김원일 소설에 나타난 죄의식 연구

이미나 홍익대학교 대학원 2018 국내박사

Kim Won-il literature has mainly consisted of works dealing with historical novels, divided novels, growing novels, and family conflicts, and has motives such as absence of the father, consciousness of the firstborn, violence of war, original experience of poverty, self-reflection. The existing study on Kim Won-il literature has been mainly discussed in terms of the research of writer theory and the three aspects of divisional novel, divided novels, growing novels, family history, and There is a tendency to lean toward works that form the great axis of division and historical novel. Although Kim Won-il is regarded as a long-time writer and division writer, it can be said that such an evaluation is clear. However, only one aspect of the world of works has been highlighted, pointing out the problem that the various meanings and inner values inherent in his literature can not be properly evaluated. In this thesis, I devoted myself to the study of Kim Won-il 's guilty consciousness, which is the subject of the whole works, in order to escape from the framework of existing discussion that had been biased toward the novel. It is meaningful to examine the meaning of 'guilty consciousness' in Kim Won-il' s novel focusing on human emotion and inner consciousness, and to look at his work world in a whole new way. A guilty conscience is an emotional response to self-awareness when it fails to do bad things, fails to do what it wants to do, and recognizes the violation of social norms. Guilt conscience is a psychological mechanism closely related to good will, moral emotion, moral emotion, and conscience. The feelings of guilt, guilt, and moral feelings are the principles that guarantee the legitimacy of legal punishment, and it is also a means of personal enlightenment that enables inner moralization. Human guilt and feelings have a paradoxical meaning to threaten existence and to realize the possibility of existence. Looking at novels by Kim Won-il focusing on these guilt and emotions is useful for exploring the life and existence patterns of the characters in the works and enables deep understanding of human beings. In the first paragraph of chapter 2, we looked at the poor reality and guilt consciousness centering on the early fragments, and first, we investigated the aspect of guilt in the context of 'poverty' and the reality of de ethics. People who live in the miserable life of poverty and hunger appear to lack or lose guilt, and the cause is absurd reality. Secondly, we examined the aspect of guilt and consciousness expressed by anger and madness which is an 'evil' emotion, and we have looked at the reality that the characters who show 'antisocial personality disorder' are driven to self-destruction. In the early short story of Kim Won-il, The reason that a man assault and murder a woman comes from a guilty conscience, and the anger derived from it acts as a cause for the person to fall into his own ruin. In Kim Won-il novels, the act of characters is closely related to their reality, and the moral judgment of any event or object is influenced by external factors. The characters in Kim Won-il 's early short stories are characterized by the loss of moral feelings and loss of guilt because of the external factors of the macro social structure. Thus, Kim Won-il embodies the life of the poor who are deprived of human rights and excluded from society, and reflects the social problems at that time. Kim Won-il 's early short stories can be said to represent the social problems that are manifested by lack of ethical consciousness of individuals and society due to the absurdity of reality and' disparity in wealth and social inequality '. It is also characterized by the appearance of a number of characters who are trapped in anger and reach their destiny by the madness of the moment. Their anger is not only the personal emotions of the individual, but also the social emotions, such as grudge, betrayal, hostility, etc., which are excluded from the collective order and received from unjust treatment and injustice. The causes of these people's anger are from reality of 'penury' and 'poverty', and the emotions of 'sin' caused by it are expressed in anger. Therefore, their anger can be said to be closely related to the psychological mechanism of 'guilt.' The characters of the Kim Won-il novel in anger that is a group of novels show the aspect of 'antisocial personality disorder' that commit criminal violence because of guilt, and it is characterized by dependence on violence in emotionally unstable situations. Kim Won-il criticizes the gap between the rich and the poor and the social inequality, and symbolizes the frustration and disappointment of the poor and the sense of betrayal and hostility toward reality. The violence, which is frequently expressed in Kim Won-il's early short story, can be said to begin with guilt, and this means that the problem of social inequality arising from the reality of poor reality and de-ethics is pointed out sharply. In the second paragraph, we delved into the meaning of the era of 'uneasiness' centered on works published in the 1960s and 1980s and works based on the era, and how 'guilt' under the dictatorship regime appeared. First, I looked at the life of a person who is sacrificed by power and examined how the absurd reality of guilt is concealed. Second, I examined the murder of political judiciary in the era of the revivalist / dictatorship politics, focusing on the 'In Hyukdang incident', and investigated the aspect of guilt concealed in the reality of anti - ethics. Kim Won-il's works, which are based on the political and social era of the dictatorship regime, are based on the "era of insecurity" and the "silence" imposed on people living