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      • 柔道 競技中 使用技術에 關한 比較分析

        문종주 朝鮮大學校 大學院 1989 국내석사

        RANK : 248639

        Judo is important to not only physical strength, mental power and skill, but also detailed observation and analysis on skill of match and his game content. Therefore, to provide data compared and analyzed by the results, it may be helped to improve game. Expecially, by comparing and analyzing the contents of domestic Judo games after the Seoul Olympic Games, it is expected to develop the Korean Judo game. This study compares and analyzes the content of 390 scored by players of 407. As a result of this study, it is appeared that they mainly used the feet techniques. This study compares and analyzes the number of score by technique used by all players and the results are as follows ; (1) The feet techniques record the highest score as 125(32%) than another techniques but it is shade of difference. (2) The hand techniques record score as 113(29%), the highest score next to the feet techniques. (3) The pressure technique is appeared to be the third score as 57(15%). (4) Buttock with lying on ground is 8(2%) (5) The folding technigues is 4(1%) (6) Counter-attack record 43, about 11% of total scores, and therefore the result is achieved byy the technique that the movement of center is emphasized. (7) The waist technique achieves low scores as 21(53%) by comparison with training. (8) The tightening technique achieves the lowest scores as 3(0.7%) by comparison with various techniques. In the scores of koka, the hand techniques record the scores of 70 of 184, total scores. It is showed that it is difficult to accomplish the connected action without correct training of the hand techniques. In the relation among techniques by part, the feet techniques are the most frequently used technique as 125(32%) of 390, total scores. Although the feet techniques appear to be some superior to the others in terms of total scores, it is demonstrated that the hand techniques, the waist techniques and especially the pressure techniques are emphasized.

      • 프로농구 현장 관람요인이 관람만족과 재 관람 의사에 미치는 영향

        문종주 한림대학교 2004 국내석사

        RANK : 248639

        The goal of this study was explicitly examining the relationships of behavior of the basketball fan, the sprots ground factor, the game condition, the referring factor, the satisfaction of spectating, and the intention of revisting. To achieve the object of this study, the population of the study was set to those who directly watched the Final game of KBL 2003-2004 season, and sample was chosen by the Stratified cluster random sampling method. The survey paper of this study was composed of the general characteristics of sample, the changing behacior of the consumer factor, the satisfaction of spectating, and the intention of revisiting. The statistical methods this study uses were confidence analysis, correlation analysis, and regression. By those methods, This concludes these results. Firstly, the accessibility (¥a=.266) has statistically meaningful difference on the satisfaction of spectating at confidence level of 0.01 and the crowding (¥a=.144) has statistically meaningful difference on the satisfaction of spectating at confidence level of 0.05. Each are one of the sub-factors of the sports ground factors. The crowding (¥a=.160) which is one of the sub-factors of the game condition has statistically meaningful difference on the intention of revisiting at confidence level of 0.05. Secondly, the player (¥a=.151) which is one of the sub-factors of the game condition has statistically meaningful difference on the satisfaction of spectating at confidence level of 0.01. The player (¥a=.209) which is one of the sub-factors of the game condition has statistically meaningful difference on the intention of revisiting at confidence level of 0.01. Thirdly, the appropriateness of referring (¥a=.214) which is one of the sub-factors of the referring factor has statistically meaningful difference on the satisfaction of spectating at confidence level of 0.01. The player (¥a=.209) which is one of the sub-factors of the game condition has statistically meaningful difference on the intention of revisiting at confidence level of 0.01. This study try to analyse whether the appropriateness of referring, which is the issue recently, and the unpleasatness of the consumer caused by the referring affect the satisfaction of spectating and the intention of revisiting. In conclude, KBL is beginning to become major leisure sports of many people. To be loved by more people, all people who associated with the professional league need to try hard to have more basketball stadium, better players, and help the referee to have appropriate referring.

