한방안이비인후피부과에 내원한 외래 환자 및 다빈도 질환 분석 : 2018년 3월부터 2021년 2월까지 천안지역에서

변정아 대전대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

Purpose : This study is designed to analyze outpatients who received medical treatments in ophthalmology & otolaryngology & dermatology clinic of Korean Medical Hospital from March 1st, 2018 to February 28th, 2021. We tried to statistically analyze the patients according to gender, year, age, season, main diagnosis, number of visits. Based on the analysis results, we intend to identify the trends of outpatients and provide the base data that can be used for future researches on patient characteristics, and Korean medicine treatments on field, oriental medicine treatment characteristics, statistical surveys, policy setting related to medical services, and clinical trials. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed outpatients who visited ophthalmology & otolaryngology & dermatology clinic in Cheonan Korean Medical Hospital from March 1st, 2018 to February 28th, 2021. according to gender, year, age, season, main diagnosis, number of visits. The statistical analysis performed using IBM SPSS 25.0 for Windows. Results : The results of analyzing the electronic medical records of 1,260 patients who visited ophthalmology & otolaryngology & dermatology clinic in Cheonan Korean Medical for the past 3 years are as follows. 1. The total number of outpatients who visited ophthalmology & otolaryngology & dermatology clinic of Cheonan Korean Medical Hospital, of which 569(45.2%) were male and 691 (54.8%) were female, 1.21 times higher. 2. The average age of all patient groups was analyzed to be 46.0 years old. The most frequently visited age group was between the ages of 40 and 50, and a total of 561 middle-aged people, including 40s and 50s, accounting for 44.6% of the total number of patients. 3. By examining the change in the number of outpatients by year, the number of patients visiting oriental medicine ophthalmology, nasopharyngology, dermatology, increased by 213 (66.35%) in 2019 compared to the previous year, and then decreased by 129 (24.2%) in 2020. 4. As a result of analyzing the number of outpatients according to the season, 354 (28.1%) patients visited in summer, followed by 338 (26.8%) in spring, 285 (22.6%) in fall, and 283 (22.5%) in winter. 5. As a result of analyzing the number of visits per outpatient who visited the oriental medicine ophthalmology, nasopharyngology, dermatology clinic at Cheonan Oriental Medicine Hospital, it was analyzed that men visited 7.21 times and women visited 5.93 times, depending on gender. 6. As a result of analyzing the number of outpatient visits according to the year, there was no significant difference. 7. As a result of analyzing the number of outpatients visiting by age group, it was relatively higher in their 90s than in the rest of the age group, apparently because the number of samples in their 90s was small and the number of visits by one person was high. Therefore, as a result of integrating and reclassifying those under the age of 20 with a small number of samples and over the age of 70, it was relatively high in those under the age of 20. 8. As a result of examining the relationship between seasonal and the number of outpatients, the number of visits in winter was relatively small and the number of visits in spring was relatively large. 9. As a result of analyzing outpatients by main diagnosis, they were treated with a total of 100 diagnoses, the most frequently visited with tinnitus among the top 11 diseases by main diagnosis, followed by eczema, rhinitis, contact dermatitis, unknown skin change, sudden hearing loss, hair follicles, fatigue, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, and alopecia. 10. Sudden hearing loss, which is a frequent disease in otology, increased every year, and rhinitis, a frequent disease in ophthalmology, decreased every year. In addition, in the case of dermatology, a total of 6 out of 11 frequent diseases are in dermatology, and the proportion of patients with 6 diseases combined was analyzed to be about 30% of the total 100 diseases every year. Conclusion : This study was conducted on 1,260 outpatients who visited Cheonan Oriental Medicine Hospital for a total of three years from March 1, 2018 to February 28, 2021 to strengthen the competitiveness of oriental medicine and provide basic data on medical supply and demand strategies. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, the number of patients who visited Cheonan Oriental Medicine Hospital increased in 2019 compared to 2018, but decreased slightly due to the influence of COVID-19 in 2020, and women visited more than men. The most visited age group was middle-aged people in their 40s to 50s, and the number of patients who visited the hospital in summer was the highest seasonally. Second, frequent diseases visited oriental medicine hospitals were tinnitus, eczema, rhinitis, urticaria, contact dermatitis, unknown skin changes, sudden hearing loss, morbidity and fatigue, benign proxismal positional vertigo, and hair loss. In addition, in the case of dermatology, a total of 6 out of 11 diseases with multiple frequencies corresponded to dermatology, and the proportion of patients with 6 diseases combined was analyzed to be about 30% of the total 100 diseases every year. Although there is a fundamental limit to the generalization of research, in order to continuously increase the supply and demand of oriental medicine and medical use in Cheonan in the future, it is essential to support the association and supplement the government.

