라와 日本의 學說과 判例를 중심으로 논해 보았다. 第4章에서는 包括根抵當의 問題點과 法 理論的 基礎를 檢討하며, 第5章에서는 包括根抵當의 內容에 관한 타당한 법적 구성을 모색한다. 마지막으로 第6章에서는 이상의 검토에서 얻은 내용을 要約·整理하고, 이에 관한 立法의 方法을 제시하고자 하며, 앞으로 金融去來界의 改善努力과 判例의 理論的인 뒷받침 및 民法改正으로 補完하는 일이 시대의 要請에 副應하는 일이라 하겠다. 社會的·經濟的 狀況變化에 따라 새로운 法制度가 필요하게 되었고, 이에 따라 包括根抵當이 널리 행하여지고 있는 현실이기 때문에 이제 그에 관한 법 理論的 基礎를 모색해 보고 그것이 공정하게 規律될 수 있도록 이 制度에 관한 法的 構成을 검토하는 것은 민법상 중요한 과제라 하겠다. 위와 같은 硏究를 위하여 國內에서나 國外, 특히 日本에서 硏究된 각종 論文, 著書 및 判例를 도구로 삼았으며, 각 金融機關에서 사용되고 있는 包括根抵當設定 契約書도 資料로 活用하였다. We can say that comprehensive fixed collateral is a mortgage which secures all obligations arising at present or in the future between the people concerned. It prevents banking facilities from contracting various kinds of fixed collateral at every deal when they have continuous deals with an individual or firm and in expectation of general and comprehensive case in all deals it also secures all the credits and debts to the definite limit. This system is needed since it can secure every debt in various deals with just one fixed collateral right and has been usually in banking deals because it has been considered as a counterplan to a creditor when an unexpected credit arises. Even though comprehensive fixed collateral is used in practical business, only one provision about is fixed collateral stated in the civil law and real estate registration law while detailed provisions about mortgage are stated. For that reason, it is absolutely not enough to regulate the system such as comprehensive fixed collateral not only in a practical deal but in a real working only with this provision. So we need to consider the whole contents of fixed collater in the viewpoint of analytics under the current civil law and though a lot of ill effects happen in comprehensive fixed collateral usually used in banking facilities as general deal stipulation, we also need to effectively regulate the practical deal because of the legal stability caused by absense of insufficient discussion. Therefore, composed of 6-sections, this paper deals with theories and precedents about comprehensive fixed collateral widely used in banking facilities and after the study of theories and precedents about efficiency of comprehensive fixed collateral it will make the legal foundation about it. In addition to the above, this paper searches in comparison the way of registration with the Japanese civil law which is similar to Korean one.