in the era and the "guilt" It shows the surface in detail. The 'inferior beings' who have undergone political events such as the 4 · 19 Revolution and the 5 · 16 coup appearing in many of his works are in the position of the subaltern to be forced to silence, and their 'guilt' appears to be concealed by force. In addition, the national violence in the period of inequality deepening and the erroneous erroneous crime and the crime of the McCarthyism which succeeded after the liberation are presented. Kim Won-il regarded that people who are infected with time problems and immorality that obscure the boundaries of morality and immorality do not feel guilty as a 'moral pathology'. Kim Won-il criticized the anti-human behavior and immorality of the dictatorship regime and made a concrete picture of the situation in those days through the people who led the democratization movement, and it shows the reality that the people were forced to silence before the duty of conscience because of the fear and dread caused by oppression. Thus, Kim Won-il's work reveals the lives of individuals who are victimized by national violence, the falsehood and manipulation, the absurd reality of hoaxes, and the lack of justice in Korean society. Kim Won-il also criticizes national violence that erases the human dignity of Park Jung-hui's dictatorship and realistically kills the judicial murder of McCarthyism. In many works, victims of national violence feel guilty of not surviving themselves and guilty of damaging their family or colleagues, even though they did not commit wrongdoing. What is important is that, like the innocent victims of national violence, the ordinary people feel guilty because they were silent and insecure. It is silent to ignore injustice because of the fear and dread that it may become a victim of national violence, and it can be understood as giving up living humanly for survival. The main cause of violence is concealment of guilt, but the situation of anti - ethics in which victims and people of national crime feel guilty is the most brusque showing of violence and immorality of the nation. Kim Won-il shows that the era of military dictatorship was a time of darkness for the people, and that it was a more severe and horrible era for the victims of the In Hyuk Dang incident and their families. Kim Won-il criticizes Park Jung-hui's authoritarian regime and shows the unethical reality of those day and the guilt concealed by it. In the first paragraph of chapter 3, we examine the horrible reality of war and the morality of war, and examined through the works the fact that the guilty consciousness resulting from the tragedy of fratricidal war and genocide. First, he explored in depth the problem of war 's irregularity and essential 'sin' centered on works that portray the immorality of war violence and the horrors of war. Conflict, hatred, and inhumanity caused by ideological confrontation, and the way in which 'survival' is closely related to human guilt. Second, we examine the tragic death of a fratricidal war and consciousness of human existence, and explore the aspects of metaphysical guilt in 'exceptional state'. 'Guilty of Survival' appears as a desire for self-punishment, an unconscious guilty conscience, and these 'self-punitive' characters are characteristic of Kim Won-il's novel. Kim Won-il 's work reflects the experience of war, division and empirical worldview that symbolizes the life of the child, and the artist' s consciousness that touches on the problem of life, death, and existence, and the guilt of survival, that is, the guilt of being alive, is becoming an important issue. Kim Won-il is criticizing the ruthless violence and unethical behavior of the war, and the actual situation of the war is expressed in detail through the works. He saw that war is an 'immoral act' that puts hatred that hates humans, and war that kills his own people because of different ideologies can not be justified for any reason. Kim Won-il deeply searched ethical and moral aspects of the violence of the Korean War, human cruelty, ideological confrontation and retaliation, and In a distorted reality in which violence and murder are commonplace, "survival" has shown that it is closely related to human guilt. He is also deeply searched for human existence and 'metaphysical sins' through the 'self-punishers' characters whose guilt is manifested as an act of self-punishment. The characters who have self-punishment desires appearing in various works are strong self-criticism in that they try to take responsibility for their whole lives without turning their sins. They are dignified 'self-punishers' in that they try their moral self-purification in a way that they will bear their sins for life and punish themselves. The self-punisher, a characteristic character in Kim Won-il's novel, is closely related to the consciousness of the artist who wants to reflect on human existence from the root. Kim Won-il shows human being 's ontological guilt and the problem of existence through the absurdity of the times, and deeply embodies the inner side of the anguish and reflection. Kim Won-il, who had experienced the cruelties and cruelties of war, seriously worried about the morality of war, and through his works, he closely shows the guilty conscience of human being guilty of 'sin of living', while concretely symbolizing the tragedy and devastation of war. In the second paragraph, I focused on the works that embody a religious world view and examined the meaning of religious guilt. First, Kim Won-il explores the religious worldview and the nature of religion, and examines the practice of religious life and the ultimate significance of human existence. Kim Won-il saw the essence of religion as having the same root, and from the religious