니파야자(Nypa fruticans Wurmb) 꽃순 추출물의 기능성 및 분말첨가 생면의 품질특성

이영희 대구한의대학교 대학원 2018 국내박사

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of the development of Nypa fruticans wurmb flower stalk as a functional food and as high value-added material and to provide the baseline data. This study analyzed the physicochemical quality properties of Nypa fruticans wurmb flower stalk and analyzed the functionality of extracts from the flower bud and flower stem of Nypa fruticans wurmb flower stalk, added flower bud powder with high functional component content to produce wet noodles and would develop excellent wet noodles by investigating physicochemical characteristics and quality properties. 1. As for the physicochemical quality properties of Nypa fruticans wurmb flower stalk, for the chromaticity, Value L was 67.86, value a, 9.58, and value b, 25.74. The contents of the general components consisted of water 7.5%; crude protein 13.56%; crude fat 0.84%, and crude ash 9.25%. As a result of an analysis, there were 15 kinds of amino acid in total, the order was as follows: Arginine, Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid. As a result of the measurement of vitamin contents, there were vitamin A at 175.00 RE/100g, vitamin E, at 52.78 mg/100g, and vitamin C, at 13.07 mg/100g, followed by vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and β-carotene. The content of minerals was in the following order, K, Cl, Na, Mg, S and Ca among the 12 subjects of the analysis, and what had the highest content was K at 3,051.30 mg/100g. There was crude saponin at 128.24 mg/100g; the total polyphenol content, at 11,855.47 mg/100g, and the total flavonoid content, at 71.73 mg/100g. 2. As for the functionality of Nypa fruticans wurmb flower bud and flower stem extracts, hot water extract, the yields of 80% ethanol extract, 80% methanol extract and 80% acetone extract were the highest in the hot water extract at 20%, followed by the methanol, acetone and ethanol extracts for extracts from the flower bud. For extracts from the flower stem, it was high in the hot water extract at 18.2%. In the flower bud and the flower stem, the hot water extract showed the highest yield, and flower bud showed a yield higher than the flower stem. As for the total content of the phenolic compound in extracts from the flower bud by each solvent was the highest in the acetone extract at 32.2 mg/g, followed by the ethanol, hot water and methanol extracts, while the flower stem showed content at 12.7 mg/g in the hot water extract. The flower bud and the flower stem showed relatively high contents in the hot water extract, and it was noted that the flower bud had higher contents than the flower stem did. IC50 value of DPPH radical scavenging capacity was 28.6 μg/mL in the acetone extract from the flower bud and 365.4 μg/mL in the acetone extract from the flower stem. Thus, the acetone extract showed a high scavenging capacity in both extracts from the flower bud and the flower stem of Nypa fruticans wurmb, and it was noted that the flower bud had a higher electron donating ability than the flower stem did. IC50 value of ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity was 9.5 μg/mL in the ethanol extract from the flower bud and 49.6 μg/mL in hot water extract from the flower stem. It was higher in the ethanol extract from the flower bud. IC50 value of α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was 11.4 μg/mL in the methanol extract from the flower bud and 25.1 μg/mL in the hot water extract and ethanol extract. All showed similar activities. The hot water extract from the flower stem showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity at 58.3 μg/mL, and showed higher activity than 150.6 μg/mL, IC50 value of positive control, Acarbose in all the extracts showed higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the flower stem did. As a result of an evaluation of diabetic complications-related efficacy, both the flower bud and the flower stem showed weak activity. 3. As a result of the measurement of the color before and after cooking the wet noodles produced by adding differing amounts of Nypa fruticans wurmb flower bud powder, in the group to which it was added, Value L of wet noodles and cooked noodles was low, while value a and value b of the group were high. Accordingly, the more the concentration of the powder added, the denser the color became. The weight of cooked noodles was high in the group to which it was added; the volume tended to increase in the group to which it was added than in the control group; and the turbidity of the cooking liquid was generally higher in the group to which it was added. As for pH, the more the amount of the powder added, the lower the pH became; and the more the amount of the powder added, the less the sugar content in the group to which it was added tended to become. As for the content of general components, the water, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were all measured higher in the group to which it was added; and the dietary fiber content was about three times higher in the wet noodles to which 7% flower bud powder was added than in the control group. As a result of the measurement of the physical properties of the cooked noodles, the more it was added, the more the hardness and elasticity tended to become; and the more the amount of the flower bud powder added, the less the cohesiveness, gumminess and adhesion tended to become. The total polyphenol content was about four times higher in the group to which 7% powder was added than in the control group, and as for IC50 value of DPPH radical scavenging capacity, there was a scavenging capacity of 1.75 μg/mL in the group to which 7% flower bud powder was added about 80 times higher than 146.62 μg/mL in the control group. In the sensory evaluations of the cooked noodles, by preference, appearance, color, taste, texture, acerbity, and the overall preference was highly evaluated in the group to which 3% flower bud powder was added, and overall, the group to which flower bud powder was added received better evaluations than the control group. By strengths, color, fragrance and acerbity were highly evaluated in the 7% the group to which it was added, and resilience and chewiness were overall, evaluated higher than in the control group. As a result of the analysis of the physicochemical quality properties of Nypa fruticans wurmb flower stalk, it contains large quantities of minerals and polyphenol, and in functional evaluations, it has excellent antioxidant activity and especially, high antidiabetic activity, so it is judged to be a functional food material. Thus, this study provided the baseline data necessary for increasing the quality of wet noodles with differing amounts of flower bud powder added and preference for them, and it is judged that the development of a variety of food using Nypa fruticans wurmb flower stalk will contribute to developing high value-added new food materials. 본 연구는 니파야자 꽃순의 기능성 식품개발과 고부가가치 소재로서의 가능성을 살펴보고 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 니파야자 꽃순의 이화학적 품질특성을 분석하였으며, 니파야자 꽃순을 꽃봉오리와 꽃줄기 추출물의 기능성을 분석하였고, 기능성 성분함량이 높은 꽃봉오리 분말을 첨가하여 생면을 제조한 후 이화학적 특성과 품질특성을 조사하여 우수한 생면을 개발하고자 하였다. 1. 니파야자 꽃순의 이화학적 품질특성으로 색도는 L값 67.86, a값 9.58, b값 25.74이며 일반성분 함량은 수분 7.5%, 조단백질 13.56%, 조지방 0.84%, 조회분 9.25%로 분석되었다. 아미노산은 총 15종으로 분석되었으며 Arginine>Aspartic acid>Glutamic acid 순으로 나타내었다. 비타민 함량을 측정한 결과는 비타민 A 175.00 RE/100g, 비타민 E 52.78 mg/100g, 비타민 C 13.07 mg/100g이며 비타민 B1, 비타민 B2, β-카로틴 순으로 분석되었다. 무기질 함량은 12가지 분석대상 중에서 K, Cl, Na, Mg, S, Ca의 순서로, 가장 함량이 높은 것은 K 3,051.30 mg/100g 이었다. 조사포닌은 128.24 mg/100g로 나타났으며 총 폴리페놀 함량은 11,855.47 mg/100g, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 71.73 mg/100g로 나타내었다. 2. 니파야자 꽃봉오리와 꽃줄기 추출물의 기능성으로 열수 추출물, 80% 에탄올 추출물, 80% 메탄올 추출물과 80% 아세톤 추출물의 수율은 꽃봉오리는 열수 추출물에서 20%로 가장 높았으며 메탄올>아세톤>에탄올 추출물 순으로 나타내었다. 꽃줄기는 열수 추출물 18.2%로 높았으며 꽃봉오리와 꽃줄기에서 열수 추출물이 가장 높은 수율을 나타내었으며, 꽃봉오리가 꽃줄기보다 높은 수율을 나타내었다. 각 용매별 추출물의 총 페놀성 화합물의 꽃봉오리의 함량은 아세톤 추출물 32.2 mg/g로 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 에탄올>열수>메탄올 추출물 순이며 꽃줄기는 열수 추출물 12.7 mg/g의 함량을 나타내었다. 꽃봉오리와 꽃줄기 경우 열수 추출물에서 비교적 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 꽃봉오리가 꽃줄기보다 높은 함량을 확인할 수 있었다. DPPH 라디칼 소거활성 IC50 값은 꽃봉오리의 아세톤 추출물에서 28.6 μg/mL, 꽃줄기의 아세톤 추출물 365.4 μg/mL로 아세톤 추출물은 니파야자 꽃봉오리와 꽃줄기에서 모두 높은 소거활성이 나타났으며 꽃봉오리가 꽃줄기보다 높은 전자공여능을 확인할 수 있었다. ABTS+ 라디칼 소거활성 IC50 값은 꽃봉오리의 에탄올 추출물 9.5 μg/mL, 꽃줄기의 열수 추출물 49.6 μg/mL로 꽃봉오리의 에탄올 추출물이 높게 나타내었다. α-Glucosidase 저해활성 IC50 값은 꽃봉오리의 메탄올 추출물은 11.4 μg/mL, 열수 추출물, 에탄올 추출물 25.1 μg/mL로 모두 유사한 활성을 나타내었다. 꽃줄기의 열수 추출물 58.3 μg/mL로 강한 α-glucosidase 저해 활성을 나타내었으며 이들 활성은 positive control인 Acarbose의 IC50 값인 150.6 μg/mL보다 모든 추출물에서 높은 활성을 나타내었으며 꽃봉오리가 꽃줄기보다 높은 α-glucosidase 저해 활성을 나타내었다. 항당뇨합병증관련 효능평가를 위해 수행한 결과 꽃봉오리와 꽃줄기 모두 약한 활성을 나타내었다. 3. 니파야자 꽃봉오리 분말첨가량을 달리하여 제조한 생면의 조리 전.후의 색을 측정한 결과 첨가군의 생면과 조리면의 L값은 낮았으며 첨가군의 a값과 b값은 높게 나타나 분말첨가 농도가 증가할수록 색은 진하게 나타내었다. 조리면의 중량은 첨가군이 높게 나타났으며, 부피는 대조군보다 첨가군이 증가하는 경향이 보였으며, 조리액의 탁도는 첨가군에서 대체적으로 높게 나타내었다. pH는 분말첨가량이 증가할수록 pH는 낮아졌으며 당도 함량은 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 첨가군이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 일반성분 함량은 수분, 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분 모두 첨가군이 높게 측정되었으며 식이섬유 함량은 대조군에 비해 꽃봉오리 분말 7% 첨가 생면이 약 3배 높게 나타내었다. 조리면의 물성 측정 결과는 경도와 탄력성은 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 응집성, 검성 및 부착성은 꽃봉오리 분말첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 7% 첨가군이 대조군보다 약 4배 높게 나타내었으며 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성 IC50 값은 대조군 146.62 μg/mL보다 꽃봉오리 분말 7% 첨가군 1.75 μg/mL로 약 80배의 높은 소거활성을 나타내었다. 조리면의 관능평가에서 기호도에서는 외관, 색, 맛, 조직감, 떫은맛, 전반적인 기호도에서 꽃봉오리 분말첨가 3%가 모든 항목에서 높게 평가되었으며 전반적으로 대조군보다 꽃봉오리 분말첨가군이 좋은 평가를 받았다. 강도에서 색과 향, 떫은맛은 7% 첨가군이 높은 평가를 받았으며 탄력성과 씹힘성은 전반적으로 대조군보다 높게 평가되었다. 이와같이 니파야자 꽃순의 이화학적 품질특성를 분석한 결과 다량의 무기질과 폴리페놀을 함유하고 있으며, 기능성 평가에서 항산화 활성이 우수하며 특히 항당뇨 활성이 높게 나타내어 기능성 식품소재로 판단된다. 이에 본 연구는 꽃봉오리 분말 첨가량을 달리한 생면의 품질과 기호도를 높이는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하였으며 니파야자 꽃순을 이용한 다양한 식품의 개발은 국민건강과 더불어 고부가가치로 식품 신소재 개발에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

