절제술받은 여성유방암 생존자의 부부적응 과정에 대한 해석학적 근거이론 접근

양정훈 조선대학교 2016 국내박사

국문초록 절제술 받은 여성유방암 생존자의 부부적응 과정에 대한 해석학적 근거이론 접근 성명 : 양정훈 지도교수 : 김진숙 조선대학교 대학원 사회복지학과 유방암은 조기에 발견할 경우 치료가 비교적 잘 되어 5년 생존율이 91.3%이고, 10년 생존율은 84.9%를 나타내고 있다. 특히 우리나라에서의 유방암의 경우, 50대에 높은 발병률을 보이는 서구 지역과는 달리 40대의 발병률이 높아 상대적으로 50세 이하 젊은 층의 유방암 환자가 많다는 사실은 그만큼 오랜 기간 동안 유방암 생존자로서 살아가야 한다는 것을 의미한다. 그리고 유방암은 다른 암과는 달리 환자의 대부분이 여성이고 보호자가 남성이기 때문에 가정에서의 역할이 달라진다. 이러한 역할의 변화는 유방암 생존자의 가장 주요한 지지원이라 할 수 있는 배우자와의 부부관계에도 영향을 미침으로써 안정적인 부부관계 유지에 위기를 경험하게 된다. 암환자에게 있어 안정적인 부부적응은 정서적 안녕뿐만 아니라 생존율에 까지 영향을 미치기 때문이다. 그러나 기존 연구들은 대부분 유방암 환자의 성생활 만족에 대한 실태를 파악하는 수준에 머물러 있다. 따라서 여성유방암 생존자들은 배우자와의 부부적응 과정에서 어떠한 심리적 갈등을 경험하고 있고 가족 구성원 간의 상호작용이 이러한 갈등에 어떠한 영향을 미치며 이를 통해 배우자와 어떻게 적응해 가는지에 대해 주목해 볼 필요가 있다. 그러므로 유방암 생존자의 목소리를 배제하지 않으면서 그들의 부부적응 과정에 대한 심도 있는 탐색이 필요하다. 이것을 탐색하는 방법으로 연구 참여자 체험에 대한 총체적 이해를 목적으로 하는 질적 연구 방법이 유방암 생존자의 부부적응 과정의 심층적인 의미를 이해하는데 유용한 연구방법이라고 생각한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 질적 연구의 해석적 풍부함을 살리면서 연구자의 시적‧문학적·언어적 기술과 풍부한 창의성이 해석과정에 활용될 수 있으며 해석의 신뢰성과 적절성을 확보할 수 있는 Rennie의 해석학적 근거이론 방법을 활용하였다. 본 연구에서는 연구참여자의 선정기준을 40세 이상의 여성으로서 결혼한 자, 유방암 진단 후 유방을 일부나 전부 절제한자, 항암화학요법이나 방사선 치료를 3회 이상 받은자, 배우자나 동거자와 한집에서 거주하며 생활하고 있는 자, 결혼생활 기간을 6개월 이상 계속하고 있는 자로 하였다. 선정은 의도적 표본추출의 원칙에 따라 선정했으며 총 9명이 연구에 참여하였다. 자료수집은 2015년 2월 1일부터 2016년 5월까지 이루어 졌으며 심층면담은 연구참여자 당 최소 2-3회 이루어 졌다. 자료 분석은 심층면담을 통해 수집된 자료에 축어록과 면담 현장노트 등이 포함되었다. 자료 분석은 유방절제술 받은 여성 유방암 생존자들이 어떠한 사회문화적 맥락과 심리적 기재 속에서 배우자와의 성생활 등 부부적응 과정에서 어떤 경험이 이루어지는지를 탐색하는데 초점을 두었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 부부적응은 유방암 생존자를 둘러싼 환경적 변수를 다각적인 관점에서 살펴보려고 자신이 처한 생활과 환경에 자신을 맞추는 것을 뜻하는 Adjustment가 아닌 자신의 욕구를 충족시키기 위해 주어진 환경을 변화시키는 Adaptation으로 접근하였다. 본 연구결과 유방암 생존자가 부부적응 과정에서 경험하는 범주는 크게 ‘육체적으로 소진된 고달픈 생활’, ‘나보다 가족위주의 삶’, ‘위기가 기회가 된 부부관계’, ‘유방암이 반갑지 않은 부부’, ‘여성성의 상실로 위축된 부부관계’, ‘칠흑 같은 어둠 속의 부부관계’, ‘생존을 위한 몸부림’, ‘마음을 잘 여미고 이겨냄’, ‘치유 그 후의 부부관계 회복’, ‘삶의 고통과 죽음의 강을 건너온 부부’ 의 10개의 상위범주와 하위범주 24개, 의미단위 125개로 구성되었다. 첫째, 10개의 상위범주를 아우르면서 함축적으로 포화할 수 있는 상징적인 핵심범주는 ‘고통의 불꽃으로 단련되는 인생’으로 도출하였다. 둘째, 본 연구의 과정 분석을 통해 유방암 생존자들의 부부적응 과정의 맥락에 따라 범주, 범주의 속성이 변화되는 과정을 1. 가정이 송두리째 무너지는 단계(하늘이 무너지는 절망감), 2. 배우자와 고통을 함께하는 단계(위기가 기회가 된 부부), 유방암이 반갑지 않은 부부(부부갈등 증폭), 3. 부부관계 위축의 단계(관심 밖으로 밀려난 성생활), 4. 부부관계 회복의 단계(의사소통증가), 갈등 지속단계(긍정적 상호작용 부족), 5. 안정된 부부적응의 단계(시련후의 성장), 미완의 부부적응 단계(친밀감 낮음)로 분류하였다. 셋째, 본 연구에서 부부적응 유형분석을 시도한 결과, 냉담형, 갈등형, 현실적응형, 친밀형 등 4개의 부부적응 유형이 나타났다. 냉담형은 유방암 수술하기 전에도 부부관계가 안 좋았고, 수술 후에도 부부관계가 안 좋은 패턴이고, 갈등형은 수술하기 전에는 부부관계가 좋았지만 수술 후 관계가 나빠진 패턴이고, 현실적응형은 수술하기 전에는 부부관계가 안 좋았으나 수술 후 좋아진 패턴이고, 친밀형은 유방암 이전에도 부부관계가 좋았고, 수술 이후에도 관계가 좋은 패턴이다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 다음과 같이 제언한다. 첫째, 본 연구는 절제술 받은 여성유방암 생존자를 대상으로 하였다. 유방암 생존자의 부부적응 과정은 생존자뿐만 아니라 생존자의 배우자인 남편도 같이 참여하여야 하나 본 연구에서는 남편은 함께하지 못하였고. 둘째, 부부적응 과정은 시간적 흐름에 따른 연속적 개념이므로 유방암 발병 전 부부적응의 유형에 따라 유방암 발생 후의 부부적응의 양상이 달라질 수 있다. 셋째, 본 연구에서는 결혼한 여성으로서 배우자와 동거하고 있는 유방암 생존자를 대상으로 유방암 절제수술과 항암화학요법 방사선 치료를 받은 참여자를 연구 대상으로 한정하였다. 그러므로 향후 연구에서는 결혼하지 않은 미혼여성이나 유방암이 재발한 유방암 생존자들이 경험한 사례들을 추가 보충어야 할 것이다. 넷째, 이 연구는 Rennie가 제안한 해석학적 근거이론의 방법을 적용하여 절제술 받은 여성유방암 생존자의 부부적응 경험 과정을 탐색하였다. 이 연구방법은 Strauss 와 Corbin의 방법처럼, 구조화된 절차를 가지고 있지 않다. 그런 점에서 연구자가 해석하는 과정에서 새로운 것을 생각해 내는 창의성과 넉넉하고 풍부함을 담보할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 그러나 그것은 해석의 타당성과 정확성 신뢰성을 중시하는 사회과학 방법의 규율이 매우 엄격하고 철저한 성질인 엄격성 측면에서는 취약점으로 작용할 수 있다. 결국 이것은 해석학적 근거이론 방법이 연구의 엄격성과 관련된 좀 더 자세하고 빈틈없이 꼼꼼한 보완이 필요하다는 것을 의미한다, 따라서 후속연구에서는 이 부분에 대한 심도 있는 탐색이 진행되어야 할 것이다. 