point of view, the existential meaning of human existence. He saw religion as looking for the meaning of human being, and saw the practice of religious life as the ultimate human life. Secondly, we examined the Christian worldview and sin guilt consciousness that are embodied in the works, and examined the atonement rituals of the penitent and repentant characters. He deals exquisitely with the problems of 'original sin' and 'evil' which are the difficulties in theology, and explores the essence of religion in detail. For Kim Won-il, religion is investigating the ultimate aspect of life. Religious life is the ultimate life to find the meaning of human existence and practice love and sacrifice. Many characters in the work of Kim Won-il, who is exploring the essence of religion, are practicing an ecstatic life that eliminates and empties themselves, and really live a life devoted to others. Kim Won-il 's view of religion is understood to be oriented toward moderation without bias or bias toward either side. It is a characteristic of Kim Won-il's religious world view that he is a Christian but not too much to Christian. In addition, Kim Won-il embodies the Christian guilt, repentance, and salvation through various works, and describes details the meaning of true salvation. The works of Kim Won-il's religious worldview can be said to be starting from the fundamental problem of human life and death, and dealing with 'existential-theological' thought that explores the essence of religion deeply. Kim Won-il deeply understands Christian doctrines and finds existential questions and answers about human life and death in religious thought. His work can be regarded as a worthy religious literature that politically expresses the essence of religion, the ultimate human life, the original sin in Christianity, and the essential question of "evil" and the ritual of atonement. Finally, in chapter Ⅳ, Kim Won-il compares and contrasts the aspects of guilt in literature of the same age that symbolizes the aspect of guilt in Kim Won-il literature and the meaning of 'guilty consciousness'. By looking at the 'guilty consciousness' in the works of Lee Chung-jun and Choi In-hun, Hwang Sun-won and Park Wan-seo etc.., I could find the literary historical meaning of the 'guilty consciousness' in Korean novels. Lee Chung-jun, like Kim Won-il, has a common point of dealing with the guilty conscience expressed by the "desire for self-punishment", but Kim Won-il's novel has the difference that the punishment act is more active. In addition, Lee Chung-jun's "The Story of the Worms" may be understood in the context of Kim Won-il's "The New Theory". However, if Lee Chung-jun focuses on the 'forgiveness' of sin, which is an ethical issue of Christianity, Kim Won-il focuses on the essential 'good' and 'evil' issues. Considering that in the case of Choi In-hun, the guilty consciousness in the work appears as an emotion of "uncanny", that is, an emotion of fear, in Kim Won-il's novel, it can be compared and discussed with the aspect of guilt consciousness expressed as feelings of anger. The sense of fear of Choi In-hun literature, which is understood as Freud's 'uncanny' concept, can be understood in a similar way to the guilt of Kim Won-il's novel accompanied by feelings of anger. Choi In-hun's guilty conscience, like Kim Won-il, is "coupled with ethical responsibility for the victim of national and global violence", and 'guilt of the survivor' is related to fear. This is in common with the guilty conscience of survival in Kim Won-il's novel, but there is a difference in that Choi In-hun's sense of guilt for being alive is more closely related to the impossibility of mourning. In this way, Kim Won-il and Choi In-hun have a common sense that 'guilt consciousness' expressed in works is expressed as 'emotion' derived from 'guilt consciousness'. and it can be said that there is a difference that the emotion appears as anger and fear. It is also possible to compare religious guilt in Hwang Sun-won and Kim Won-il's religious worldview with the original sin and atonement rituals. In Hwang Sun-won's "Moving Castle", Christianity appears to be superior to shamanism. While Kim Won-il has a critical view of the secularization of the church, Hwang Sun-won differs in that he sees the church's active mission strategy as a new aspect of Christianity. If the work of Kim Won-il is pointed out in the practical life of sacrifice and love, Hwang Sun-won's work can be said to be interested in 'practicing missions'. The most obvious commonality between Kim Won-il and Hwang Sun-won is that it shows the lives of true religious people who have overcome guilt and sought salvation. The guilty consciousness that appeared in Park Wan-seo novel comes from the guilty of "still alive" that survivors first feel to the dead, and has something in common with the guilt of Kim Won-il's novel. Both Park Wan-seo and Kim Won-il have in common that they portray the tragedy of the Korean War and ideological confrontation in a deplorable manner and exquisitely treat the guilt of those who survived the war. There is difference in that while Park Wan-seo novels' guilty consciousness is closely related with the subject's sense of loss, Kim Won-il's novel's guilt is expressed as' desire for self-punishment '. The characters in Kim Won-il and Park Wan-seo all feel 'sin of being alive', and it can be said that the sense of guilt is understood as 'something similar to reproach of ethical responsibility and conscience'. As such, 'guilt consciousness' is an important psychological mechanism closely related to the existential problem in the Korean War and the violence of the 'disloyal' age in the history of Korean literature. It can also be said that religious literature is an intrinsic factor directly related to the practice of religious life, the overcoming of suffering, and the problem of salvation that can be obtained from the atonement. Sense of guilt in Kim Won-il's literature can be understood as a human being's unique character and important emotional expression, which lies in the foundation of moral emotion. This sense of guilt has the meaning of functioning as an important criterion in exploring the essential meaning of 'sins' and reflection on human life and existence itself. The study of the whole Kim Won-il literature based on the guilty consciousness enables us to explore in depth the inner dynamics of the human being, the inner order and the psychological dynamics that have been alienated. Therefore, It can be said that it is finding the meaning behind the surface of the work that has been discussed in the past. 