산뽕나무 잎 유래 화합물의 항당뇨 및 항당뇨 합병증 효과

주선민 전북대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내석사

Various Morus species, the leaves of which were utilized as silkworm feeds or foods, have been widely used as traditional treatment agents for DM. Morus alba, Morus lhou, and Morus bombycis are three species that have been mostly spread and used as functional foods and traditional medicines, especially in Korea. Particularly, Morus bombycis has a long history of usage as a treatment for metabolic diseases. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which has become a significant global health problem, is a metabolic disease caused by defects in insulin secretion and function. As a result of these metabolic disorders, diabetic patients develop diseases of the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels belonging to functional disorders due to long term damage. α-Glucosidase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B), free radicals, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and human recombinant aldose reductase (HRAR) are key targets of T2DM and its complications therapeutics. Numerous attempts to develop drugs for T2DM have been made for a long time. Thus, therapeutic agents derived from natural products were on the rise due to synthetic drugs for treatment, which have diverse side effects. This current study aimed to isolate and evaluate bioactive constituents of Morus bombycis leaves. Using repeated silica gel, RP-18, and sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, isolated compounds were obtained using bioactivity-guided fractionation. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis, including 1D NMR and 2D NMR. Qualitative analysis was performed by UPLC-ESI-QToF-MS. Among the eight isolated compounds from Morus bombycis leaves, four compounds, including macrourin B (4), austrafuran C (6), mulberrofuran F (7), and chalcomoracin (8), were not well known for their bioactivity. This study focused on anti-diabetic effects of four compounds via α-glucosidase, PTP1B, AGEs, HRAR, and peroxynitrite scavenging activity. Enzyme kinetics and molecular docking simulations were done to find out how enzymes are inhibited by bioactive substances. As a result, test compounds 4, 6, 7, and 8 inhibited α-glucosidase, PTP1B, AGEs, HRAR, and peroxynitrite scavenging activity significantly. Among them, compounds 4 and 6 showed IC50 values of 2.61 ± 0.13 and 2.76 ± 0.25 μM against peroxynitrite. Also, compounds 4 and 6 demonstrated anti-diabetic effects, with IC50 values of 0.44 ± 0.03 and 1.01 ± 0.17 μM, respectively, against α-glucosidase and IC50 values of 2.50 ± 0.17 and 1.69 ± 0.02 μM against PTP1B. Furthermore, compounds 4 and 6 demonstrated anti-diabetic complications effects with IC50 values of 9.44 ± 0.18 and 13.74 ± 0.55 μM, 7.98 ± 0.62 and 6.15 ± 0.25 μM, and < 4 and 26.78 μM against bovine serum albumin (BSA) AGEs, human serum albumin (HSA) AGEs, and HRAR. Additionally, all test compounds showed mixed-type and non-competitive type inhibition modes against α -glucosidase and PTP1B in enzyme kinetics. The four test compounds had low negative binding energies in both enzymes, according to molecular docking simulations. Stilbene dimer types (4 and 6) and Diels-Alder type adducts (7 and 8) were investigated in this study. Particularly, compounds 4 and 6 of the stilbene dimer type demonstrated strong inhibitory and scavenging activities in all bioassays. Overall results suggested that the stilbene dimer type could be a particularly promising treatment or preventive resource against DM. Thus, the isolated compounds 4 and 6 were discovered in Morus bombycis leaves for the first time and have the potential to be used as active constituents in anti-diabetic, anti-diabetic complications, and antioxidants. 주로 누에의 먹이나 식품으로 사용된 다양한 뽕나무 종 잎들은 당뇨병에 전통적인 치료제로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 한국에서 기능성 식품과 전통 의약품으로 주로 보급되어 사용되고 있는 뽕나무 세 종은 백상, 노상, 그리고 산상이다. 특히 산뽕나무는 당뇨, 부종 등의 대사질환에 치료제로 사용된 오랜 역사를 가지고 있다. 하지만 산뽕나무에 대한 항 당뇨병 연구와 분리된 화합물에 대한 연구는 부족하다. 세계적으로 심각한 문제로 대두된 제2형 당뇨병은 인슐린 분비와 기능의 결함으로 인해 발생하는 대사 질환이다. 당뇨병 환자는 장기간의 손상으로 인하여, 눈, 신장, 신경, 심장, 등에 다양한 합병증이 발생하게 된다. α-Glucosidase, PTP1B, 자유 라디칼, 그리고 AGEs 등은 당뇨병 치료의 핵심 대상이고, 오랫동안 당뇨병 약물을 개발하기위한 수많은 시도가 있었다. 하지만 합성 약물은 부작용을 가지고 있어 전통 약재로 오랜 기간 사용된 천연물에 대한 관심이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구는 산뽕나무 잎의 생리활성물질을 분리하고 항 당뇨병 효과에 대해 평가하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 다양한 겔을 사용해 산뽕나무의 에틸 아세테이트 분획물을 칼럼 크로마토그래피를 통해 생리활성 유도 분획을 이용해 8개의 화합물 p-coumaric acid (1), chlorogenic acid methyl ester (2), oxyresveratrol (3), macrourin B (4), moracin M (5), austrafuran C (6), mulberrofuran F (7), 그리고 chalcomoracin (8)을 분리하였다. 이들의 구조는 1D NMR과 2D NMR을 포함한 분광분석을 통해 이전 문헌과 비교하여 확인하였다. 정성분석은 UPLC-ESI-QTof-MS를 이용해 진행되었다. 본 연구에서는 산뽕나무 잎에서 분리된 8개 화합물 중 macrourin B (4), austrafuran C (6), mulberrofuran F (7), 그리고 chalcomoracin (8)을 포함한 4개 화합물은 산뽕나무 잎에서 처음 보고되었다. 따라서, α-glucosidase, PTP1B, AGEs, HRAR 억제능 및 peroxynitrite 소거 분석을 통해 4개 화합물의 항당뇨, 항당뇨합병증, 항산화 효과를 평가하였다. 그 다음, 효소 동력학 및 분자 도킹 시뮬레이션을 통해 효소와 생리활성물질 사이의 억제 메커니즘을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 실험을 진행한 화합물 중 4, 6, 7, 그리고 8을 포함한 4개 화합물은 α-glucosidase, PTP1B, AGEs, HRAR 및 peroxynitrite에 대해 유의한 억제 및 소거 활성을 보였다. 그중 화합물 4 및 6은 peroxynitrite에 대해 2.61 ± 0.13, 2.76 ± 0.25 μM의 IC50 값을 나타냈다. 또한 화합물 4 및 6은 α-glucosidase에 대해 0.44 ± 0.03 및 1.01 ± 0.17 μM의 IC50 값, PTP1B에 대하여 IC50 값이 2.50 ± 0.17 μM 및 1.69 ± 0.02 μM으로 강한 항당뇨 효과를 나타냈다. 또한 화합물 4와 6은 BSA AGEs, HSA AGEs, 및 HRAR에 대하여 IC50 값 9.44 ± 0.18 및 13.74 ± 0.55 μM, 7.98 ± 0.62 및 6.15 ± 0.25 μM, <4 및 26.78 μM으로 항당뇨병 합병증 효과를 보였다. 모든 실험 화합물은 효소동력학에서 α-glcuosidase와 PTP1B에 대해 혼합형 및 비경쟁적 억제모드를 보였다. 분자 도킹 시뮬레이션에 따르면, 네 개 화합물의 효소동력학 결과를 뒷받침하는 추가적 정보를 나타냈다. 전체적인 결과는 스틸벤 이량체 유형 (4 및 6)이 당뇨병에 대한 특히 유망한 치료제 또는 예방 자원이 될 수 있음을 시사했다. 따라서, 분리된 화합물 4 및 6은 산뽕나무 잎에서 처음으로 분리, 정제되었으며, 항당뇨병, 항당뇨병 합병증 및 항산화제로서 활성 성분이 있다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 네 개의 화합물이 향후 당뇨병 및 당뇨 합병증 예방 및 치료제로서 사용에 대한 가능성을 시사한다.