      • 이황화몰리브덴(MoS2) 나노입자가 코팅된 광섬유 기반 습도 센서 연구

        문종주 조선대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

        RANK : 248639

        In this study, a humidity sensor was developed by combining the etched multimode optical fiber and the side polished optical fiber with the MoS2 nanoparticle sheet. We quantified and predicted the change in optical properties due to the interaction of MoS2 and H2O molecules. We simulated using the correlation between the refractive index of MoS2 and the attenuation coefficient k with respect to the change in hole carrier concentration for the doping material. Here, the doping material means H2O. It was confirmed that as the hole carrier concentration increased, the refractive index of MoS2 decreased and the attenuation coefficient k increased. At this time, the amount of change in each component changed nonlinearly. MoS2 was produced by synthesizing 0.363 g of Na2MoO4·2H2O and 0.33 g of Ch3CSNH2 at 200 °C for 24 hours. The sensitivity was improved by etching the multimode optical fiber up to about 50 μm in diameter. MoS2 synthesized to coat MoS2 on the fiber optic surface was mixed with a Dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. DMF solutions are mainly used as suspension solvents of materials such as MoS2. MoS2 mixed with the DMF solution changes in particle size and properties over time. We selected a coating solution by comparing MoS2 and DMF solutions without DMF solutions with sensitivity over time. The coating solution had the highest sensitivity when used immediately after MoS2 and DMF were mixed. We developed a humidity sensor by etching multimode optical fibers up to a core size of 50 um, thereby improving etching difficulty and reproducibility. In the case of an etched optical fiber sensor, the reactivity to breathing was up to 0.5 dB. The response rate to breathing was about 0.85 seconds, and the recovery rate was about 2.952 seconds. In the case of lateral polishing optical fibers, the reactivity to breathing was up to 0.14 db. The response rate to breathing was about 0.7 seconds, and the recovery rate was about 3.212 seconds. In the reported study, the reactivity of the single-mode optical fiber-based MoS2 humidity sensor is up to 0.01 dB. We conducted an experiment using a humidity chamber to confirm the performance of the developed sensor for humidity changes. The signal change of the sensor was monitored by applying a change in humidity from 40 to 80% in the humidity chamber. Due to the limitation of the humidity control capability of the humidity chamber, a rapid change in humidity occurred in some humidity changes. However, the developed sensor also detected such a change in humidity. The humidity sensor developed in this study uses an absolute humidity measurement method. However, the commonly used humidity measurement method is the relative humidity measurement method. Relative humidity is calculated and expressed based on absolute humidity and current temperature. Therefore, a system for simultaneously measuring temperature and humidity using fiber-based temperature sensor Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) was proposed. Through the respiratory response index, the direction of improving the performance of humidity sensors in future studies is presented.