주제어 : 유방암 생존자, 부부적응 과정, 부부적응 유형, 해석학적 근거이론. ABSTRACT A study on the Couple Adaptation process of Female Breast Cancer Survivors after a Mastectomy Based on the Hermeneutic Grounded Theory. Author : Yang Jeong-Hun Advisor : Prof. Kim, Jin-Sook Ph. D Department of Social Welfare Graduate School of Chosun University In cases when breast cancer is discovered at an early stage, treatment is effective. In those cases, the 5-year survival rate is 91.3% and the 10-year survival rate is 84.9%. In particular, as the risk of breast cancer in Korean women is highest in their forties unlike western countries where the risk is highest in the fifties, the fact that there are many patients who are under 50 years of age means that patients have to live as survivors of breast cancers for a longer time and deal with it at an earlier stage in life. Unlike other cancers, as most breast cancer patients are women and they are protected by men, the roles at home may change. Such changes in roles has an influence on marital relations and the spouse can be the most important supporter for cancer survivors. The couple is faced with a crisis in maintaining a stable marital relationship. Stable marital relations for cancer patients has an influence on the survival rate as well as the emotional wellbeing. However, existing studies have focused on the identification of satisfaction in sexual life in breast cancer patients. Therefore, this study suggested that focus is needed on what psychological conflicts female breast cancer survivors have in their adaptation process, what effects interaction between family members have on such conflicts and how the people involved adjust to each other. The adjustment process should be intensively examined with the voices of cancer survivors considered. Also, this study suggested that qualitative research aiming at understanding the research participants' experiences would be useful to understanding the deep meaning of the adjustment process in breast cancer survivors. Therefore, this study used Rennie's Hermeneutic Grounded Theory Methodological Approach which uses poetic, literary and linguistic techniques and the abundant creativity of researchers in the process of interpretation and to secure the reliability and appropriateness of the interpretation. The standards to select subjects for this study were: female patients aged over 40, who were married, where part of or the entire breast was removed surgically after breast cancer was diagnosed, who received anticancer chemotherapy or radiation treatment more than three times, who lived with a spouse or companion in the same house, and who have been together for more than six months. They were selected according to the intentional sampling principle and a total of 9 subjects participated in the study. The data was collected from February 2015 to May 2016, and in depth interviews were made for each subject at least 2 or 3 times. For the data analysis, the data collected from in depth interviews, counselling analects and interview notes were included. The data analysis focused on a survey of in what social and cultural context and what psychological mechanisms the survivors who had a mastectomy used and what experiences they had in their adaptation processes such as in their sexual life. Therefore, this study approached adaptation focussing on which changes in the environment were given to satisfy their needs rather than adjustment which means they adjust to their living and environment in order to examine environmental variables which surround the cancer survivors. As a result of this study, cancer survivors' experiences in the adaptation process were categorized into 10 superior categories, 24 sub-categories and 125 meaning units: ‘physically exhaustive fatiguing life’, ‘family-controlled life’, ‘marital relations where a crisis is an opportunity’, ‘couples who did not welcome breast cancer', ‘marital relations which were reduced because of lost femininity’, ‘marital relations in darkness’, ‘a struggle for survival’, ‘overcoming with a calm mind’, ‘treatment and then recovery of marital relations’, and ‘couples who passed rivers of suffering and death.’ First, a symbolic and central category which covers 10 superior categories and can be connotatively saturated was ‘life which is trained with flames of suffering.’ Second, through the process of analysis, this study classified categories and the process where the properties of categories were changed according to the context of the adjustment process of the survivors: 1. The stage where families were wholly collapsed (despair that the universe collapsed), 2. The stage where survivors shared their suffering with their spouses(couples who change crisis into opportunity), and did not welcome breast cancer(increased marital conflict), 3. The stage of reduced marital relations(sexual life out of focus), 4. The stage of marital relations recovery(increased communication), and the stage of consistent conflict(a lack of positive interaction), 5. The stage of stable marital adaptation(growth after trials) and the stage of incomplete adaptation (low affinity). Third, as a result of attempting an adaptation type analysis, it was discovered that there were four adaptation types: indifference, conflict, reality adaptation and affinity. For the indifference type, marital relations were bad both before and after surgery. In the conflict type, marital relations were good before surgery, but they became worse after surgery. In the reality adaptation type, marital relations were bad before surgery, but became better after surgery. In the affinity type, marital relations were good both before and after surgery. Based on the results above, this study presents the following suggestions: First, this study targeted survivors who had a mastectomy. Although both the survivor and the spouse should participate in the adaptation process for breast cancer survivors, husbands did not participate in this study. Second, as the adaptation process is a continuing concept following the flow of time, aspects of adaptation may be different according to adaptation types before the discovery of breast cancer. Third, this study was limited to those who were married, lived with spouses, survived breast cancer and had a mastectomy and anti-cancer chemotherapy or radiation treatment. Therefore, for further studies, cases of survivors who are single or whose cancer reoccurred should be added. Fourth, this study examined the adaptation process in marital relations of survivors who had a mastectomy using a Hermeneutic Grounded Theory Methodological Approach. This study did not have an organized procedure like the Strauss and Corbin approaches, but it had an advantage of securing creativity and abundance to allow new ideas in the interpretation process. However, in terms of systematic social science methodology which considers validity, exactness and reliability as important, it may be a weak point. Finally, this means that a Hermeneutic Grounded Theory Methodological Approach should be carefully and in detail complemented for strictness, and it is expected that further studies will deal with this more intensively. Key words: breast cancer survivors, couplel adaptation process, couple adaptation types, a Hermeneutic Grounded Theory