둔산한방병원 한방안이비인후피부과 내원 피부질환 환자 특성 분석 : 2016년 3월부터 2019년 2월까지

김수영 대전대학교 일반대학원 2020 국내석사

목적: 2016년 3월 1일부터 2019년 2월 28일까지 3년간 둔산한방병원 한방안이비인후피부과 외래환자 중 피부질환으로 내원한 환자의 성별, 연도, 연령, 계절, 상병, 내원일수를 통계학적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 분석 결과를 토대로 피부질환 외래환자들의 경향성을 파악하여 이후 환자 특성 및 한방치료의 특성 연구, 통계 조사와 정책 설정에 활용 가능한 연구 데이터를 제공하고자 한다. 방법 : 2016년 3월 1일부터 2019년 2월 28일까지 둔산한방병원 한방안이비인후피부과에 피부질환으로 내원한 환자들의 전자의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하여 성별, 연도, 연령, 계절, 상병, 내원일수에 따라 분류하여 IBM SPSS 23.0 for Windows(2016, USA)를 이용하여 통계학적으로 분석하였다. 결과 : 2016년 3월 1일부터 2019년 2월 28일까지 둔산한방병원 한방안이비인후피부과에 외래로 내원한 환자 651명의 전자의무기록을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 둔산한방병원 한방안이비인후피부과에 피부질환으로 내원한 환자의 수는 총 651명으로 나타났고 이 중 남성은 286명(43.9%), 여성은 365명(56.1%)로 여성 환자의 수가 1.27배 많은 것으로 분석되었다. 2. 전체 환자군의 평균 나이는 37.6세로 분석되었다. 가장 많이 내원하는 연령층은 20~29세이고 20대, 30대를 포함하는 청년층이 총 267명으로 전체 내원환자 수의 41.0%로 나타났다. 3. 연도별 외래환자의 변화를 살펴보면 3년 간 한방안이비인후피부과에 피부질환으로 내원하는 환자수가 점차 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 1) 성별과 연도별 외래환자 수의 관계를 알아본 결과 연도가 지날수록 남성 환자, 여성 환자 수 모두 점점 증가하는 양상으로 나타났다. 2) 연령대와 연도별 외래환자 수의 관계를 알아본 결과 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 3) 계절과 연도별 외래환자 수의 관계를 알아본 결과 통계적으로 유의마한 차이를 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 4) 상병과 연도별 외래환자 수의 관계를 알아본 결과 통계적으로 유의마한 차이를 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 4. 계절별 외래환자 수를 분석한 결과 빈도순대로 여름에 내원한 환자 수가 185명(28.4%)로 가장 많은 환자가 내원하였고 겨울 181명(27.8%), 봄 148명(22.7%), 가을 137명(21.0%) 순으로 나타났다. 1) 성별과 계절별 외래환자 수의 관계를 알아본 결과 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 2) 연령대와 계절별 외래환자 수의 관계를 알아본 결과 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 5. 상병별 외래환자 수를 분석한 결과 총 40개의 상병으로 진료를 받았으며, 빈도순서대로 습진, 두드러기, 앨러지성 접촉피부염, 지루피부염, 모낭염이 상위 5개의 질환으로 분석되었다. 6. 피부과 외래환자의 내원일수의 평균은 10.24일로 분석되었고 연도에 따라 내원일수가 줄어드는 것으로 분석되었다. 1) 성별과 내원일수의 관계를 알아본 결과 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 2) 연령대와 내원일수의 관계를 알아본 결과 70대의 내원일수가 가장 짧았으며, 20대 이하 연령대의 환자의 내원일수가 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 결론 : 2016년 3월 1일부터 2019년 2월 28일까지 둔산한방병원 한방안이비인후피부과 외래에 피부질환으로 내원한 환자의 성별, 연도, 연령, 계절, 상병, 내원일수를 통계학적으로 분석한 결과 다양한 결과를 얻었다. 3년간 피부 외래환자의 수는 증가하는 추세로 특히 겨울에 내원하는 환자의 수가 연도에 따라 점차 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 여성 환자의 수가 남성 환자의 수보다 많지만 증가폭은 남성 환자가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과가 이후 환자 특성 및 한방치료 연구나 한방병원 외래내원 다빈도 상병에 따른 의료급여 설정과 같은 한방정책 수립에 참고 자료로 사용될 것으로 기대한다. 주제어 : 한방안이비인후피부과, 피부질환, 통계, 한의학, 한방치료, 습진 Purpose : This study is designed to analyze outpatients who received medical treatment for skin diseases in ophthalmology & otolaryngology & dermatology clinic of Korean Medical Hospital from March 1st, 2016 to February 28th, 2019. We categorized the patients according to gender, year, age, seasonal, main diagnosis, visit days and performed statistical analysis. With the results, we expect to discover the tendencies of dermatology outpatients and provide the base data for future researches in dermatology patients’ characteristics, korean medical treatments on dermatology field, more statistical analysis and establishment of korean medical health care policy. Methods : We classified dermatology outpatients who received treatments in ophthalmology & otolaryngology & dermatology clinic of Korean Medical Hospital from March 1st, 2016 to February 28th, 2019 according to gender, year, age, seasonal, main diagnosis, visit days. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 23.0 Results : The results of the analysis on 651 dermatology patients treated in ophthalmology & otolaryngology & dermatology clinic of Dunsan Korean Medical Hospital for the past 3 years are as follows. 1. The number of outpatients who visited ophthalmology & otolaryngology & dermatology clinic of Dunsan Korean Medical Hospital for skin diseases were 651; 286 male(43.9%) and 365 female(56.1%). The number of female patients were approximately 1.27 times higher. 2. The average age of the dermatology outpatients were 37.6. The most frequent visitors turned out to be 20s, and the number of 20s, 30s patients were 267, consisting 41.0% of the whole patients. 3. By examining the change on yearly basis, we noticed that the number of outpatients treated with skin diseases steadily increased with the years. 1) In the analysis of the number of patients classified by gender and year, the number of male and female patients both increased with the years. 2) In the analysis of the number of patients classified by age and year, there were statistically significant difference between two groups. 3) In the analysis of the number of patients classified by season and year, there were statistically significant difference between two groups. 4) In the analysis of the number of patients classified by main diagnosis and year, there were statistically significant difference between two groups. 4. In the analysis of the number of outpatients by seasonal basis, the number of the outpatients visited in summer was the largest by 185(28.4%), followed by winter 181(27.8%), spring 148(22.7%), and the autumn 137(21.0%). 1) In the analysis of the number of patients classified by age and season, there were no statistically significant difference. 2) In the analysis of the number of patients classified by age and season, there were no statistically significant difference. 5. By classifying the outpatients according to main diagnosis, it turned out that there were 40 diagnosis, with eczema the largest followed by urticaria, allergic contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and folliculitis. 6. The average number of visit days of dermatology outpatients were 10.24 days, and the number declined steadily with the years. 1) In the analysis of the number of patients classified by gender and visit days, there were no statistically significant difference. 2) In the analysis of the number of patients classified by age and visit days, the visit days of 70s were the shortest and the patients below 20s were longer than the other age groups. Conclusion : By analyzing the outpatients who received medical treatment for skin diseases in ophthalmology & otolaryngology & dermatology clinic of Korean Medical Hospital from March 1st, 2016 to February 28th, 2019 according to gender, year, age, seasonal, main diagnosis, visit days, We drew various meaningful results. The outpatients with skin diseases increased steadily by the years, and patients visited in winter especially shown the outstanding increase. And though the number of female patients were larger than male, the increase was bigger in male patients. We hope that this results would provide useful resources for future researches in dermatology patients’characteristics, korean medical treatment and establishment of korean medical health care policy.