      • 복막투석 환자에서 복막염 발생과 그 임상양상: 단일 기관 연구

        문종주 순천향대학교 일반대학원 2013 국내석사

        RANK : 248639

        배경 및 목적: 복막투석 치료는 말기 신질환의 확립된 신대체 요법으로써 전 세계적으로 널리 이용되고 있으며, 신기능을 보다 더 오래 유지할 수 있다는 장점이 있어 매년 증가하는 추세이다. 복막투석 치료의 대표적인 합병증인 복막염은 지속적으로 감소하는 추세에 있으나 여전히 복막투석 환자의 이병과 사망 그리고 복막투석을 중단하고 혈액 투석으로 전환하는 가장 주요한 원인을 차지한다. 이에 복막염의 양상과 예후 및 잔여 신기능 그리고 각각에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 파악하고자 연구를 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2001년 4월부터 2012년 3월까지 순천향대학교 부천병원에서 복막투석을 시행한 환자 245명 중에서 3개월 이상 복막투석을 유지하고 복막염 병력이 있는 환자 91명을 대상으로 의무기록과 투석실 기록 등을 조사하였다. 결과: 총 91명의 복막투석 환자에게서 평균 1,290±817일의 추적 관찰 기간 동안 총 182회의 복막염이 발생하였으며 치료에 실패하여 도관을 제거한 경우가 15회로 8.2%였고, 사망한 경우가 8회로 4.4%였다. 복막염 발생과 잔여 신기능의 저하 속도와는 연관성이 없었으며(p=0.932), 복막염 치료에 사용하는 amikacin의 총용량과 잔여 신기능 변화의 기울기와의 연관 관계는 없었다 (p=0.945). 복강 도관 제거와 사망과 관련된 위험 인자를 탐색하기 위하여 연령, 성별, 동반 질환, 복막염의 횟수, Kt/V, 복막투석 방법과의 연관 관계를 분석하였으며, 이 중 복막염 횟수만이 복강 도관 제거의 위험 요인이었다(p=0.020). 치료 시작일로부터 배액내의 백혈구 숫자가 100개 미만으로 감소할 때까지 기간은 평균 4.4±2.6일 이었고, 치료 3일째의 복막액 LDH 농도가 복막염 치료 실패(p=0.007)와 사망(p=0.049)과 연관 관계가 있었다. 결론: 복막투석 환자에게서 반복적인 복막염은 복강 도관의 제거를 초래하므로 적절한 항균제 사용으로 치료 효과를 높이는 것이 필요하고, 복막액의 LDH 농도를 확인하는 것이 예후 판단에 도움이 된다. ABSTRACT Clinical aspects of Peritonitis in Peritoneal dialysis patient: A single center experience. Jong Joo Moon Major in Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University, Korea Supervised by Professor Seung Duk Hwang, M.D., Ph.D Background: Peritoneal dialysis treatment is an established renal replacement therapy for end stage renal disease. It is widely introduced in the whole world including Korea and tends to increase each year because of the merit of longer maintenance of residual renal function compare to hemodialysis. Peritonitis, the typical complication of peritoneal dialysis treatment tends to decrease continuously, but it still is the most important reason for removal of peritoneal catheter, death, stopping peritoneal dialysis and converting to hemodialysis. Thus, the author carried out a study to grasp the condition and prognosis of peritonitis, remaining renal function and factors which affect the clinical course. Method: Among 245 patients who had been on peritoneal dialysis in Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital from April 2001 to March 2012, the author selected 91 patients who had kept on peritoneal dialysis for more than 3 months and experienced the episode of peritoneal dialysis related peritonitis. The medical records and laboratory findings were reviewed. Result: During the average period of 1,290±817 days of peritoneal dialysis, total of 182 episodes of peritonitis developed in 91 study subjects (1.44±3.30 episode/patient-year). Among them, the 15 cases(8.2%) did not improve despite of intraperitoneal antibiotics and peritoneal catheter was subsequently removed. Another 8 patients(4.4%) were dead because of peritonitis related complications. The declining rate of residula renal function after peritonitis were not significantly accelerated(p=0.932). Morever there was no correlation between the total administered amount of intraperitoneal aminoglycosides and the decline of the remaining renal function(p=0.945). To find risk factors related to the removal of the peritoneal catheter and patient's death, associated parameters such as age, sex, comorbidity, the number of peritonitis Kt/V or the method of peritoneal dialysis were analyzed. Among them, the number of peritonitis was the sole risk factor for the catheter removal(p=0.020). The average days required for decreasing the number of white blood cells in drained dialysate below 100mm3 was 4.4±2.6 days after commencing intraperitoneal antibiotics. The LDH level of peritoneal fluid at the third day of treatment had a significant correlation with peritonitis treatment failure(p=0.007) and death(p=0.0049), respectively. Conclusion: In peritonitis patients, the sole risk factor for the peritoneal catheter removal was the episodes of peritonitis. The LDH level of peritoneal fluid at the third day of treatment was correlated with treatment failure or death. The clinical parameters such as, age, sex, comorbidity, the number of peritonitis, Kt/V or the method of peritoneal dialysis did not influence the treatment failure. The declining rate of residual renal function after peritonitis were not significantly affected by peritonitis or administration of intraperitoneal aminoglyosides.