김원일 문학에 대한 기존의 연구는 작가론 연구와 주제적 측면에서 분단소설, 성장소설, 가족사소설의 세 가지 양상으로 주로 논의되어 왔으며, 분단·역사소설이라는 큰 축을 형성하는 작품에 기울어진 경향이 있다. 이러한 평가는 김원일을 장편 작가이자 분단 작가라고 인정하여 그 작가적 위치를 분명하게 한다고 할 수 있으나, 작품 세계의 한 단면만이 부각되어 그의 문학 전반에 내재되어 있는 다양한 의미와 내적 가치가 제대로 평가받을 수 없다는 문제점이 지적된다. 이에 본고에서는 분단소설에 편향되어 있던 기존 논의의 틀에서 벗어나, 김원일의 전 작품을 관통하고 있는 주제인 ‘죄의식’을 중심으로 그의 작품을 면밀하게 검토하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이는 인간의 감정과 내면의식을 중심으로 김원일의 소설 전반에 나타나 있는 ‘죄의식’의 의미를 고찰하여, 새로운 측면에서 그의 작품 세계를 총체적으로 살펴보는 일이라는 데 의의를 갖는다. 죄의식은 나쁜 행위를 하거나 하고자 하는 일을 실패했을 경우, 사회적 규범을 위반했을 시 그 사실을 인식한 후 스스로 갖게 되는 감정적 반응을 말한다. 죄의식은 선의지, 도덕 감정과 도덕적 정서, 양심 등과 긴밀하게 연관된 ‘심리적 기제(psychological mechanism)’라고 할 수 있다. 죄의식과 죄의 감정, 도덕 감정은 법적 처벌의 정당성을 보장해주는 원리이기도 하며, 내면의 ‘도덕화(moralization)’를 가능하게 하는 인격적 교화의 수단이 되기도 한다. 이러한 죄의식과 감정을 중심으로 김원일의 소설을 살펴보는 일은 작품 속 인물들의 삶과 존재양상을 면밀하게 탐구하여 인간 존재에 대한 심층적인 이해를 가능하게 한다. Ⅱ장에서는 ‘도덕 감정의 결여(lack of moral sense)’에 따른 병리적 죄의식의 양상을 살펴본다. 1절에서는 가난과 사회적 불평등을 형상화한 작품을 중심으로 죄의식을 살펴보고, 첫 번째로 ‘빈곤’의 상황과 탈윤리의 현실에서 나타나는 죄의식의 양상을 탐구한다. 가난과 굶주림의 비참한 삶을 살아가는 인물들은 죄의식이 부재하거나 상실되는 양상을 보이며, 그 원인은 부조리한 현실에 있다고 할 수 있다. 두 번째로 죄의식이 ‘악’의 감정인 분노와 광기로 표출되는 양상을 살펴보며, ‘반사회적 인격장애(antisocial personality disorder)’를 보이는 인물들이 자기파멸에 치닫게 되는 현실을 살펴본다. 김원일 소설에서 인물들의 행위는 그들이 처한 현실과 밀접하게 관계되어 있으며, 어떤 사건이나 대상에 대한 도덕적 판단은 외적 요인에 영향을 받고 있다. 김원일 소설에 등장하는 인물들은 거시적 사회구조의 외적 요인으로 인해 ‘도덕 감정의 결여’와 ‘죄의식’의 상실을 경험한다는 특징을 갖는다. 이처럼 김원일은 인간의 기본권이 박탈되고 사회적으로 배제되는 빈민층의 삶을 구체적으로 형상화하고 있으며, 당시 사회적 문제를 사실적으로 반영하고 있다. 김원일의 단편 소설들은 현실의 부조리함과 ‘빈부격차와 사회적 불평등’으로 인해 개인과 사회의 윤리의식이 결여되어 나타나는 사회적 문제를 구체적으로 보여준다. 또한 분노에 휩싸여 순간의 광기로 자기파멸에 이르는 인물들이 다수 등장한다는 특징을 보인다. 이들의 분노는 개인의 사적인 감정일 뿐만 아니라 공동체적 질서에서 배제되어 부당한 대우와 불의로부터 받은 원한과 배신감, 적대감과 같은 사회적 감정과 함께 형성되는 것이다. 김원일의 단편소설에서 빈번하게 표출되는 폭력성은 죄의식에서 비롯된다고 할 수 있으며, 이는 ‘빈곤’과 탈윤리의 현실로부터 기인한 사회적 불평등의 문제를 날카롭게 지적하고 있다는 의미를 갖는다. 2절에서는 군사정권과 그 시대를 배경으로 하고 있는 작품을 중심으로 ‘불온’한 시대의 의미와 독재정권 하에서의 ‘죄의식’이 어떻게 나타나고 있는지 탐구한다. 첫 번째로 권력에 희생당하는 개인의 삶을 살펴보고, 죄의식이 은폐되는 부조리한 현실이 어떻게 형상화되는지 살펴본다. 두 번째로는 유신정권·독재정치의 불온한 시대에 행해진 정치적 사법살인을 ‘인혁당 사건’을 중심으로 살펴보고, 반윤리의 현실에서 은폐되는 죄의식의 양상을 탐구한다. 독재정권이라는 정치적·사회적 시대를 배경으로 하고 있는 김원일의 다수의 작품은 ‘불온’한 시대와 그 시대를 살아가는 사람들에게 강요되었던 ‘침묵’, 그리고 그 침묵 이면에 내재되어 있던 ‘죄의식’의 면면을 보여준다. 그의 작품에 다수 등장하는 4·19 혁명과 5·16 쿠데타라는 정치적 사건을 겪은 ‘불온한 존재’들은 침묵을 강요받는 ‘서발턴(subaltem)’의 위치에 놓여있으며, 그들의 ‘죄의식’은 강제에 의해 은폐되는 양상을 보인다. 또한 불평등이 심화·정립되는 시기의 국가폭력과 해방 이후부터 이어지는 ‘매카시즘(McCarthyism)’의 시대적 오류와 범죄를 적나라하게 보여준다. 김원일은 도덕과 부도덕의 경계를 모호하게 만드는 시대적 문제와 부도덕성에 감염된 인물들이 ‘죄의식’을 느끼지 못하는 것을 시대의 ‘도덕적 병리 현상’으로 보았다. 이처럼 김원일 작품에는 국가폭력으로 희생당하는 개인의 삶과 거짓과 조작, 날조가 횡행하는 부조리한 현실, 정의를 상실한 한국사회의 면면이 드러나 있다. 다수의 작품에서 국가폭력의 피해자들은 잘못을 저지르지 않았음에도 스스로 견디지 못했다는 자책감과 가족이나 동료에게 피해를 입혔다는 죄의식을 느끼게 된다. 중요한 것은 국가폭력에 무고하게 희생당한 사람들과 마찬가지로 일반 국민들이 침묵하고 방관했다는 이유로 죄의식을 느끼게 된다는 것이다. 김원일은 박정희 독재정권을 비판하면서 당대의 비윤리적 현실과 그로 인해 은폐되는 죄의식의 양상을 보여준다. Ⅲ장에서는 ‘실존’의 문제와 형이상학적 죄의식의 양상을 살펴본다. 1절에서는 전쟁으로 인한 참혹한 현실과 전쟁의 도덕성에 대해 탐구하고, 죽음과 대량 학살, 동족상잔의 비극으로 인한 죄의식이 인간 내면에 자리하고 있는 것을 살펴본다. 첫 번째로 전쟁폭력의 비도덕성과 전쟁의 참혹함을 형상화한 작품을 중심으로 전쟁의 부정의와 본질적인 ‘죄’의 문제를 탐구하고, 이념 대립으로 인한 갈등과 증오, 보복으로 점철된 비인간적 행태와 ‘생존’이 인간의 죄의식과 긴밀하게 연관되어 있는 것을 살펴본다. 두 번째로 민족상잔이라는 비극적 죽음과 ‘예외상태’에서 나타나는 인간의 형이상학적 죄의식의 양상을 탐구한다. ‘생존의 죄책감’은 무의식적 죄의식인 도덕적 마조히즘으로 나타나며, 이로 인해 스스로를 처벌하는 ‘자기처벌자’의 인물들은 김원일 소설의 특징적인 인물 유형이다. 김원일은 한국전쟁의 폭력성과 인간의 잔인함, 이념 대립과 보복 행위로 행해진 ‘대량학살(genocide)’의 문제들을 윤리적·도덕적 측면에서 구현하고, ‘생존’의 경험이 인간의 죄의식과 긴밀하게 연관되어 있는 것을 보여준다. 또한 죄의식이 자기처벌의 행위로 나타나는 ‘자기처벌자’인 인물들을 통해 인간의 실존과 ‘형이상학적 죄’에 대해 천착하고 있다. 다수의 작품에 등장하는 자기 처벌의 욕구를 지닌 인물들은 모두 자신의 죄를 외면하지 않고 삶 전체로 책임지려고 한다는 점에서 자기비판이 강한 인물이다. 김원일 소설에 등장하는 특징적인 인물의 한 유형인 ‘자기처벌자’는 인간 존재를 근본에서부터 성찰하고자 하는 작가적 문제의식과 연관되어 있다. 김원일은 인간의 존재론적 죄의식과 실존의 문제를 그 시대의 부조리를 통해 보여주고, 고뇌하고 반성하는 인간의 내면을 심층적으로 구현하고 있다. 2절에서는 종교적 세계관을 내재하고 있는 작품을 중심으로, 종교의 본질과 원죄로서 주어진 죄의식의 의미를 살펴본다. 첫 번째로 김원일의 종교적 세계관과 종교의 본질을 탐구하고, 그의 작품에 나타난 종교적 삶의 실천과 인간 존재에 대한 궁극적인 의미를 고찰한다. 두 번째로 기독교적 세계관과 원죄의식을 탐구하고, 회개하고 참회하는 인물들의 속죄의식을 살펴본다. 종교의 본질을 탐색하고 있는 김원일의 작품에 등장하는 다수의 인물들은 모두 자기를 없애고 비우는 ‘자기비움(abgeschiedene)’의 삶을 실천하고 있으며, 진정으로 타인을 위해 헌신하는 삶을 살아간다. 김원일의 종교관은 어느 한쪽으로 치우치거나 편향됨이 없이 중용을 지향하는 것으로 이해된다. 김원일의 종교적 세계관이 내재된 작품들은 인간의 삶과 죽음이라는 근본적인 문제에서 출발하여, 종교의 본질을 깊이 탐구하는 ‘존재-신학적(onto-theologischen)’ 사상을 다루고 있다. 그의 작품은 종교의 본질과 인간의 궁극적인 삶, 기독교에서의 원죄·속죄의식과 선과 악에 대한 본질적인 문제를 고찰한 종교 문학으로 평가할 수 있다. 마지막으로 Ⅳ장에서는 김원일 문학에서의 죄의식의 양상과 그 의미를 살펴보고, ‘죄의식’의 문제를 형상화한 동시대 작가들과 비교‧고찰한다. 손창섭, 최인훈, 김승옥, 이청준, 황순원과 박완서 등의 작품에 나타난 ‘죄의식’과 김원일 소설의 ‘죄의식’이 갖는 한국소설에서의 문학사적 의미를 짚어본다. 여러 작가들에 의해 형상화된 ‘죄의식’은 시대적·정치적 상황에서의 윤리성을 내재한 인간의 고유한 소질이자 정서적 표현으로서의 의미를 갖는다. 한국문학사에서 ‘죄의식’은 ‘빈곤’의 부조리한 현실과 ‘불온’한 시대의 폭력, 한국전쟁에서의 실존적 문제와 연관되어 있는 심리적 기제라는 의미를 지닌다. 또한 종교 문학에서 종교적인 삶의 실천과 고난의 극복, 속죄에서 얻을 수 구원의 문제와 직결된 본질적인 요인이다. 이러한 죄의식은 인간의 삶과 존재 자체에 대한 성찰과 ‘죄’의 본질적인 의미를 탐구하는 데 중요한 척도로 기능한다. 따라서 죄의식을 중심으로 김원일 문학의 전반을 고찰하는 일은 그간 소외되어 왔던 인간의 내면 심리와 내적 질서, 심리의 역동성에 대한 심층적 탐색을 가능하게 하여, 기존에 논의되어 온 작품의 표면 아래, 그 이면에 내재된 의미를 찾는 일이라는 데 의의가 있다. 김원일의 작품에 나타난 죄의식은 사회·역사적인 시대 상황과 맞물려 나타나는 도덕적 판단과 윤리적 실천의 문제로 귀결된다. 본 연구를 통한 김원일 소설에 나타난 죄의식에 대한 이해는 한국문학에 나타난 죄의식과 윤리성에 대한 이해를 더욱 선명하게 하는 데 일조할 것으로 기대된다.