대구·경북지역 주방종사원들의 직무만족에 대한 연구 : 대구·경북지역의 모범음식점인 한·중식당을 기준으로

김규민 대구한의대학교 사회개발대학원 2009 국내석사

본 연구에서는 대구․경북지역의 모범음식점 한식당(30개 업소), 중식당(30개 업소)을 중심으로 주방 종사원 222명을 설문한 결과로 일반적 특성과 인구통계적 특성에 대한 직무요인별(경제적 특성, 근무환경적 특성, 복리후생적 특성, 직무효능감 특성)차이 비교를 조사 하였다. 성별에 따른 T-test 결과에서는 특성별 여자평균(3.04), (3.69), (3.85), (4.00)이 남자평균(2.63), (3.23), (2.94), (3.34)보다 만족감의 수치가 높게 나타났고 ‘임금의 상대성’, ‘임금의 인상’, ‘임금지급 수준만족’, ‘운영체제’, ‘운영교육내용 기대도’를 제외한 모든 항목에서 유의하게 나타났다(p<.05). 연령에 따른 F-test 결과는 특성별 평균 ‘40세 이상’(3.07), (3.72), (3.96), (4.07)와 ‘30-39세’(2.73), (3.34), (3.03), (3.44)와 ‘20-29세’(2.72), (3.31), (3.10), (3.35)수치로 ‘40세 이상’과 ‘20-30대’간의 만족감의 차이가 많이 나타났고 ‘임금의 인상’, ‘임금지급 수준만족’, ‘동료의 칭찬’, ‘교육의기대도’, ‘운영체계’, ‘교육의 효과’, ‘운영교육내용기대도’ 을 제외한 모든 요인에서 유의하게 나타났다(p<.05). 결혼여부에 따른 T-test 결과에서는 특성별 기혼평균(2.98), (3.68), (3.76), (3.97)이 미혼평균(2.70), (3.27), (3.06), (3.38)로 기혼이 미혼보다 만족감이 높게 차이가 났고, ‘임금의 상대성’, ‘임금의 인상’, ‘임금지급수준만족’, ‘동료의 칭찬’, ‘교육의기대도’, ‘운영체제’, ‘운영교육내용 기대도’를 제외한 모든 요인에서 유의하게 나타났다(p<.05). 근무지 형태에 따른 T-test 결과는 특성별 한식평균(3.08), (3.76), (3.95), (4.09)와 중식평균(2.55), (3.19), (2.87), (3.26)로 한식이 높게 나타났고 ‘임금의 상대성’, ‘임금의 인상’, ‘교육의기대도’, ‘운영체제’, ‘운영교육내용 기대도’를 제외한 모든 요인에서 유의하게 나타났다(p<.05). 직급에 따른 T-test 결과에서는 특성별 관리자평균(2.93), (3.58), (3.65), (3.84)와 일반사원평균(2.76), (3.40), (3.22), (3.20)으로 관리자가 만족감에서 높게 나타났고, ‘임금의 상대성’, ‘임금의 인상’, ‘임금지급 수준만족’, ‘휴가휴무시행’, ‘사회적보험 가입여부’를 제외한 모든 요인에서 유의하게 나타났다(p<.05). 총 외식근무기간에 따른 T-test 결과는 특성별 평균 ‘3년 이상’(2.78), (3.54), (3.22), (3.08)이 ‘3년 이하’(2.62), (3.44), (3.66), (3.83)으로 나타났고 ‘임금의공정성’, ‘임금의상대성’, ‘근무보람만족’, ‘직무의열의’를 제외한 모든 요인에서 유의하게 나타났다(p<.05). 이상의 연구 결과를 통하여 다음과 같이 제언을 하고자 한다. 첫째, 직급에 따른 책정된 급여가 아닌 능력제의 임금제도가 필요하다. 근무시간이나 업무량에 비해 규정에 의해 책정된 임금으로 근무를 하다 보니 일의 효율성과 동기부여가 부족하고 불만족의 결과가 많았다. 둘째, 지급되는 급여에 의한 의무적 업무지시가 아닌 관심과 배려의 업무조달이 필요하다. 근무환경에서도 불만은 많이 있지만 따뜻한 동료애와 배려가 더욱 중요하다. 셋째, 주방종사원들이 개인적인 특성이나 업장의 특성에 따라 선택하여 교육받을 수 있는 프로그램이 개발되어야 한다. 일상적으로 반복 되는 업무로 인해 생산성이 저하되므로 동기부여가 필요하다. 넷째, 복리후생부분의 적극적인 지원 필요. 단기적 근무지가 아닌 장기적으로 정착하여 근무할 수 있는 방안을 모색해야 한다.