      • 모바일폰에서의 IrDA 물리층 제어 코드 최적화에 의한 데이터 처리 성능 향상

        문종주 고려대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

        RANK : 248639

        Recently, mobile phones are supporting more various kinds of features along with the demand of the convergence times. One of the important features for the mobile phone is to transmit the private information such as a phonebook, a photograph, or a small movie to the other mobile phone over the short-range channel. Originally, the file size for this communication was not great and therefore it did not take much time to transfer the information. However, the size is becoming larger as the private information includes more contents and the embedded camera becomes more elaborate. Therefore, it is becoming the critical issue to increase the speed to transfer the information for the mobile phone. In general, the mobile phone supports three kinds of communication standards for the short-range communication, which corresponds to IrDA, Bluetooth, and USB. Especially, IrDA is the most widely adopted standard for the mobile phone by its relatively simple protocol and reliable performance. In this thesis, the algorithm to improve the throughput for IrDA data transmission is discussed. Basically, IrDA protocol for the mobile phone includes seven protocol stacks, which corresponds to IrMC, IrOBEX, TinyTP, IrLMP, IrLAP, IrFramer, and IrPHY. The proposed algorithm focuses on the IrFramer to improve the throughput. The layer IrFramer is in charge of the control of the UART block of the microprocessor. The dedicated control of this layer can lead the maximization of the throughput. One of the important factors to determine the throughput is the watermark value, which decides the FIFO level and the frequency of interrupt service routines for UART communication. The low value of the watermark guarantees the reliable UART communication, while it decreases the communication speed by frequent occurrences of the interrupt service routines. The high value of the watermark increases the communication speed, while as the processing time of interrupt service routines becomes longer, it may prevent another important interrupt service routines to be processed urgently. Moreover, the received data of size less than the watermark value might not be processed. Therefore, the value of watermark is determined to an adequate value by experiments and the supplementary timer interrupt is adopted in the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm is implemented using C language and verified using the QXDM tool on the MSM7xxx modem chip supplied by Qualcomm. The MSM7xxx chip is regarded as the relevant one for the verification of the proposed algorithm because the chip includes the UART block for the IrDA interface and furthermore supports the large FIFO size up to 512 bytes. Test environment is fixed to the most general instance which is the case of baud rate = 115.2kbps, window size = 1EA, minimum turnaround time = 10msec and 0msec.