마음챙김 명상에 기반한 인지치료 프로그램이 대학생의 마음챙김과 분노표현에 미치는 효과

김은현 경북대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Mindfulness and Anger expression of university students. The hypotheses of this study were as follows: 1-1. The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy will improve Mindfulness of university students. 1-2. The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy will improve some sub-factors (present awareness, concentration, non-judgemental acceptance, de-centered attention) of Mindfulness of university students. 2-1. The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy will reduce or improve Anger expression of university students. 2-2. The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy will reduce some sub-factors (state-anger, trait-anger, anger-in, anger-out) of Anger expression of university students. 2-3. The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy will improve a sub-factor (anger-control) of Anger expression of university students. The subjects of this study were 16 students who were from K university in D city. The 16 students who volunteered to participate in the program were assigned to a control group and an experimental group, 8 in each. This program for enhancing mindfulness and effects of anger expression was carried out only in the experimental group twice a week, made up of 10 sessions of 120 minutes per session. However, the control group was not given special treatment or education. The effect of the Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy was measured by using ‘Mindfulness Scale’and ‘State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory - Korean Version Ⅳ’. Those scales were performed on the pre-test, the post-test and the follow-up test. This study used Split-Plot Factorial Design and all of the data was analyzed by SPSS for Windows 18.0. The statistically significant level for hypothetical verification was set at. 05. The results of this study were as follows: 1-1. The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy improved Mindfulness of university students. 1-2. The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy improved some sub-factors(present awareness, concentration, non-judgemental acceptance, de-centered attention) of Mindfulness of university students. 2-1. The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy reduced or improved Anger expression of university students. 2-2. The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy reduced some sub-factors (state-anger, trait-anger, anger-in, anger-out) of Anger expression of university students. 2-3. The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy improved a sub-factor (anger-control) of Anger expression of university students. In conclusion, the Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy has positive effects on Mindfulness and Anger expression of university students. And the effects lasted for four weeks. Lastly, the meaning of this study and limitation, and idea for further study was discussed.

진로적응성 프로그램이 경력단절여성에게 미치는 효과

김현희 경북대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

The Purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the career adaptability program for career adaptability of the career-interrupted women. The subjects of this study were 20 women from D city who volunteered to take part in the program. They were assigned to a control group and an experimental group, 10 in each. This program for improving career adaptability was carried out only in the experimental group twice a week, made up of 10 sessions of 120 minutes per session. However, the control group was not given special treatment or education. The effect of the Career Adaptability Program was measured by using CFI-R(The Career Futures Inventory-Revised). This scale was performed on the pre-test, the post-test and the follow-up test. This study used Split-Plot Factorial Design and all of the data was analyzed by SPSS for Windows 21.0. The statistically significant level for hypothetical verification was set at. 05. The results of this study were as follow: 1-1. The Career Adaptability Program improved the career adaptability in the career interrupted women. 1-2. The Career Adaptability Program improved some sub-factors(career agency, occupational awareness, support, work–life balance) and reduced one sub-factor(negative career outlook) of career interrupted women. In conclusion, the Career Adaptability Program has positive effects on career adaptability of career interrupted women, And the effects lasted for four weeks. Furthermore, the meaning of this study, its limitation and the need for further study was also discussed.