대구 일부 지역 중학생의 식습관 및 영양지식 분석을 통한 영양교육 요구도 조사

박인숙 대구한의대학교 교육대학원 2014 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to investigate eating habits and nutrition knowledge of middle school students in certain areas of Daegu, and to promote the need for nutrition education proper for adolescents. A survey was conducted with 180 male and female middle school students in the area of Daegu in April, 2014, and the students consisted of 83 males (46.1%), 97 females (53.9%), 56 first-grade students (31.1%), 57 second-grade students (31.7%), and 67 third-grade students (37.2%). The ratio of students who had received nutrition education in the last year was 17.5% and who had not received was 82.5%. For the number of meal skip, 53.0% of male students turned out to skip meals once a month, the highest, and 32.3% of female students turned out to skip meals once to three times a week, the highest (p<0.001). Regarding to grades, 50.0% and 40.4% of first-grade and second-grade students turned out to skip meals once a month, respectively, the highest, and 25.8% of third-grade students turned out to skip meals once to three times a week, the highest (p<0.01). For the question, ‘Do you think your eating habits are right?’, 59.0% of male students answered ‘Normal’, the highest, and 44.3% of female students answered ‘Yes’, the highest (p<0.05). As a result of investigating ingestion of salty and spicy strong-tasting foods, although there was no significant difference according to grades or genders, 30.5% of the entire students answered ‘I don’t ingest strong-tasting foods’, and 69.4% answered ‘ingest saltier and spicier strong-tasting foods than normal’. 78.3% of the entire students answered ‘I rarely or never do overeating/binge’, and the reasons of doing overeating/binge turned out to be ‘When I skipped a meal’ (36.6%), ‘When I ate too little’ (21.5%), ‘Depends on my feelings’ (17.2%), and ‘Because of academic stress’ (12.9%). The reasons of doing overeating/binge showed significant differences according to grades (p<0.05). For the question, ‘Do you check the nutrition label when you purchase foods?’, 71.1% of female students and 48.2% of male students answered higher than ‘Normal’, which indicates that female students check the nutrition label when they purchase foods more frequently than male students (p<0.05). As a result of investigating nutrition knowledge, the total average score turned out to be 11.19 out of 15. Although it showed no significant difference according to genders, the total average score of male students was 10.99 and that of female students was 11.36, which indicates that the nutrition knowledge score of female students is higher. For grades, the nutrition knowledge scores of third-grade, second-grade, and first-grade students turned out to be 11.63, 11.14, and 10.71, respectively, which indicates that as grade gets higher, the total average nutrition knowledge score gets higher (p<0.05). As a result of investigating nutrition education demand, 58.4% of the entire students answered ‘I think nutrition education is necessary’ and 41.6% answered ‘I don’t think nutrition education is necessary’, and for the reasons of thinking nutrition education would not be necessary, 54.1% answered ‘Because even if I receive nutrition education, I wouldn’t put it in action’, the highest, followed by ‘It is enough to receive nutrition education at home’ (21.6%) and ‘The school is already giving enough nutrition education’ (12.2%). Most students answered that nutritionists would be the most suitable for nutrition education(71.7%), and for the question, ‘What do you think is the most appropriate class for nutrition education?’, 46.3% and 19.5% of male students answered ‘Class through a subject’ and ‘Cooking practice’, respectively, and 32.0% and 28.9% of female students answered ‘Cooking practice’ and ‘Class through a subject’, respectively(p<0.05). As a result of analyzing the difference between the perceived importance of nutrition education and demand for nutrition education, the total average score of importance was 4.13 and that of education demand was 3.91, which indicates that education demand is lower than perceived importance (p<0.001), and the perceived importance was higher than education demand on the all 16 items (p<0.05). The three items, nutrition label information education, traditional food culture of Korea, and food cultures of the world turned out to have lower importance than other items, and for demand, although its total average score was below 4, the six items, that is, obesity and weight control, food hygiene and preservation, prevention of food poisoning, diseases and dietary life, panning diet menu and balanced diet, and right eating habits had higher average scores than other items. This study investigated eating habits and life habits, and the level of nutrition knowledge of middle school students in certain districts of Daegu, and the perceived importance of nutrition education and demand for nutrition education. As a result, it was found that although they recognize the need for nutrition education, because they have few opportunities to accumulate nutrition knowledge, there are few related programs, and dietary life education is included only in technology/home economics classes. The importance of constant nutrition education is not being properly realized by middle school students and it is hard for students to practice it. Therefore, It is necessary to develop nutrition education programs in which students can participate with interests, and nutritionists need to make continuous efforts as educators for nutrition education with a sense of responsibility. 본 연구는 대구 일부 지역 중학생의 식습관 및 영양지식을 통한 영양교육 요구도 연구의 일부분인 식습관 및 영양지식에 대해 조사를 하여 청소년들에게 적합한 영양교육의 필요성을 인식시키고자 하였다. 2014년 4월에 대구 일부 지역 남녀 중학생 180명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 조사대상자 전체 180명 중 남학생이 83명(46.1%), 여학생은 97명(53.9%), 1학년이 56명(31.1%), 2학년은 57명(31.7%), 3학년은 67명(37.2%)로 조사되었다. 최근 일 년간 영양교육을 받은 경험이 있는 학생이 17.5%, 없는 학생이 82.5%였다. 결식 횟수의 경우 남학생의 53.0%가 월 1회 결식을 하는 것으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 여학생의 32.3%가 주 1~3회 결식을 하는 것으로 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.001). 학년별로 1학년과 2학년이 각각 50.0%, 40.4%로 월 1회 결식하는 비율이 가장 높았으며, 3학년은 주 1~3회 결식하는 비율이 25.8%로 가장 높게 조사되었다(p<0.01). 스스로 자신의 식습관이 올바른가에 대한 질문에 남학생은 보통이다가 59.0%로 가장 높고, 여학생의 경우 그렇다가 44.3%로 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 짜고 매운 자극적인 음식 섭취에 대한 조사결과, 학년간, 성별간에 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 자극적인 음식 섭취를 하지 않는다고 응답한 학생이 30.5%로 조사되었으며, 69.4%의 학생들이 보통 이상으로 짜고 매운 자극적인 음식을 섭취하는 것으로 조사되었다. 과식·폭식을 거의 하지 않거나 전혀 하지 않는다고 응답한 학생들이 78.3%로 조사되었으며, 과식·폭식을 하는 이유로는 끼니를 걸렀을 때 36.6%, 식사량이 부족할 때(21.5%), 기분에 따라(17.2%), 학업 스트레스(12.9%) 등으로 나타났다. 과식·폭식을 하는 이유와 학년간에 유의적 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 식품을 구입할 때 영양표시를 확인 하는가의 문항에서 여학생은 영양표시 확인에 대해 보통이다 이상이 71.1%, 남학생은 48.2%로 남학생에 비해 여학생이 식품 구입 시 영양표시 학인을 하는 것으로 조사되었다(p<0.05). 영양지식 조사 결과, 15점 만점을 기준으로 전체 평균 점수는 11.19점으로 나타났다. 남녀간에 유의적 차이는 없었으나 남학생의 전체 평균 점수는 10.99점, 여학생은 11.36점으로 여학생의 영양지식 점수가 더 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 학년별로 살펴보았을 경우, 3학년이 11.63점, 2학년은 11.14점, 1학년은 10.71점 순으로 학년이 높을수록 영양지식의 전체 평균 점수가 높은 것으로 조사되었다(p<0.05). 영양교육 요구도 조사 결과, 영양교육이 필요하다고 생각하는 학생이 전체의 58.4%이며, 필요없다고 생각하는 학생이 41.6%였으며, 영양교육이 필요없다고 생각한 학생들 중에서 그 이유로는 영양교육을 받아도 실천에 옮기지 않기때문이라고 응답한 학생이 54.1%로 가장 높았으며, 가정에서 받는 영양교육으로 충분하다고 생각하거나(21.6%), 학교에서 충분히 영양교육을 하고 있다고 생각(12.2%)하는 것으로 조사되었다. 대부분의 학생들이 영양사(영양교사)가 영양교육에 적합한 교육 담당자(71.7%)라고 응답하였으며, 영양교육에 적절한 수업시간으로는 남학생은 교과목을 통한 수업시간에 대한 응답이 46.3%, 조리실습 19.5% 순으로 나타났으며, 여학생은 조리실습이 32.0%, 교과목 시간을 통한 수업 28.9% 순으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 영양교육 주제별 중요도․교육 요구도 차이분석 결과, 전체 평균 점수는 중요도 4.13점, 교육 요구도 3.91점으로 중요도에 비해 교육 요구도가 낮았으며(p<0.001), 16개 항목 모두 교육 요구도보다 중요도가 높았다(p<0.05). 식품 표시 정보 교육, 우리나라의 전통식문화, 세계의 식문화 3개 문항이 다른 문항에 비해 중요도가 다소 낮은 것으로 조사되었으며, 요구도의 경우 전체 평균이 4점 이하였으나 비만과 체중조절, 식품위생 및 보존, 식중독 예방, 질병과 식생활, 식단 작성과 균형 잡힌 식사, 올바른 식습관 6개 문항이 다른 문항에 비해 높았다. 본 연구에서는 대구 일부 지역 중학생의 식습관 및 생활습관과 영양지식의 수준, 영양교육의 중요도와 교육 요구도를 조사한 결과 영양교육의 필요성은 인식하고 있으나 관련 프로그램과 영양지식을 쌓을 기회가 적으며, 중학생들의 식생활 교육이 기술․가정 시간에만 미미하게 포함되어 지속적인 영양교육이 이루어지지 않고 있어 행동으로 옮기고 실천하는데는 어려움이 있다. 학생들이 흥미를 가지고 적극적으로 참여할 수 있는 영양교육 프로그램을 개발하고 영양(교)사는 교육담당자로서의 책임감을 가지고 영양교육의 주체자로 꾸준한 노력이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