김원일·현기영 소설의 학살 서사 연구

김요섭 성균관대학교 2018 국내석사

이 글은 김원일과 현기영 소설이 한국전쟁 전후에 반공국가에 의해서 자행된 민간인 학살의 역사적 충격에 대응하는 문학적 응전의 과정이었다고 파악한다. 반공국가가 자행한 학살은 전근대적인 형태의 폭력이 아니라 탈식민의 과정과 냉전체제로 편입되는 과정이 교차하면서 근대국민국가와 그 국가의 국민을 생성하려는 사회공학적인 행위였다. (반공)국민을 만들어내려는 반공국가의 기제들은 한국전쟁이 끝난 이후에도 그대로 유지되었다. 반공국가에 의해서 가족을 잃었거나 빨갱이의 가족으로 몰린 이들은 국민과 비국민의 경계선을 나누려고 하는 반공국가의 위협에 계속 노출되어 있었다. 그들은 자신과 가족의 사회적 지위를 복원하기 위해서 반공국가의 규율에 과잉적응하거나 대항적인 사회적 주체성을 확보하려는 인정투쟁을 시도했다. 김원일과 현기영의 소설이 쓰이고 개작되는 과정에서도 이러한 인정투쟁의 양상이 나타났다는 것이 본고의 관점이다. 현기영의 소설은 제주공동체의 구조를 통해서 반공국가가 금기로 남겨둔 제주 4·3항쟁의 역사적 기억을 복원하려고 했다. 그는 외부의 위협에 대응하기 위한 내부의 단결, 제주공동체가 가진 항쟁의 전통을 통해서 역사적으로 복원함으로써 4·3항쟁을 좌익의 봉기로 규정한 반공국가의 논리에서 벗어날 수 있었다. 그는 1980년대 민주화운동에서 부상한 민중개념을 4·3항쟁의 역사적 의미를 규정하기 위해서 사용한다. 이를 위해서 조선왕조 말엽과 식민지시대를 다룬 역사소설들을 통해서 제주공동체가 가진 항쟁의 전통과 민중·민족주의 사이의 역사적 연결고리를 확보한다. 현기영은 반공국가에 저항하기 위해서 당대 가장 강력한 대항 담론이었던 민주화운동의 민중개념을 통해서 제주 4·3항쟁을 정의한다. 이를 통해서 4·3항쟁은 반공국가에 맞서는 시민 저항의 역사적 계보 위에 서게 되면서 ‘빨갱이’로 매도되었던 제주인들이 사회적으로 복권될 수 있었다. 김원일은 월북한 좌익인 아버지의 재현 문제를 두고 고민한다. 그의 초기작에서는 반공주의적인 방식으로 좌익 인물들을 재현하면서 일종의 반공문학적 성격을 보인 것도 사실이다. 그 과정에서 그의 고향 지역사가 반공주의적인 성격에 부합하도록 재구성되었고 이에 대해서 김원일은 큰 부담감을 느낀다. 그는 반공국가의 국민으로 인정받기 위한 적응의 논리를 초기작에서 보여주었지만 이내 그 한계를 자각한다. 김원일은 반공국가가 만든 재현의 경계선이 사회적 변화 속에서 확장될 때마다 이를 적극 활용했다. 그는 소설을 수차례 개작하기를 반복하면서 왜곡되었던 아버지의 형상과 고향의 지역사를 점차 복원해간다. 김원일은 한국전쟁을 두 개의 국가가 자행한 국민과 국가만들기의 과정이 낳은 폭력임을 고발하면서도 당대 새로운 국가를 만들어가려는 지식인들의 고뇌를 보여줌으로써 ‘빨갱이’로 낙인찍힌 아버지를 시대에 헌신한 지식인이자 혁명가로 복원해간다. 김원일과 현기영의 소설은 반공국가가 만들어 놓은 국민과 비국민의 경계선의 한계를 넘어서려는 문학적 작업이었다. 이는 한국전쟁을 전후한 시기에 자행된 학살이라는 개별적인 사건의 트라우마를 벗어나는 작업으로 그 의미가 한정되지 않는다. 해방 이후 형성된 반공국가가 인간에게 가하는 구조적 폭력이 그들이 경험한 학살의 본질이기 때문이다. 이들의 소설은 국민과 비국민을 나누는 반공국가의 사회공학에 대한 시민저항의 한 양식으로써 문학이 어떻게 작동할 수 있었는가를 보여준다.