보육시설 청소년의 자아존중감 향상을 위한 집단미술치료 사례연구

박민기 명지대학교 사회교육대학원 2007 국내석사

라이프스타일에 따른 헤어컬러 행동 및 만족도에 관한 연구

차진희 서울벤처대학원대학교 2019 국내석사

An appearance is of very importance in the beauty industry. It influences one’s first impression and image, and is closely related to social life. In particular, one’s hair style is critical to its appearance. By improving an appearance, it is possible to reach as closely as an ideal body image, alleviate stress, increase body satisfaction, provide psychological stability, and give confidence in social life. In the hair beauty area, hair coloring has been recognized as a part of fashion and has become popularized. It has been said that a change in one’s hair color influences its image. Previous studies related to life style in the beauty industry area mostly focused on the purchase behavior of cosmetic products, behavior of appearance management, and preference of hair style. Most studies relevant to hair colors were experimental research. Therefore, there is not much research on image, recognition, attitude, behavior, and satisfaction in terms of hair colors. Given that previous studies analyzed only the overall characteristics and actual state of study subjects, it is necessary to specify study subjects for analysis. This study tries to specify life style types of consumers in detail, find their hair color behavior and satisfaction, and analyze their needs. The subjects of this study were 288 women in their 20s and more living in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi-do who were dyeing their hairs. With them, their hair color behavior and satisfaction were analyzed according to their life style. Through the analysis, extracted were five types of life style: reasonable consumption type, beauty-oriented type, show-off type, sociality-oriented type, and trend-oriented type. Their recognition of hair colors according to life style was analyzed. As a result, the study subjects with trend-oriented type had high overall recognition difference; those with trend-oriented type and with sociality-oriented type had high positive recognition; those with beauty-oriented type and with show-off type had negative recognition. According to the analysis on their attitude toward hair colors, the study subjects with reasonable consumption type, with beauty-oriented type, and with show-off type obtained dyeing information through internet, and those with sociality-oriented type and trend-oriented type obtained the information from hair designers. Regarding a preference place for dyeing, most preferred a hair beauty shop (84.7%) and a large number of the study subjects with reasonable consumption type, compared to those with other types, preferred their home. Although there were no difference in what is prioritized for dyeing and the reason for dyeing, most answers were color (50%) and image improvement(45.8%). Even though there was no difference in favorite hair colors, there was a difference in brightness. Given the study result, the study subjects needed a brown color product that makes it possible to maintain the color of dyed hairs and cover white hairs without hair damage. With regard to their hair color behavior and satisfaction, those with trend-oriented type had more interpersonal orientation, synchronism, convenience, satisfaction and positive recognition of hair colors than those with other life style types. It indirectly proves that the more they had positive recognition of hair colors, the more they have more interpersonal orientation, synchronism, convenience, and satisfaction. Therefore, by developing a product and service that can meet customers’ needs, it is necessary to reduce consumers’ negative recognition of hair colors, raise their positive recognition of the necessity of hair coloring, and thereby to improve their hair color behavior and satisfaction. 뷰티산업에 있어서 외모는 굉장히 중요하다. 외모는 개인의 첫인상과 이미지 형성에 영향을 미치고, 사회생활과 밀접한 관계가 있다. 그 중 헤어스타일은 외모에 있어서 중요한 부분을 차지한다. 외모의 향상은 자신이 이상적으로 추구하는 신체상에 가깝게 도달하며, 스트레스를 해소시키고, 신체만족도 증가 및 심리적 안정을 주며, 사회생활에서의 자신감을 부여한다. 헤어미용에서의 헤어컬러 시술은 패션의 한 부분으로 인식되어 대중화되었으며, 헤어컬러의 변화가 이미지에 영향을 미치고 있다고 하였다. 그러나 뷰티산업분야에서 라이프스타일과 관련된 선행연구는 화장품 구매행동, 외모관리 행동, 헤어스타일 선호도와 관련 된 연구들이 대부분이고, 헤어컬러와 관련된 선행연구는 실험연구가 많아, 헤어컬러 이미지, 인식, 태도, 행동, 만족도에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 특히 조사대상자들의 전체적인 특성과 실태만을 분석한 연구들이 많기 때문에 조사대상자를 세분화하여 분석할 필요성이 있다. 소비자를 라이프스타일 유형으로 세분화하여 헤어컬러 행동과 만족도를 파악하고 소비자의 요구를 분석하고자 한다. 본 연구는 서울 인천·경기 지역의 20대 이상, 현재 헤어컬러 염색을 한 여성 288명을 대상으로 라이프스타일에 따른 헤어컬러 행동과 만족도를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 5개의 하위유형으로 라이프스타일을 추출하였으며. 이를 합리적소비형, 미용중시형, 과시욕구형, 사교중시형, 유행중시형으로 명명하였다. 라이프스타일에 따른 헤어컬러 인식을 분석한 결과, 전반적인 인식 차이는 유행중시형이 높았으며, 하위유형 중 긍정인식은 유행중시형과, 사교중시형이, 부정인식은 미용중시형과 과시욕구형이 높게 나타났다. 헤어컬러 태도를 분석한 결과, 염색정보는 합리적소비형, 미용중시형, 과시욕구형의 경우 인터넷을 통해서, 사교중시형, 유행중시형의 경우 헤어디자이너를 통해서 염색정보를 얻는 것으로 차이를 보였다. 염색선호 장소는 대체로 미용실(84.7%)이였으며, 합리적소비형의 경우 다른 라이프스타일 유형에 비해 자택을 선호하는 대상이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 염색 시 우선시 하는 것과 염색하는 이유는 차이가 보이지 않았지만, 대체로 컬러(50%)와 이미지향상(45.8%)으로 나타났다. 선호하는 헤어컬러의 색상차이 없지만 명도 차이는 나타났다. 본 연구결과로 미루어 볼 때 염색된 헤어컬러 유지가 잘 되며 모발손상이 없는 갈색 색상의 백모커버가 가능한 제품이 필요하다는 조사대상자들의 요구를 확인 할 수 있었다 헤어컬러 행동과 만족도 있어서는 대체로 유행중시형이 헤어컬러의 대인지향성, 동조성, 편리성, 만족도, 그리고 헤어컬러 긍정인식에도 다른 라이프스타일 유형의 전체 평균보다 높게 나타났다. 이는 헤어컬러 긍정인식이 높으면 헤어컬러의 대인지향성, 동조성, 편리성과 만족도에서 높게 나타날 수 있다는 것을 간접적으로 증명한 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 소비자의 요구를 충족시킬 수 있는 제품과 서비스를 개발하여 헤어컬러 부정인식을 줄이고, 헤어컬러가 필요하다는 긍정인식을 높여서 헤어컬러행동과 만족도를 높여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