대전한방병원 한방안이비인후피부과로 내원한 돌발성 난청 환자 특성 분석 : 2013년 1월부터 2021년 12월까지

최윤영 대전대학교 일반대학원 2022 국내석사

Purpose : This study is designed to analyze outpatients who visited for treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in ophthalmology & otolaryngology & dermatology clinic of Daejeon Korean Medical Hospital from January 1st, 2013 to December 31th, 2021. We tried to statistically analyze the patients according to year, age, gender, season, clinical symtoms. In particular, we tried to examine the indirect impact on prognosis by examining the relationship between the initial degree of hearing loss, number of visits and each factor. Based on the analysis results, we provide the in-depth understanding of the disease and the base data that can be used for follow-up studies Methods : We retrospectively analyzed outpatients who visited for treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in ophthalmology & otolaryngology & dermatology clinic of Daejeon Korean Medical Hospital from January 1st, 2013 to December 31th, 2021. according to year, season, gender, age, clinical symptoms, number of visits and initial degree of hearing loss. The statistical analysis performed using IBM SPSS 25.0 for Windows. Results : The results of analyzing the medical records of 194 patients who visited for treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss are as follows. 1. The total number of outpatients who visitied for sudden sensorineural hearing loss, of which 81(41.8%) were male and 113(58.2%) were female. And the average age of all patient was analyzed to be 48.0 years old. The most frequently visited age group was between the ages of 40 and 50, and a total of 107 middle-aged people, including 40s and 50s, accounting for 55.2% of the total outpatients 2. In the analysis of the number of outpatients according to the year, the number of patients increased gradually, especially in 2019 compared to 2018, which increased significantly to about 131%, resulting in a relatively large number of patients after 2019. 3. In the analysis of the number of outpatients according to the season, 52(26.8%) patients visited in spring, followed by summer, fall, and winter. 4. As a result of analyzing the clinical symptoms, Tinnitus was the most common symptom with 86.6%, followed by Ear fullness, Dizziness, Psychological symptoms, Autophony, Hyperacusis, Headache, Eye discomfort, Otalgia, Diplacusis, Paresthesia, Post neck pain. In particular, the top 7 symptoms showed more than 50 patients. The average number of associated symptoms is 4.06, and the most common number of associated symptoms was five. 5. As a result of examining the relationship between gender, age and the main symptoms, Hyperacusis and Headache were found to be more common in female, and it was analyzed that female was more likely to have more symptoms. And, there was no significant difference between age and the main symptoms. 6. In the analysis of the degree of initial hearing loss, the average degree of patients was 52.54㏈. Mild was the most common degree with 38.7%, and followed by Severe, Moderately-Severe, Moderate, Profound. 7. As a result of examining the relationship between gender, age and the degree of initial hearing loss, it was analyzed that the degree of initial hearing loss was greater in male than in female. And, it was analyzed that the degree of initial hearing loss was greater in the 60s and older than in the 30-49 year olds. 8. As a result of examining the relationship between main symptoms and the degree of initial hearing loss, the group with Dizziness or Tinnitus was analyzed to have a higher degree of initial hearing loss than the group without. Conclusion : By analyzing the outpatients who visited for treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in Daejeon Oriental Medicine Hospital during nine years from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2021, we drew various meaningful results. First, The number of patients with sudden hearing loss showed a gradual increase, and the proportion of female patients was higher, and the age group that visited the hospital the most was middle-aged, including those in their 40s and 50s. Second, A total of 13 different clinical symptoms were reported, and the average number of these symptoms was 4.06. Among the symptoms, Hyperacusis and Headache were more common in female, and also women complained of more symptoms than men. But, the average of initial hearing loss was higher in males. And the loss was relatively higher in 60s or older than in the younger age group. In addition, it was analyzed that the degree of initial hearing loss was higher when accompanied by Tinnitus or Dizziness among the main symptoms. As a result, it was possible to understand the indirect prognosis of each symptom through the association between the degree of initial hearing loss and the visit pattern, and the clinical symptoms that can be relatively neglected in sudden hearing loss. If treatment and management methods that reflect these symptoms are developed, it is thought that it will greatly helpful to improve the quality of life of patients with sudden hearing loss.

더덕 순의 성분분석 및 항염증 기능성분 분리

이채원 전북대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내석사

Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv (CLT) is a wild perennial herb in the mountains of Asia. This plant has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat many diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and colitis. There have been a variety of CLT research, including phytochemical, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, etc. However, studies on the component and efficacy of Codonopsis Lanceolata Trautv. Buds (CLTB) have not yet been revealed. The purpose of this study was to investigate components, efficacy, and also to evaluate the biological active compounds from CLTB by that using activity targeting isolation proceeding. And this study also aimed to investigate the protective effects and molec ular mechanisms of Codonopsis lanceolata buds-derived chrysoeriol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells. Chrysoeriol dose-dependently inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines and blocked the expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cytlooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Chrysoeriol also stimulated activities of antioxidant enzyme and decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Furthermore, pretreatment of chrysoeriol prevented the increase of Bcl-2 associated x/B-cell lymphoma2 (Bax/Bcl-2) ratio and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss. Chrysoeriol also inhibited cleave of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Take together, Codonopsis lanceolata buds and its key compound, chrysoeriol play important role in development of anti-inflammatory activity. 더덕은 아시아 산지에 서식하는 야생 다년생 식물이다. 예로부터 그 효능이 천식, 가래, 기침 및 항염증 및 피로회복에 효과가 있고, 당뇨병, 비만, 대장염 등 다양한 방면에서 치료제로 사용된 바 있다. 더덕유래 화합물의 항산화, 항염증, 항당뇨 등의 연구가 보고되고 있으나 더덕의 새순인 더덕순에 관한 연구는 아직 미미하다. 본 연구의 목적은 활성표적분리법을 이용하여 더덕순의 다양한 성분과 효능을 알아보고 생리활성물질을 규명하는데 있다. 더덕순의 에틸 아세테이트 분획물로부터 칼럼 크로마토그래피를 사용하여 lutein (1), apigenin (2), chrysoeriol (3) 의 3종의 플라보노이드를 분리했다. 분리된 화합물의 구조는 분광학적 방법 (1H NMR 및 13C NMR) 문헌고찰과 비교하여 확인하였다. 클로로필, 카로티노이드(루테인, 알파카로틴, 베타카로틴), 비타민 C, 비타민 B1,2,3 그리고 플라보노이드 MS 분석으로 더덕순의 성분분석을 수행했다. 그 다음 DPPH, ABTS 자유 라디칼 소거능 분석, TPC, TFC 항산화 활성, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase 저해 활성, 항염증 활성을 알아보기 위한 NO 저해 활성을 수행하여 염증 억제 매커니즘을 확인하였다. 또한 RAW 264.7 세포에서 지질다당류(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)로 유발된 염증 및 세포사멸에 대한 더덕 새싹 유래 크리소에리올(chrysoeriol)의 보호 효과 및 분자적 기전을 알아보았다. Chrysoeriol은 용량 의존적으로 산화질소(NO), 프로스타글란딘 E2(PGE2) 및 전염증성 사이토카인의 생성을 억제하고 핵 인자를 억제하여 유도성 산화질소(iNOS) 및 사이토옥시게나아제-2(COX-2)의 발현을 차단하였다. 이 화합물은 또한 항산화 효소의 활동을 자극하고 세포 내 반응성 산소종(ROS) 생성을 감소시켰다. Chrysoeriol의 전처리는 Bcl-2 관련 x/B 세포 림프종2 (Bax/Bcl-2) 비율 및 미토콘드리아 막 전위(MMP) 손실의 증가를 방지했으며, caspase-9와 caspase-3의 절단을 억제했다. 종합하면, 이 결과는 더덕순 유래 Chrysoeriol의 잠재적인 분자 메커니즘이 LPS로 유도된 세포 손상에서 NF-κB 및 Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 신호 전달 경로와 관련이 있음을 시사한다. 따라서 더덕순은 그 성분과 효능이 항염증 효능을 가지고 있어 추후 더 많은 관련연구가 필요하다.