      • 7상 브러시리스 전동기의 새로운 구동 방법 및 고장 허용제어에 관한 연구

        문종주 부산대학교 2016 국내박사

        RANK : 248639

        본 논문은 7상 BLDC 전동기의 고장 허용 제어 기능을 포함한 새로운 구동 제어 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘은 세 가지로 나눌 수 있다. 첫 째, 7상 BLDC 전동기의 구형파 전류제어를 위한 상 전류 제어 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 3상 BLDC 전동기에서 보편적으로 사용되고 있는 직류단 전류 제어 또는 평균 전류 제어 알고리즘을 7상 BLDC 전동기에 적용하면 순시적으로 계단 형태의 전류파형이 나타나며, 이러한 전류 형태는 토크 맥동을 유발시킨다. 제안된 상전류 제어 알고리즘을 7상 BLDC 전동기에 적용하면 순시적으로 평탄한 구형파의 상전류를 획득할 수 있다. 이를 통하여 전류(commutation) 구간에서 발생하는 토크 맥동을 저감하는 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 제안된 상전류 제어 방식은 본 논문에서 제안된 또 하나의 알고리즘인 고장허용 제어 알고리즘의 기반이 된다. 두 번째, 최소 토크 맥동을 위한 고장 허용제어 알고리즘(Minimum Torque Ripple Fault Tolerant Control, 이하 Min-TR-FTC)을 제안하였다. 7상 인버터 시스템에서 부분적인 스위치 고장이 발생했을 때, 7상 전동기의 등가 회로 불 평형이 발생된다. 그로 인하여 양의 전류 패스 수와 음의 전류 패스 수가 다르게 되고, 결국 한쪽으로 대 전류가 흘러 2차 사고를 유발시킬 가능성이 있다. 이 때 제안된 Min-TR-FTC를 적용하면, 모든 상전류의 크기가 동일하게 수렴하여 2차 사고를 방지할 수 있다. Min-TR-FTC는 7상 BLDC 전동기의 등가회로 평형을 유지할 수 있도록 정상인 상의 도통 각을 조정하는 방식이다. 이를 통해서 고장이 발생하기 전과 같은 수준의 토크 맥동을 유지할 수 있다. 하지만 고장인 상 이외에도 정상인 상의 권선에 강제적으로 전류를 흘리지 않기 때문에 출력 토크의 감소는 피할 수 없다. 세 번째는 또 다른 고장허용 제어 알고리즘의 하나로써, 최대 출력 토크를 위한 고장 허용제어 알고리즘(Maximum Output Torque Fault Tolerant Control, 이하 Max-OT_FTC)을 제안하였다. 고장이 발생하면, 해당 스위치로 전류가 흐르지 않기 때문에 출력 토크는 감소된다. 만약 7상 BLDC 전동기가 적용된 시스템의 특성이 토크 리플은 증가하더라도 출력토크 보상이 더 중요한 시스템이라면 Max-OT-FTC가 적합하다. 제안된 Max-OT- FTC는 고장이 아닌 모든 정상 상의 전류 도통 각을 180도로 증가시켜서, 고장 상으로 인해 손실된 토크 분을 부분적으로 보상하는 알고리즘이다. 하지만 이 알고리즘은 전동기의 등가회로 평형을 고려하지 않기 때문에 Min-TR-FTC 방식에 비해서 토크의 리플이 크며, 경우에 따라서 고장인 상태에서 나타나는 토크 리플보다 큰 경우도 있다. 위의 세 가지의 알고리즘은 하나의 결합된 구동 알고리즘으로 운전된다. 또한 실시간 고장 허용제어가 가능하다. 두 가지 고장허용 제어 알고리즘은 적용 분야의 운용 목적에 맞게 적절히 선택되어 사용된다. 여러 기계 장치들과 결합되어 있지 않은 독립 추진체이며, 최대 출력을 유지해야 추진 시스템에서는 Max-OT-FTC가 적합하다. 반면에 다른 기계 장치와 결합되어 보조 추진기로써 운용되는 하이브리드 형 전기 추진 선박시스템과 같은 경우에서는 토크 리플을 최소로 유지할 수 있는 Min-TR-FTC가 적합하다. 본 논문에서 제안된 알고리즘은 추가적인 하드웨어의 요구 없이 기존의 알고리즘에 비해 쉽게 구현이 가능하며, 일반화가 가능하기 때문에 다양한 고장 상황에서도 실시간 허용제어가 가능한 장점을 가진다. 제안된 알고리즘은 시뮬레이션과 실험의 결과들을 통해서 그 타당성 및 유용성을 검증하였다. In general, the current control methods for Y-connected 7-Phase BLDC motor can be divided into two types. The former is sine wave current control and the latter is square wave control. The sine wave current control method requires the dq-axis transformation of 7x7 matrix for the current control. However, it is very complex for the implementation. Also this is unsuitable for the multi-phase BLDC motor with trapezoidal back-emf wave. Therefore, in Y-connected 7-phase BLDC motor, the square wave current control methods are suitable. In the 3-phase BLDC system, the average current control method is generally used. The average current can be obtained by the phase current sensors. However, if average current control method is applied to multi-phase system, there are some problems. It affects the unbalance of each phase torque and the fluctuation of the output torque. Therefore, this paper proposed each phase current control method for the Y-connected 7-phase BLDC motor system. The proposed method can improve the torque ripple and obtain the perfect square waveform of the phase current. Also, the configuration of the proposed method is easier than dq-axis transformation. In this paper, the novel fault tolerant control algorithms are also proposed for the 7-phase BLDC motor drive system. Open-switch faults of seven-phase BLDC (brushless DC) motor drive system cause torque ripple. This torque ripple makes unwanted noise and vibrations in the drive system. In particular, open-switch fault case of one-switch or two-switches in the same phase among fourteen switches of PWM inverter is analyzed. This paper proposes two fault tolerant control (FTC) methods for seven-phase BLDC motor in asymmetric fault condition due to open switch fault. One can reduce the torque ripple to similar level under the healthy condition. The other can partially compensate the output torque. The proposed method changes the conductive angle of the healthy phase current. The two proposed control methods, one is the each phase current control method and the other is the fault tolerant control method, are combined for the 7-phase BLDC motor drive system. The usefulness of this paper is verified through the matlab-simulation and experimental results.

      • Improvement of renal injury and fibrosis by cyclo(His-Pro) and its cellular mechanism through NRF2 pathway