아들러이론 기반 진로상담프로그램이 중학생의 진로자기효능감과 진로성숙도에 미치는 효과

정주미 경북대학교 교육대학원 2019 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the Career Counseling Program based on the Adler theory of career Self-efficiency and career maturity of Middle School Students. The hypotheses of this study are as follow; 1-1. The Career Counseling Program based on the Adler theory will improve career Self-efficiency of middle school students. 1-2. The Career Counseling Program based on the Adler theory will improve three sub-factor(career decision, career exploration, Problem Solving) of middle school students. 2-1. The Career Counseling Program based on the Adler theory will improve career maturity of middle school students. 2-2. The Career Counseling Program based on the Adler theory will improve three sub-factor(attitude, ability, behavior) of middle school students. The participants of this study were 20 students who are in 2nd grade of the middle school in D-district, D-metro city. They were all volunteered to take part in the program, and divided two groups: control and experimental, 10 in each. The experimental group carried out the career counseling program based on the Adler theory. Programs were performed 10 times, two times a day for 5 weeks, and each program took 45 minutes long. In this study, The career self-efficiency scale(Lee Sang-min et al., 2007) and career maturity scale(Lim Un et al., 2012) are used in a pre-test, a post-test, and a follow-up test. This study used Split-Plot Factorial Design and the collected data was analysed by SPSS for Windows 18.0. The statistically significant level for hypothetical verification was set at .05. The results of this study were as follow: 1-1. The Career Counseling Program based on the Adler theory improved career Self-efficiency of middle school students. 1-2. The Career Counseling Program based on the Adler theory improved three sub-factor(career decision, career exploration, Problem Solving) of middle school students. 2-1. The Career Counseling Program based on the Adler theory improved career maturity of middle school students. 2-2. The Career Counseling Program based on the Adler theory improved three sub-factor(attitude, ability, behavior) of middle school students. This study would be meaningful in that the results of the study is consistent with the hypotheses. In conclusion, the Career Counseling Program based on the Adler theory is recommended to be used on improving career Self-efficiency and career maturity of middle school students.

직장인의 대학원 복수학위취득 경험과 의미

금교혁 대구한의대학교 대학원 2019 국내박사

The this study aimed to find out the meaning and experience of employee’s in the process of graduate dual degree acquisition. To this end, 7 research participants were interviewed about their experience of acquiring dual degree and its meaning. The research methodology selected was the narrative to analyze the contents based on the data collected. First of all, the following are the experience of employee’s who have tried to acquire dual degree at their graduate schools. First, trial was initiated from their desire to get out of the academic complex and become socially recognized as someone in high social status. Second, the symbolism of dual degree was an opportunity to have confidence in learning. Third, it was autonomous study from their indeed desire without any force or interference, Fourth, they were addicted to study since they felt vacant or worried without study. Fifth, Study was developed to wisdom in terms of professionalism related to their works regardless of their ages. Sixth, they continued to study since they had motivation to keep developing their wisdom and experience. The meanings of such research participants' graduate dual degree acquisition are as follows. First, dual degree is to advance further from simple skill. It is necessary to develop further professionalism to prepare for the future and to study following recent changes and new trends. Second, the dual degree is the practice of learning and teaching. Start of learning is to recognize one's own shortage and have humble attitude for study. Teaching is an act to lead followers to reach the level of their teachers. By showing one's changes, the dual degree can make the meaning of catharsis for the desire of learning. Fourth, dual degree means fusion and communication. If one studies new field without sticking to only one's major, one's knowledge will be extended greatly through fusion and integration process. Fifth, dual degree is preparation for the second life. It is to realize life of old age wiser. From the results of the study, acquiring graduate dual degree seems to provide new opportunities and expansion in career or life in their workplace. 본 연구는 직장인이 대학원 복수학위취득 과정에서의 경험과 의미를 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 7명을 대상으로 복수학위취득 경험은 어떠하였으며, 어떠한 의미를 가지는지 심층면담을 하였다. 연구방법은 자료를 토대로 내용을 분석하는 내러티브 연구를 선택하였다. 먼저, 직장인의 대학원 복수학위취득 경험을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학력 콤플렉스를 벗어나 사회적으로 인정받고 싶은 욕구이다. 둘째, 복수학위가 가지는 상징성은 학습에 대한 자신감을 가질 수 있는 계기가 되었다. 셋째, 학습의 즐거움 알게 되어 누구의 간섭이나 강요에 의한 것이 아니라 마음에서 우러난 학습이었다. 넷째, 공부를 중단하면 허전하고 불안하므로 공부도 중독성이 있음을 경험하였다. 다섯째, 공부는 나이와 상관이 없으며 일과 함께 전문성에서 지혜로 발전되었다. 여섯째, 경륜과 지혜가 학습동력으로 작용하여 계속학습을 하였다. 이러한 연구참여자의 대학원 복수학위취득의 의미는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 복수학위는 숙련의 해체이다. 이는 미래를 대비하기 위한 전문성을 신장하고, 새로운 트랜드의 변화에 따른 공부를 해야 한다. 둘째, 복수학위는 상구(배움)와 하화(가르침)의 실천이다. 상구(배움)의 시작은 자신의 부족함을 알고 겸손하게 배우는 자세를 갖추는 것이며, 하화(가르침)는 높은 수준을 가진 선진이 후진에게 선진의 수준에 닿을 수 있도록 하는 작업을 말한다. 셋째, 자신의 변화된 모습을 보여줌으로써 복수학위는 배움의 욕구에 대한 카타르시스의 의미가 된다. 넷째, 복수학위는 융‧복합과 소통이다. 전공에 얽매이지 말고 새로운 공부를 하면, 학문이 복합과 융합의 현상으로 작용하여 지식의 폭이 넓어진다. 다섯째, 복수학위는 제2의 인생준비이다. 길어지는 노년의 삶을 지혜롭게 살아가기 위함이다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 직장인에게 대학원 복수학위취득이 직업이나 삶에 있어서 새로운 기회와 확장성을 제공하는 것으로 볼 수 있다.