보건의료법제 개선방안에 관한 연구 : 간호법안과 보건의료인력 재편을 중심으로

김원일 호서대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내박사

The healthcare paradigm in our society is rapidly changing. The population is aging at the fastest rate in the world, and disease patterns are changing to chronic diseases that are difficult or impossible to cure through medical treatment. In addition, infectious diseases, which were thought to have been conquered or could be conquered due to the development of medical science and technology, have recently become more resistant to climate change and are threatening the world. While in the 20th century, the Spanish flu in 1918 and the Hong Kong flu in 1968 were pandemics, in the 21st century, the outbreak cycle of infectious diseases at the pandemic level is short, including SARS in 2002, H1N1 flu in 2009, MERS in 2015, and COVID-19 in 2020. I'm losing. However, given this change in the health care paradigm, questions about whether the national health care system is functioning properly to protect the lives and safety of citizens and to protect and promote health are the reasons and background for conducting this study. Another aspect of the historic achievement of national health care coverage in 1989 is the national health care system that regulates the supply of health care resources, that is, health care-related laws and government policies that remain backward. Although the change in disease patterns to chronic diseases, combined with the advent of the world's fastest super-aging society, seriously threatens the sustainability of health care finance (health insurance and long-term care insurance for the elderly), the development and supply of health care resources are all necessary. They are unable to escape from the focus of treatment. However, the treatment-centered health care system is also not working properly. In July 2022, an incident occurred at Asan Medical Center in Seoul, the largest hospital in Korea and one of the top 30 hospitals in the world, where a nurse who collapsed due to cerebral hemorrhage while working was transferred to another hospital because there was no intention to perform a craniotomy, and died while receiving treatment. On March 3, a teenager who fell from a four-story building in Daegu Metropolitan City was refused treatment at the emergency rooms of four medical institutions, including three general hospitals, in an ambulance, and eventually died of cardiac arrest in the ambulance at 2:30. And two days later, on Children’s Day, a 5-year-old child was taken to the hospital in an ambulance in the middle of Seoul, but was refused hospitalization because there were no rooms and died. Although the world was praised as a model for ‘K-Quarantine’ in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, it had to experience the limitations and failures of a private-centered health care supply system that did not work in a catastrophic medical crisis. In particular, since 2020, there have been two important events related to health care personnel related to the subject of this study. One is the group of doctors’ collective refusal to receive medical treatment in response to the temporary increase in medical school admissions for 10 years in 2020, and the other is the president’s right to request reconsideration of the nursing bill that was passed into law through two years of deliberation in the 21st National Assembly. The event rendered the nursing bill ineffective. These two cases require deep reflection on the public value of Korea’s medical licensing system and the government’s failures in terms of the health care system. The reason why the doctor group’s third refusal of treatment in 2020 should be recognized as a social problem so serious that it is incomparable to previous situations is that even intensive care units and emergency rooms, which are competing for the lives and safety of patients, refused treatment. The exclusive licensing system, which allows only doctors to practice medicine, was first implemented in England in 1858. Legal control over patient care, which anyone could do in the 19th century, was the result of a social agreement with citizens based on strict professional ethics. Due to the licensing system that allows them to monopolize not only medical services but also the ownership and management of medical institutions, there is a strong tendency among Korean doctors to prioritize economic interests over professional ethics. This is an unprecedented situation in which even intensive care units and emergency rooms, where patients’ lives and safety are at stake, are refusing treatment for their own economic benefit due to the increase in medical school admissions in 2020. The second is the president’s right to request reconsideration of the nursing bill that has been reviewed and passed by the National Assembly. What we want to focus on in this case is the government’s failure. Most of the problems in our country’s health care system are recognized as being caused by market failures, but areas of government failure should never be overlooked. The advent of a super-aging society and changes in disease patterns have increased the demand for nursing services. The increase in demand is not limited to medical institutions, but is required throughout the community, and national policies are designed to address the demand for nursing services according to changes in population and disease patterns. The goal is to encourage the transition from medical institutions to the local community. The nursing bill responds to the nursing demand expanding to medical institutions and the community due to changes in the healthcare paradigm, and establishes relationships between nursing assistants and care workers, not just nurses, to provide nursing care and nursing care according to the severity and nursing need of patients and subjects. On the one hand, it was intended to establish a care delivery system, and on the other hand, it was intended to contribute to the realization of universal health coverage for citizens in the community through prevention and management of chronic diseases that are difficult or impossible to cure with medical treatment. Since 2007, when the Long-Term Care Insurance Act for the Elderly was introduced, the number of students admitted to nursing schools was increased from about 10,000 to 28,000 in order to respond to the increasing demand for nursing not only in medical institutions but also in the local community. However, due to the government's exercise of the President's right to request reconsideration, which even mobilized the power of the Constitution, on the nursing bill, which had been deliberating and adjusting interests and conflicts between health and medical professional organizations for about two years, the nursing bill was not introduced to the world. Accordingly, this study aims to improve the licensing and legal system of health care personnel such as doctors in accordance with the change in the health care paradigm, which is the purpose of this study, through a critical review of the 2020 physician group refusal to receive treatment and the President's exercise of the right to request reconsideration of the 2023 Nursing Act. I am trying to find a solution. The public policy goals of modern rule-of-law countries and the policy means to realize those goals are contained in the constitution, laws, and administrative legislation, and our country’s health care legislation contains the national health care system established to cope with disease and promote health. However, in Korea’s national health care system, medical care has been commercialized due to market failure, and health care services tend to be provided based on the logic of the market economy rather than citizens’ health needs, and state intervention for the public interest is a failure of policy and capture by interest groups. We are facing a double contradiction that is leading to government failure. This is because the health care supply system relies on the market, while the health care financing system is a state-led social insurance system, and these two systems are mutually contradictory and do not complement each other. Due to these contradictions, both state intervention for fiscal sustainability and efficiency and a market-dependent supply system oriented toward private interests are aimed at improving the health of the people and in the process, national health is aimed at increasing ‘responsiveness’ and ‘fairness of the financial burden.’ It does not work in the direction of improving the goals of the medical system and the accessibility and equity of health care. In particular, the health care legislation aimed at the public interest was made up of excessive administratively convenient legislation during the authoritarian era, and after democratization, the expansion of the political influence of interest groups is holding back the vested interests of the authoritarian era, so the health care legislation is in line with the changed health care paradigm. It does not contain the policy goals and policy means to realize those goals. Accordingly, this study focuses on the categories of health care personnel licensing and legislation in the national health care system, analyzes cases of government failures arising from state power and interest groups in the process of enacting the Nursing Act, and analyzes the current health care system that has not been able to escape legislation in the authoritarian era. By examining and analyzing the current status and problems of the medical legal system, I seek to find desirable health and medical personnel licensing and legislation. First, it was expected that the nursing bill proposed in the 21st National Assembly, following the 17th National Assembly in 2005 and the 20th National Assembly in 2018, would pass the plenary session of the National Assembly and open a new horizon for health and medical personnel legislation, but the President's right to request reconsideration (right to veto) The event was canceled. Although there were no unconstitutional or financial reasons, the President's right to request reconsideration (veto) of the nursing bill was exercised, and controversy continues over the facts as to why. Accordingly, I will verify the legitimacy of the President’s right to request reconsideration (veto) of the Nursing Act based on National Assembly transcripts and media reports that record the deliberation process of the Nursing Act. In addition, in the process of submitting the nursing bill to the National Assembly and deliberation, the position held by the government and the People Power Party (the opposition party at the time) was partially or entirely converted to the same position as that of interest groups such as doctors’ groups, and the analysis framework of capture theory was used. By verifying the hypothesis, I will analyze the reasons for the failure of the nursing bill, which was the first major change in the health and medical personnel legal system since 1973. Second, the licenses of health care personnel, especially doctors, which are granted an exclusive position in health care by law, have already been criticized for being reduced to the preferential treatment of individual doctors rather than public and social interests. The health and medical personnel licensing system is causing serious social conflict in two aspects. The first concerns the scope of licensed work among health and medical professionals, and the second concerns the supply of health and medical personnel. First, a representative example of conflict regarding the work of health and medical personnel would be the 1999 medical division of labor incident, when extreme collective action among health and medical professionals began. Since then, sharp collective conflicts between professions have continued over the scope of licensed work between medical practitioners and medical practitioners and between medical practitioners and medical technicians, including the issue of illegal treatment by PA nurses and others. Next, the seriousness of the conflict over the supply of health and medical manpower can be seen in the expansion of medical school seats in 2020. In August 2020, doctors who opposed the expansion of medical school admissions, which had been frozen for 17 years, even refused treatment in emergency rooms and intensive care units, which are directly related to the lives and safety of patients. This was a medical crisis during the second wave of COVID-19, so doctors’ refusal to provide treatment put the patients’ lives and safety at risk. With the remarkable development of medical science and technology since the 19th century, health care has become specialized and specialized, creating new health care functions, such as radiologists and clinical pathologists needed for medical diagnosis, physical therapists and occupational therapists who perform rehabilitation work, and dental technicians and dental technicians through the subdivision of dentistry. Health care professions such as dental hygienists emerged. However, the licensing work of newly emerging health care functions is defined or interpreted as being subordinate to the exclusive nature of doctor licensing work, which hinders the establishment of a collaborative system among health care personnel and changes in the health care paradigm due to diseases and changes in population structure. is not responding to. In addition, although the administration can adjust the supply and demand of health care personnel such as doctors based on the law, the administration’s discretionary authority to expand the number of medical school seats in Korea, which has been at the lowest level among OECD countries for 17 years, is not working. Next, it is about legislation related to health personnel. Korea’s representative health and medical personnel laws were enacted as the National Medical