BACE1과 콜린에스테라아제에 대한 상백피와 분리한 화합물의 억제효과

국은비 전북대학교 일반대학원 2016 국내석사

알츠하이머는 신경퇴행성질환 중 하나이며, 치매의 가장 흔한 형태로 60~70%의 치매 환자가 알츠하이머이다. 2010년에 전세계적으로 21~35백만 명의 사람이 알츠하이머를 앓았다고 보고되었고, 2050년에는 85명중 1명꼴로 발병될 것으로 예측되고 있다. 따라서 이를 예방하거나 치료하기 위한 약의 개발은 매우 중요한 과제이다. β-amyloid (Aβ)의 응집과 축적에 의해 생기는 노인성반점과 콜린에스테라아제에 의한 신경전달물질인 아세틸콜린의 분해는 알츠하이머의 가장 대표적인 표지이다. 뽕나무의 뿌리 껍질은 주로 상백피라고 불리며, 상백피는 수 천년 동안 중국에서 전통약재로 사용되어온 약초이고, 이것의 간 보호효과, 신장 보호효과, 이뇨작용, 항 알러지, 항 당뇨와 같은 여러 생리학적 활성들이 보고 되었다. 하지만 항 알츠하이머 효과에 대한 연구는 부족하다. 따라서 이번 연구에서 상백피는 항 알츠하이머 효과 밝혀내기 위해 선택되었다. 상백피의 파이토케미컬 특성을 측정하기 위해 total flavonoid contents (TFC)와 total phenolic contents (TPC) assay를 실행하였고, 항 산화 효과 측정을 위해 peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)와 2, 2´-azinobis (3-ethlbenzthi azoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) 라디칼 소거활성을 측정하였다. 뿐만 아니라 항 알츠하이머 활성을 평가하기 위해서 acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)와 β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) 저해 활성을 측정하였다. 먼저 뽕나무의 뿌리, 잎, 가지, 열매의 메탄올 추출물을 통해 AChE, BChE와 BACE1 assay를 실시하였는데, 상백피의 메탄올 추출물의 활성이 가장 높게 나타났다. 따라서 상백피의 메탄올 추출물을 methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), 그리고 n-buthanol (n-BuOH)로 분획하여 CH2Cl2 (11.17 g), EtOAc (17.13 g), n-BuOH (24.11 g), 그리고 H2O 잔여물 (35.69 g)을 얻었다. 각 분획물은 다시 AChE, BChE와 BACE1 assay를 통하여 평가되었고, 그 결과 EtOAc층의 활성이 가장 높게 나타났다. EtOAc 층의 분획물의 다양하고 반복적인 칼럼 크로마토그래피는 두 개의 탄닌과 하나의 prenylated flavonoid 얻었고, 1H NMR, 13C NMR과 2D NMR의 분광학적인 분석을 통하여 mulberrofuran G (1), albanol B (2) 와 Kuwanon G (3) 로 동정되었다. 이 화합물의 항 알츠하이머 효과는 AChE, BChE와 BACE1 assay를 통해 측정되었다. 화합물 1와 2는 강한AChE와 BChE 저해활성을 보였으며, 화합물1-3은 양성 대조군과 비교했을 때 유의적인 BACE1 저해활성을 나타냈다. 또한, enzyme kinetic 연구를 통해서 AChE와 BChE에 대하여 화합물 2와3은 비경쟁적 억제를 보였고, 화합물1은 혼합형억제를 나타낸 것을 밝혔다. 게다가, 화합물1-3은 BACE1 에 대하여 혼합형억제를 나타냈다. 결과적으로 상백피와 이것의 구성성분의 높은 항 알츠하이머 효과가 입증되었다. 따라서 상백피와 화합물1-3은 알츠하이머의 예방과 치료를 위한 합리적인 치료제의 발전에 유용하게 사용 될 것으로 전망된다.

야교등 추출물의 사람 비만세포주(HMC-1)에서 항알레르기 효과

안상현 대전대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

ABSTRACT Anti-allergic Effect of Polygoni Multiflori Caulis Extract in Human Mast Cell Line(HMC-1) Sang-Hyun Ahn Dept. of Korean Medicine Graduate School, Daejeon University (Supervised by Prof. Hyun-A Jeong, K.M.D., Ph.D) Purpose : The aim of this study was to demonstrate the anti-allergic effects of Polygoni Multiflori Caulis Extract(PMC-E) in human mast cells(HMC-1). Method : To investigate cytotoxicity of PMC-E, we analyzed HMC-1 cell viability with CCK8 assay depending on PMC-E concentration. and we measured ROS, Histamine, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and COX-2, which are known allergenic factors to find out the anti-allergic effects of PMC-E. In the experiment, The effectiveness of PMC-E(50㎍/㎖, 100㎍/㎖) was compared with Dexamethasone(5μM), a positive control. and HMC-1 was first pretreated with PMC-E and then stimulated with PMA/A23187. DFC-DA was used for ROS measurement and the secretion amount was evaluated by MFI(mean fluorescence intensity). ELISA assay was used to determine whether PMC-E reduces Histamine, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and COX-2. and qPCR was also used to confirm whether expression of Pro-inflammation cytokines(IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, COX-2) mRNA in HMC-1 was reduced. Lastly, to investigate the allergy suppression mechanism of PMC-E, MAPK phosphorylation and NF-kB(p65) activity were measured through Western Blot. Result : 1. PMC-E showed an inhibitory effect on Histamine and ROS release in PMA/A23187 stimulated human mast cell (HMC-1). 2. PMC-E inhibited HMC-1 secretion of Pro-inflammation cytokines(IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and enzyme(COX-2). 3. The inhibitory effect of allergy was similar to Dexamethasone(5μM) at a concentration of PMC-E(100㎍/㎖). 4. PMC-E suppressed the phosphorylation of ERKs and JNKs in MAPK cascade and the activation of NF-κB in DNA transcription. Conclusion : Through this experiment, we were able to confirm the anti-allergy effect of PMC-E on human mast cells and the possibility of using it for various allergic diseases. Key words: Korean Medicine Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatology Department; Polygoni Multiflori Caulis; Anti-allergic Effect; Allergic Disease; inflammatory cytokine; Human Mast Cell; Histamine; TNF-α; ROS; IL-1β; IL-6; IL-8; COX-2; MAPK; NF-kB; PMC-E.