아동기 외상과 초기 성인기 대인관계 문제 간의 관계에서 초기부적응도식과 감정표현불능의 매개효과

조소영 경북대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

본 연구는 아동기 외상과 초기 성인기 대인관계 문제 간의 관계에서 초기부적응도식과 감정표현불능이 매개효과를 가지는지 살펴보기 위해 구조방정식 모형을 사용하였다. 선행연구 고찰과 이론적 배경을 바탕으로 아동기 외상을 독립변인으로, 초기 성인기 대인관계 문제를 종속변인으로, 초기부적응도식과 감정표현불능을 매개변인으로 하는 연구모형을 설정하였다. 모델을 평가하기 위하여 초기 성인기 대학생 584명을 대상으로 CTQ-SF와 KIIP-SF, YSQ-SF, KAS 척도를 사용하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 자료를 분석하기 위해 SPSS 18.0과 AMOS 18.0을 사용하여 기술통계와 상관분석, 신뢰도 분석, 확인적 요인분석(CFA), 구조모형분석(SEM)을 실시하였다. 매개효과 분석을 위해서는 Bootstrapping 분석과 Sobel test를 실시하였다. 아동기 외상과 초기 성인기 대인관계 문제 간의 관계에서 아동기 외상은 직접적으로 대인관계 문제에 영향을 미치기보다는 초기부적응도식과 감정표현불능을 통하여 간접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 의의와 제한점, 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 논의하였다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of early maladaptive schemas and alexithymia in the relation between childhood trauma and early adulthood interpersonal problems using structural equational modeling. Based upon previous studies and related theories, the research model was proposed in which childhood trauma was posited as an independent variable, early maladaptive schemas and alexithymia as a mediator, and early adulthood interpersonal problems as a dependent variable. To examine the model, a survey was conducted the variables(CTQ-SF, KIIP-SF, YSQ-SF, KAS) to a sample of 584 early adults. In analyzing data, this study employed statistical terms and methods such as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, Cronbach′s alpha, confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) and the structural equation model(SEM), SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 program. In clarifying the significance of mediating effect, the Bootstrapping analysis was used. Results indicated significance of mediating effects, that early maladaptive schemas and alexithymia complete mediated between childhood trauma and early adulthood interpersonal problems. The implications and limitations of the findings were discussed in the conclusion.