國際緊張緩和體制の形成と展開 : 1966-1975

이종국 東京大學 1998 해외박사

1989년은 전후국제정치에 있어서 역사적인 전환점이었다. 그 극적인 전개는 전후냉전의 종언으로 위치지워지고, 전후의 국제정치구조를 변화시켰다. 그것은 우발적·단발적인 사건의 결과가 아니라 국제긴장완화라는「변화의 압력」으로부터 온 결과이기도하다. 1960년대에 접어들어, 국제정치의 상황은 「베를린 장벽 건설」과 「쿠바미사일위기」로 위기에 직면했다. 이 두가지 위기는, 군사대국인 미국과 소련에게 새로운 정책과 전략을 취하도록 심리적인 압력을 가했으며, 양 초대국은 그 위기의 교훈으로부터 「공통의 이익」을 유지하기위하여 대화를 시작했다. 그와같은 국제상황가운데, 60년대중반부터 분단국가 서독은 유럽의 전후문제의 중심인 국교정상화교섭에 관심을 가졌다. 그와같은 정책은, 당시의 국제정치구조를 만들어낸 「냉전구조」와 그것에 새로운 「변화의 촉매」로서 나타난 「국제긴장완화」와의 상호작용속에서 진행되었다. 그와같은 구조속에 놓여있었던 분단국가는, 그 상호작용의 논리로부터 새로운 「정책」이나「시도」를 주장하기 시작했다. 본연구에서는, 60년대이후 형성된 긴장완화라는 주제를 보다 이론적, 분석적으로 다루기위하여 국가레벨과 국제정치시스템레벨에서 전개되고 있는 긴장완화의 정책과 과정에 착목한다. 특히, 전후 유럽의 긴장완화의 중심이었던 「독일문제」의 처리에 관심을 가지면서 국제긴장완화체제의 전개과정을 살펴본다. 초대수상 아데나우워의 「힘에의한 정책」이라는 외교정책은 할슈타인원칙에 구속되어 그 「유연성」을 상실하고, 국제체제가 다원화되고, 국제관계가 긴장완화의 국면으로 진행되자 변화하기 시작했다. 1966년 12월1일 CDU/CSU와SPD가 대연립정궈을 탄생시켰고, 브란트가 대연립정권의 외상이되었다. 그는 동독과 화해의 길은 어렵고도 먼길이라고 강조했다. 그와같은 인식하에서 브란트는 안정을 향한 전략의 일환으로서, 보다 포괄적인 유럽문제의 해결을 목표로한 외교정책을 전개했다. 그의 사상을 특징지운 유럽의 국가간 관계의像은 「유럽질서」의 구축을 목표로한 것이다. 그러한 유럽의 평화질서에 의해, 지역내의 이데올로기적인 장벽과 한계가 극복되고, 나아가서는 독일국민에게도 커다란 영향을 가져다줄 것이다라고 기대했다. 그 이후 브란트가 수상이되면서 그가 계획한 긴장완화정책은 새로운 전기를 맞이하였다. 브란트는 자신의 정권에 있어서 중요과제로 대소련관계, 동유럽과의 국교정상화, 동서독관계와 베를린문제의 해결등을 예로들면서 적극적인 자세를 취했다. 그 후 유럽의 긴장완화에 있어서 중요한 의미를 가진조약(모스크바조약, 바르샤바조약, 베를린4개국협정, 동서독기본조약)이 계속해서 조인되고, 유럽의 긴장완화는 전후 유럽평화질서의 실현가능성을 높여갔다. 그때 유럽에서는 전유럽안전보장회의(CSCE)가 소련으로부터 제안되고, 유럽분단을 극복하려고 하는 상황이 나타났다. 이후 관계 여러나라가 참가해서 CSCE예비회담과 교섭과정을 진행하였고,전후 유럽문제를 진지하게 논의해 갔다. 그것은 전후 국제정치에 있어서 새로운 현상이고, 국제긴장완화의 「제도화」의 시작이라고 할 수 있다. 이와같은 국제긴장완화의 형성·전개·「제도화」에 의해, 전후유럽의 국제정치는 국제긴장완화체제의 재구조화의 길을 선택하였다. The bacteriophage λO protein localizes the initiation of replication to a unique sequence, ori λ through specific protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. Conformational changes at ori λ introduced by O protein binding have been reported and their roles have been implicated in the initiation of λ DNA replication. In our studies, we focused on detailed structural basis of the formation of the O protein-ori λ complex(O-some). This work was divided into five Chapters including a general introduction given in Chapter 1, a brief review of genetic, biochemical, and structural data for understanding the mechanism of the initiation of λ DNA replication. As shown in Chapter 2, we found that the O protein exists as a dimer and demonstrated that the active DNA binding species is also a dimer. Dimerization and sequence-specific DNA recognition are specifically mediated through the amino-terminal half of O(O1-162(아래첨자 1-162입력불가)). The binding affinity of O for a single copy of its 19 bp recognition sequence was 2-3 nM. We also found that the O-some is composed of 4 dimers of O and ori λ DNA, which contains four 19 bp direct repeat recognition sites, i, e., a dimer of O is bound to each repeat(iteron). Moreover, we found that only the amino-terminal DNA binding domain is required for formation of the O-some. To investigate the structural basis for the unique properties of O protein, we generated a number of carboxy-terminal and internal and internal deletion mutants of O. Experiments with purified mutant proteins, as shown in Chapter 3, indicated that (ⅰ) the deletion mutant retaining amino acid residues 19-110 is the smallest O protein species that can both bind to DNA and form a dimer, (ⅱ) the affinities of all mutant proteins for a single iteron are almost the same, ranging from 2 to 4 nM; (ⅲ) the portion of O that is responsible for dimerization is located between amino acid residues 19 and 85; (ⅳ) the carboxy-terminal domain (O 156-299(아래첨자 156-299입력불가)) is a monomeric species that does not recognize specific DNA sequences but instead, bind non-specifically to duplex DNA; (ⅴ) the linker joining the two structural domains is not required for O function, but its coding sequence of DNA contains several recognition sites for O protein (ori λ); and (ⅵ) a deletion! m! utant missing the amino-terminal portion of the carboxyl-terminal domain is still comparably active in the in vitro λdv replication assay. In Chapter 4, the structural basis of the O protein-DNA complex was studied in detail. Hydroxy radical footprinting was employed to obtain the high resolution structural information about the contacts between the protein and the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA. The missing nucleoside experiment allowed us to identify energetically important base moieties that may be in contact with bound O protein. Quantitation of the extent of O-mediated DNA bending indicated that O induces a relatively sharp bend in an individual recognition sequence of 85。 ±5。 . Measurement of the O-induced topological change indicated that a region of DNA or specifically ori λis wrapped around the O protein core in a left-handed fashion with a linking number change of 0.7±0.1 turn. In Chapter 5, we present direct evidence that the O protein also has the capacity to interact with single-stranded DNA, the first such interaction discovered among prokaryotic origin-binding proteins. The implication of this dual DNA binding specificity of O for the formation of the unwound structure at the A/T-rich region of ori λ is dis cussed. The addition of the λP-DnaB comple x to the O-some produces a new nucleoprotein species with a super-shift in migration. The presence of P and DnaB reduces significantly the amount of O required for binding to single-stranded DNA. Based on these results, we propose a detailed model for sequential structural changes in ori λ as a consequence of O binding to the origin of λreplication.