Service Act in 1951, the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act in 1963, and the Medical Assistant Act in 1963 (currently the Act on Medical Technicians, etc.). At the time these laws were enacted, our country was a country in absolute poverty, surviving on international aid due to the exploitation during the Japanese colonial period and the ruins caused by the Korean War. Although the country has grown into a global economic powerhouse through rapid growth unprecedented in the world, Korea’s health and medical manpower laws have not been able to escape the old framework of the period of absolute poverty. Thanks to the advancement of science and technology, treatment-oriented medicine has developed around large hospitals equipped with health care resources such as professional personnel and medical equipment. However, although the prevention and management of diseases that cannot be solved through medical treatment and the problems of health promotion have become the mainstream of the health care paradigm, the only ways to deal with them are policies announced by the administration, and legislative improvement should be the goal and means of policy. is not able to take a single step. The Nursing Act, which was proposed again in the 21st National Assembly following the 17th National Assembly in 2005 and the 20th National Assembly in 2018, passed the plenary session of the National Assembly and the expectation that it would open a new horizon for the health and medical personnel legislation was canceled due to the President’s veto. Even though it was not an unconstitutional or financial factor, the government and the ruling party (People Power Party), which proposed the exercise of the president’s right to reconsider (veto) the nursing bill, due to any coordination with interest groups during the deliberation process of the nursing bill. Using the analytical framework of capture theory, we aim to reveal whether the position that favored the nursing bill was changed to satisfy the private interests of interest groups during the decision-making process. In addition, this study examines the historical context related to health care personnel licensing and legislation - problems that emerged not only in laws but also in administrative legislation - and changes in the health care paradigm, and identifies proble ms in the health care system, including the current health care workforce, to determine system legitimacy. I seek to legislate health and medical manpower policies through legislative principles. This study investigates ways to improve the licensing and legislation of health care personnel in response to changes in the health care paradigm, such as the advent of a super-aging society, changes in the structure of diseases to chronic diseases, and climate change as well as infectious crises that appear at the level of a pandemic such as COVID-19. I wanted to find out. There are about 20 types of occupations of health and medical personnel under the 「Health and Medical Personnel Support Act」, the first being medical personnel (doctors, dentists, oriental medicine doctors, midwives, nurses) and nursing assistants under the Medical Services Act」, and the second being the 「Pharmaceutical Affairs Act」. Pharmacists and oriental pharmacists according to the law, thirdly medical technicians, health and medical information managers and opticians according to the 「Act on Medical Technicians, etc.」, fourthly emergency medical technicians according to the 「Emergency Medical Services Act」, and 「National Nutrition Management Act」 These include nutritionists, etc., but this study mainly focuses on medical personnel, nursing assistants, and medical technicians specified in the 「Medical Service Act」 and the 「Act on Medical Technicians, etc.」 First, the first theoretical background in Chapter 2 is the social and economic characteristics of health care (information asymmetry, external effects, etc.) where state intervention and market failure occur in the process of establishing a social security system including health care. The components and types of the national health care system were reviewed. Second, I examined the major contexts of changes in the healthcare paradigm, such as changes in disease patterns to chronic diseases, characteristics of chronic diseases, elderly healthcare and health due to population aging, care issues, and the emergence of new infectious diseases. Third, it diagnoses the current status and problems of Korea's national health care system, including OECD health statistics, health care resource development and supply, organization, and provision systems, and recent failures in the health care-related market (private-centered health care supply structure, etc.) and government Cases of failure (development and distribution of health care resources, health care delivery system, etc.) were examined. The first part of Chapter 3 Analysis and Evaluation of Nursing Bill Legislation Cases examines the background of nursing bill promotion and the necessity of legislation, and describes major events that influenced policy decisions at each policy decision stage through the past nursing bill promotion process. I compared the main contents and differences in the Democratic Party’s Nursing Bill (proposed by Rep. Kim Min-seok), the People Power Party’s Nursing Bill (proposed by Rep. Seo Jeong-sook), and the People’s Party Nursing and Midwifery Bill (proposed by Rep. Choi Yeon-sook). The second is the issue related to the discussion process of the nursing bill legislative procedure, which is the main basis for the president’s exercise of the right to request reconsideration (veto) of the nursing bill, the National Assembly stenographic records related to the bill review and plenary meeting of the National Assembly Health and Welfare Committee, and the plenary meeting of the National Assembly Legislation and Judiciary Committee. Focusing on major media reports, I verified whether the claims of legislative dictatorship by the majority party and legislative dictatorship by other standing committees over the National Assembly Legislation and Judiciary Committee were established. Section 3 deals with the main issues regarding the nursing bill, including the problems caused by the enactment of the nursing bill, which were presented as the basis for the president’s exercise of the right to reconsider (veto) the nursing bill, namely, ‘impeding trust and collaboration among health care providers,’ verification of whether the ‘medical system collapse law that does not exist in any country’, ‘nursing assistant discrimination law and new caste system law’, and ‘concerns about loss of jobs as nursing care workers and social workers’ are established, and at the stage of proposing a nursing bill The government-ruling party’s position was implemented in a direction consistent with the interest group’s preferences, and whether the results were changed to favor the interest group was verified through the capture theory analysis framework and hypothesis. The first part of Chapter 4, the current status and improvement plan for health care (human resources) licensing and legislation, is to understand the definition, concept, and status of Korea’s health care workforce, theoretically review licenses and qualifications, and background on the introduction of domestic and foreign health care personnel licensing systems. I looked. Section 2 analyzed the social conflict factors related to the licensing (qualifications) of health and medical personnel as a problem in the health and medical personnel licensing system, and examined cases of social conflict. In addition, the main issues related to licensing (qualification), the principle of clarity, the legitimacy of the legal system, etc. were analyzed. Section 3 analyzes the current status and problems of Korea’s health care manpower legislation and the problems that appear in the historical context of enactment and revision. Lastly, in Section 4, measures to improve the licensing and legislation of healthcare personnel were first presented as a plan to improve licenses (qualifications), including resolving uncertainty, and as measures to improve the healthcare legal system, based on the policy goals of healthcare personnel and legislative principles of system legitimacy, the consolidation of the 「Medical Service Act」 and the 「Act on Medical Technicians, etc.」, and 5 separate methods were presented as alternatives. In Chapter 5, the conclusion presents the researcher’s opinion on ways to improve the licensing and legislation of health care personnel according to future health care paradigm changes through analysis and reflection on the government’s failure to implement health care policies revealed in the results of this study. Comprehensively organized. This study is mainly about legislation as a way to improve the current licensing and legal system for health care personnel. The licensing and legal system for Korean health and medical personnel was introduced during the Japanese colonial period. After liberation, the National Medical Service Act was enacted in 1951, the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act in 1953, and the Medical Assistance Act in 1963, and later the Medical Service Act and the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act were enacted. 「Act on Medical Technicians, etc.」are being implemented through a transition process. The main methodology in law-related research is mainly the interpretation or application of the law, but this study focuses on phenomena such as changes in the healthcare paradigm, such as the advent of a super-aging society, changes in disease structure to chronic diseases, and pandemics such as COVID-19. It is a legislation that seeks improvement measures by considering and analyzing how the current health and medical personnel licensing and legal system operates in social phenomena. Specific improvement plans were derived. First, legal policy studies is a discipline that overcomes the limitations of jurisprudence itself and accepts various thinking styles and decision models established in other academic fields in order to scientifically explore the most effective and efficient legal technology system for realizing certain legal purposes. It was created as an attempt to conduct economic research that introduces and analyzes the concept of efficiency in the field of law, and is characterized by mainly seeking ways to solve specific and individual problems, thereby meeting the national policy goals regarding health care. In order to realize this, it will be useful to identify problems with the current licensing and legal system related to health care personnel and to seek specific and efficient improvement measures. Second, the historical research method is a legal explanation of the health care law system that has been formed and developed throughout history, and is an important clue to a more in-depth understanding of the health care law system. Therefore, the historical research method provides a more in-depth understanding of the current health care law. I will utilize the historical research method of the health care legislation that has had a direct or indirect impact on the licensing and legislation of health care personnel because it not only enables understanding, accurate interpretation, and application, but also provides insight into the formation of future laws. To verify the facts about the issues and conflicts that emerged in the process of enacting the Nursing Act, I selected a content analysis method of press reports related to the Nursing Act and the National Assembly transcripts recording the nursing bill deliberation process. The advantages of the content analysis method are that data can be collected without affecting the research subject, that records have a permanent nature, that it is economical and stable in terms of time and cost, and that processes that occur over a long period of time can be studied. There is. In order to analyze the relationship between the government-ruling party and interest groups opposing the nursing bill in the exercise of the president’s right to request reconsideration (veto) on the nursing bill, and to analyze the capture of interest groups in government policy decisions, the research model presented in Kim Dae-soon’s research An analysis framework was selected with some modifications to the hypotheses. In addition, I will seek ways to improve the current health and medical personnel licensing and legislation, mainly the 「Medical Service Act」, related administrative legislation, and 「Act on Medical Technicians, etc.」, by analyzing whether they are in line with legislative principles. The licensing-related provisions of Korea's health and medical personnel, such as the 「Medical Act」 and the 「Act on Medical Technicians, etc.」, have hardly changed since the 1960s. After democratization in 1987, the authoritarian system of state power collapsed significantly, and the tendency for pluralism led to the separation of individuals and medical personnel. Organizations and communities in each sector show a direction to maximize profits. However, as doctors with vested social interests in the field of health care tend to oppose the authority of the state, situations persist in which the interests and demands of other health care professionals are not being highlighted. And in the administrative legislation related to health care implemented during the military dictatorship, provisions that conflict with basic legislative principles still persist due to conflicts between health care functions. Of course, there are various views on the legislative principles, but based on the principle of system legitimacy, I would like to classify the applicable health care personnel and propose a new health care personnel legislation through integration and division of the current health care laws.