아동·청소년의 심리적 안녕감 증진을 위한 집단상담 프로그램 효과 메타분석

김도연 경북대학교 2020 국내석사

본 연구에서는 2001년부터 2019년 9월까지 국내에서 발표된 학위논문 및 학술지 논문을 중심으로 아동・청소년의 심리적 안녕감 증진을 위한 집단상담 프로그램의 효과 연구에서 도출된 결과들을 메타분석 하였다. 이를 위하여 선정기준에 따라 집단상담 프로그램을 독립변인으로, 심리적 안녕감을 종속변인으로 한 실험연구 63편을 선정하여 효과크기 사례 수 63개를 산출하였으며, 개별 연구들의 이질성을 고려하여 무선효과모형을 선택하여 효과크기를 비교・분석하였다. 그 결과, 전체 평균효과크기는 1.160으로 Cohen(1988)이 제시한 효과크기 기준으로 볼 때 상당히 큰 효과크기로 나타났다. 프로그램 주제에 따른 평균효과크기를 비교한 결과 아동과 청소년 모두 긍정심리자아개념 및 자기성장, 사회성 순으로 나타나 긍정심리를 주제로 진행할 때 높은 효과를 보였다. 중재변인에 따른 평균 효과크기를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫 번째로 참여대상의 경우 아동보다 청소년의 효과가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 성별에 따른 평균 효과크기에서 청소년은 혼성으로 집단을 구성할 경우 효과가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 참여자 선정기준, 집단크기, 학급단위 운영여부, 회기 당 진행시간, 실시기간에 따른 평균효과크기는 아동과 청소년 모두 특정집단 일 때, 10명 이하 일 때, 비 학급단위일 때, 61분 이상일 때, 5~8주로 프로그램을 운영 했을 때 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 총 회기 수에 따른 평균효과크기는 아동의 경우는 8회기 일 때, 청소년은 9~12회기 일 때 효과가 가장 높았다. 주당 회기 수에 따른 평균효과크기는 아동의 경우 주 1회로 진행 할 때, 청소년은 주 3회 이상으로 진행할 때 높은 효과가 나타났다. 요구분석에 따른 평균효과크기는 아동의 경우 요구분석을 미실시 했을 때 높은 효과를 나타낸 반면, 청소년은 요구분석을 실시했을 때 높은 효과를 나타냈다. 경험보고서 작성 여부와 측정도구에 따른 평균효과크기는 아동과 청소년 모두 경험보고서를 작성 했을 경우와 국외개발 척도를 사용했을 경우에 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 종속변인에 따른 효과크기를 분석한 결과, 아동은 심리적 안녕감 만을 위한 프로그램보다 자아관련 변인을 함께 높이기 위한 프로그램을 실시했을 때 더 높은 심리적 안녕감 향상을 보였다. 청소년의 경우 심리적 안녕감 단일 일 경우 가장 높은 효과를 보였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 아동・청소년의 심리적 안녕감 증진을 위한 집단상담 프로그램 개발과 이후 연구를 위한 시사점을 제시하고 제언을 논의하였다. This study did conduct meta-analysis on results from dissertations and journals issued domestically from 2001 to September 2019, which are primarily as for the effect of the group counseling program for promoting psychological well-being of a child and a young adult. For doing this, depending on criteria to choose dissertations and journals, 63 journals who had the group counseling program as an independent variable and psychological well-being as an dependent variable were selected. 63 cases were drawn based on these chosen journals. After considering heterogeneity of individual studies, effect sizes of each study were compared and analyzed by using the random effect model. The result showed that the whole average effect size was 1.160, which is considerable big effect size when considering criteria on effect size suggested by Cohen(1988). The result from comparing the average effect size, depending on the subject of the group counseling program presented that there appeared positive psychological self-conception, self-growth, and sociality in order. That is, the psychological well-being of both a child and a young adult was significantly influenced when positive psychology was handled as a subject. The result from analyzing average effect size depending on a mediating variable is as follows. First, as for participants, it was found average effect size of young adults was higher than that of children. Second, in terms of the average effect size by gender, it was found that effect size was biggest in case the group consisted of mixed gender. Third, There was the biggest average effect size by 'criteria to choose participants,' 'the size of the group,' 'whether a class-based organization is conducted,' 'running time per section,' and 'the period of operating a group counseling program.' In other words, it was identified that average effect size was much more effective in case of a certain group, a group with less than 10 people, an organization which did not consisted by class, more than 61 minutes, and operating a 5 to 8 week program. Fourth, average effect size by a total of the number of the session was highest when 8 sessions were conducted for a child and 9 to 12 sessions were performed for an adolescent. Fifth, in regard to average effect size by sessions per week, it was found that average effect size was highest when a child once took part in a group counseling program per week and a young adult participated in a group counseling program more than 3 times a week. Sixth, Average effect size by need analysis was highest when need analysis was not conducted in children. On the contrary of this, when need analysis was conducted in adolescents, the highest average effect size emerged. Seventh, it was found that average effect size was a lot more effective when both children and adolescents wrote an experience report and an international measurement tool was used. The result from analyzing effect size by dependent variables showed that a child's psychological well-being was much more improved when a group counseling program including the program to heighten ego relevant to variables, rather a program focusing on psychological well-being was conducted. Meanwhile, the psychological well-being of an adolescent was highest when a group counseling program dealing with only psychological well-being was conducted. Based on these results, developing group counseling programs for psychological well-being of children and adolescents and implications of this study were suggested and proposals were discussed.

대학생의 사회부과적 완벽주의가 진로미결정에 미치는 영향 : 특성불안과 진로결정 자기효능감의 매개효과

이정아 경북대학교 대학원 2020 국내석사

This study investigated the mediating effects and the sequential mediating effects of trait anxiety and career decision-making self-efficacy on the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and career indecision of university students. Based upon previous studies and related theories, the research model was proposed, in which socially prescribed perfectionism was posited as an independent variable, trait anxiety and career decision-making self-efficacy as a mediator, career indecision as a dependent variable. To examine the model, a survey was conducted to a sample of 503 university students located in Seoul, Daegu and Busan, using measures of career indecision, socially prescribed perfectionism, trait anxiety, and career decision-making self-efficacy. For data analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, Factor Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) were verified using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0. In addition, indirect effect was verified by Bootstrapping analysis and using Phantom variable. The results of the study are as follows. First, socially prescribed perfectionism had significant correlations with trait anxiety, career decision-making self-efficacy and career indecision. Second, socially prescribed perfectionism had direct effects on career indecision. Third, trait anxiety had mediating effects on the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and career indecision. Fourth, socially prescribed perfectionism had no direct effects on career decision-making self-efficacy. Finally, results indicated significance of mediating effects, that trait anxiety and career decision-making self-efficacy mediated sequentially between socially prescribed perfectionism and career indecision. The implications and limitations of the findings were discussed in the conclusions.