        문종주 서울대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

        RANK : 248623

        급성신손상은 회복되지 못하는 경우 만성콩팥병으로 진행하며 회복을 방해하는 요인으로는 염증, 산화 스트레스, 그리고 노화와 세포 사멸 등이 있으며 이를 조절하면 신질환의 진행을 억제할 수 있을 것으로 여겨지고 있다. 최근, 활성화 된 상태에서 항염증, 항산화 효과를 나타내는 전사인자 Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2)는 신질환 치료의 잠재적인 목표로 고려된다. 고리형 디펩티드의 일종인 cyclo-histidine-proline (cyclo(His-Pro); CHP)는 NRF2를 활성화 시키며, 신경퇴행성질환이나 당뇨병 실험 모델에서 보호 효과를 지님이 확인되었으나 신장에 미치는 효과에 관하여는 아직 알려진 바가 없어 CHP의 신보호 효과에 관하여 알아보고자 하였다. CHP 전처치는 급성 신손상을 대변하는 신장 허혈-재관류 모델에서 염증세포의 침윤, 세포 사멸, 세뇨관 손상을 뚜렷하게 감소시켰으며, 신장 기능을 보호하였다. 신장 요세관세포를 이용한 각종 산화 스트레스 모델에서 CHP 처치는 NRF2의 전사를 증가시키고, 활성화 산소의 형성 및 세포 사멸을 억제하였다. 단일 요관 폐쇄 모델에서 예방적인 CHP 전처치 및 신손상 발생후의 치료적인 CHP 투여는 신손상을 억제하였다. 만성콩팥병 동물 모델인 5/6 신절제 쥐에서 CHP치료군은 호전된 신기능과 감소된 섬유화 소견을 보였다. 만성콩팥병을 대변하기 위하여 신장세포에 TGFβ를 처리하여 섬유화를 유발하였으며, CHP 치료는 급성 세포 실험 모델에서와 유사하게 NRF2 연관 경로의 활성화를 유발하고, 활성화산소의 형성 및 세포 사망 및 노화 그리고 부분 상피간엽 이행을 억제하였다. 엑체크로마토그래피 질량분석기를 이용하여 5/6 신절제 쥐의 혈장 및 소변의 CHP의 농도와 조직에서의 NRF2 발현을 확인하였다. 5/6 신절제 쥐 모델 및 정상 대조군에서 CHP 청소율은 크레아티닌 청소율과 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 즉 낮은 CHP 청소율이 신기능이 저하된 쥐에서 동반됨을 확인하였다. 동물 및 세포 실험의 결과를 실제 환자에 적용하기 위하여 만성 신부전 환자를 만성신부전 1, 2기/ 3기/ 4, 5기의 3군으로 나누어 혈장 및 소변에서의 CHP농도 및 NRF2 조직 발현 정도를 분석하였다. 만성 신부전이 진행함에 따라 혈장 CHP농도는 증가하여 만성 신부전 4, 5기에서 가장 높은 농도를 확인하였다. 반대로, NRF2의 조직발현은 만성신부전이 진행함에 따라 감소하는 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 만성콩팥병의 진행에 따른 내인성 혈장 CHP농도의 증가는 NRF2 경로를 활성화시켜 신장을 보호하기 위한 일종의 보상작용일 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서 CHP는 NRF2 경로를 활성화시켜 신장 보호 효과를 나타냄을 확인하였으며, 이를 근거로 CHP의 신질환 치료제로써의 잠재적인 가능성을 제시하여 볼 수 있을 것이다. Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD) through inflammation, oxidative stress, cell senescence and apoptosis. Due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) could be a therapeutic target of the kidney disease. While cyclic dipeptide cyclo(His-Pro) (CHP), a known NRF2 activator, has been shown to exert protective effect against neurodegenerative diseases, its effects on renal protection has not been established. Exogenous CHP pre-treatment preserved kidney function and produced significant reduction in tubular injury, apoptosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration on ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) model. Compared with 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) rat, CHP-treated 5/6 Nx rat displayed restored kidney function and pathologically improved fibrosis. In the chronic in vitro model, exogenous CHP reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell death via the NRF2 associated pathway in concordant with acute in vitro model. CHP improved kidney injury in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model with both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment regimens. To evaluate the relationship between endogenous CHP level and CKD progression, The present study measured plasma CHP concentration, and tissue expression of NRF2 in samples from CKD patients. In sham and 5/6 nephrected kidney, CHP clearance demonstrated positive relationship with creatinine clearance. Decreased CHP clearance was reported in rats with deteriorated kidney. In CKD patients, as kidney function deteriorated, plasma CHP concentration was increased. Contrarily, tissue expression of NRF2 displayed negative relationship with CKD progression. Elevated endogenous plasma CHP levels could be considered as a compensatory processes evoked to enhance the NRF2 pathway. This study has uncovered a major protective role of CHP for kidney disease through NRF2 pathway activation that could be potentiated as a therapeutic strategy.

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