Prednisolone에 의한 호중구 증가기전

김원일 가톨릭대학 1980 국내박사

딥러닝을 사용한 최적 재고를 위한 부품 소요 예측

김원일 부산대학교 2023 국내석사

유지보수 산업은 고액의 부품 재고로 인한 자본 소모나 낮은 재고로 인한 고객 요구에 대한 부적절한 대응과 같은 과제를 직면하고 있다. 이에 AI가 서비스 공급망에서 활용되어 부품 수요 예측의 정확성을 향상하는 데 활용되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 4개 기종의 100대 기계로부터 1년 동안 1시간 간격으로 수집된 센서 데이터로 이루어진 Microsoft Azure 예측 유지보수 데이터를 분석하였다. 새로운 손실함수와 함께 합성곱 신경망(CNN) 기반의 딥러닝 기법을 사용하여 장비 센서 데이터를 예측하고, 장비의 노화 및 부품 유지보수 기록을 수요 예측에 통합하였다. 본 연구에서 제안된 CNN 기반 모델은 다른 기계 학습(machine learning) 및 순환 신경망(RNN) 기반 모델보다 우수한 성능을 보여주며, 시계열 데이터의 학습 및 예측에 뛰어난 성과를 달성하였다. 이전의 랜덤 포레스트 모델과 비교하여, 본 연구에서 제안된 CNN 기반 모델은 정확도 약 13% 향상, 재현율 약 249% 향상, F1 점수 약 129% 향상을 보였다. 또한, RNN 기반 모델보다 MSE, RMSE, MAPE의 오류율이 크게 감소했다. MSE는 5.93%, RMSE는 21.45%, MAPE는 67.08% 감소했다. 이러한 상당한 개선은 부품 교체와 같이 높은 재현율이 필요한 수요 예측에 특히 중요한 의미가 있다. 또한, 제안된 방법은 99.9%의 높은 정확도(accuracy)와 98.9%의 재현율(recall)을 달성하였으며, 산업용 기계 장비의 고장 및 부품 수요를 정확하게 예측하기에 적합함을 나타냈다.

中小企業의 合理化를 爲한 系列化 方案

김원일 釜山大學校 1972 국내석사

동기식 광전송장비를 이용한 환형망 구성에 관한 연구

김원일 建國大學校 産業大學院 1994 국내석사

Todays, the technology development in the field of the fiber optics has already been applied to the domestic backbone transmission lines, and it has already been put to used. The single mode system of the fiber optic which can handle the data rate more than 500 Mbps has been distributed extengively. According to this trend, the design and implementation of the backbone network using this technique is being carried out actively. The goals of the communication networks in the future are in satisfying the service requirements which are getting more diversified and personalized. To reach these goals, the transmission networks should be highly reliable. In other words, the networks should beconfigured protectively. That is, the transmission networks should be implemented to cover the service degradation, interruption in case of the failures of the equipments, the unforseen disasters, or the heavy traffics. In this point of view, this paper is simply to review and analyze the synchronous transmission technique which is now emerging in this area. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to present the most suitable way to improve the service for customers, the network reliability for service providers in the point of the network design, implementation and maintenance costs to be reduced in constructing the longhaul backbone network.

해석 가능한 기계학습을 활용한 E-커머스에서 지속거래 고객의 특징 분석

김원일 고려대학교 컴퓨터정보통신대학원 2023 국내석사

E-커머스의 지속 성장을 위해서는 충성도 높은 고객들의 특징을 찾아, 더 많은 고객에게 적용하는 것이 중요하다. 기존 접근법은 설문조사나, 소수의 고객이 작성한 리뷰 분석 등을 통하여 찾고자 하였다. 그런데, 이런 방식은 리뷰를 작성한 소수의 고객에게만 적용되거나, 설문조사에 응답 자체가 주관적인 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 개별 고객이 구매하거나, 탐색하는 과정에서 축적된 로그데이터를 통한 분석으로, 충성도 높은 고객의 객관적인 특징을 찾는 방법을 제안한다. 또한, 분석 과정에 쉽게 이해할 수 있는 해석 가능한 기계 학습을 적용하였다. 이를 통해 기계 학습에 익숙하지 않은 임직원들도 쉽게 지속 거래 고객의 특징을 이해할 수 있도록 기여하였다. For the sustainable growth of the e-commerce industry, it is important to find out the characteristics of loyal customers and apply them to more customers. The existing approach was to find out through surveys or review analysis written by a small number of customers. However, this method is applied only to a small number of customers who wrote reviews, or there is a problem in that the response itself to the survey is subjective. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method to find objective characteristics of highly loyal customers using analysis through log data accumulated in the process of purchasing or searching by individual customers. In addition, interpretable machine learning was applied to the analyzing process to easily understand. Through this, executives and staff members who are not familiar with machine learning or data analysis can easily understand the characteristics of loyal customers.

移動床 河川 河道斷面 狹小部의 流砂 水理學的 特性 硏究

김원일 水原大學校 2008 국내박사

The main branch of River Nakdong-River shows the typical characteristics of movable bed channel rich in sediment supply. This is due to the geological characteristics of the upstream comprised of foliated granite. Crossing over the landform of old stage, it has narrow passes intermittently all over the channels. Most of the past studies in Korea focused on backwater in fixed bed concept, in interpreting the narrow pass, but this study actually focused more on movable bed types rather than fixed ones. Particularly, there is really no study existing on movable bed types with respect to the untypical channel such as the narrow pass. Therefore an experimental study was performed on the characteristics of bed change which should be considered significantly in the maintenance as well as the effect of upstream backwater on the narrow pass with movable bed. This study intends to identify the co-relation in accordance with the characteristics of bed wave rather than to approach structurally against causes of disaster resulted from increased water level on the narrow upstream pass, and also to identify the local river bed deposition on certain sections of the narrow downstream pass in the hydraulic sense. Analysis of the aerial photographs and geographic survey on corresponding area shows that river channel becomes narrower as it goes upstream. Dimensional analysis of traction forces shows that the steady decrease in sediment supply will later disrupt bed stability and will rapidly turn the single channel into compound channel, making the particles in the inside part coarser. Channel with variable slope, 0.6 m wide, 0.6 m high and 17 m long, and 3 cases of slope 1/400, 1/500 and 1/1000, was selected for the experiment. Uniform flow rate and grain of 1 ㎜ were applied to different depths. Change in flow rate, sediment supply, bed shape caused by the structure installation, weed condition, the changing process of bed shape with different bed slopes, and etc. were also examined. River properties estimated from the experiment such as dimensionless traction force, friction speed, river width to depth ratio, and etc., were then analyzed. As an initial result, it was found out that the water level increases on the narrow upstream pass is related to the moving aspects of bed wave and was affected by the installation. Secondly, the local river bed deposition was found on certain sections of the narrow downstream pass. Deposition seems to be made in the process of recovering from the unstable river bed status showing a sign of scour due to the narrow pass. Numerical model was produced using a commercially available CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) program in accordance to the respective condition of models. Sediment of 15 ㎝ high was given to three-dimensional limited volume mesh as the initial condition to realize movable bed river. River flow and sediment movement were simulated using the RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) equation. As compared to the actual value from the hydraulic experiment for verification of numerical model, the calculated river properties showed the similarity. As a result, the change in the water level and the narrow river channel made by the installation was not only related to the given flow rate, river type, slopes, illuminance etc., but also to hydraulic characteristics due to the micro-landform. In particular, luminous figures confirmed that bed wave could work as fluid force in accordance to water level, flow rate and river bed change as well as sediment regime affected by bed wave. We expect and recommend that these results be utilized as an initiative for the further studies in the future. And with respect to the channel issue on the narrow upstream pass, it was found that channel maintenance is important against deposition as well as scour, which had been the main concern. Bed scour section and bed deposition section appeared repeatedly on the downstream narrow pass.

鑄鐵用自然砂의 性質改善에 關한 硏究

김원일 영남대학교 1977 국내석사