한강 소설에서 트라우마의 발현 양상에 대한 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The characters in Han Kang's novels are traumatized by the events that happened in their daily lives. Their trauma manifests itself in various aspects. The manifestation of trauma reveals the concealed side of a person. In other words, through the manifestation of trauma, one can know the real inner facet of a person. Therefore, the research on the manifestation pattern of trauma has great significance. In consideration to this point, this study examined the manifestation of trauma towards the characters who suffer from trauma due to death, human relations, and frustration of reality in Han Kang's novel.
The trauma of the characters in Han Kang's novel originates from death. The protagonists suffered from guilt due to the death of their family. Those who felt guilty first punished themselves through self-suppression. Their families died in exceptional cases. However, the protagonists thought that they had given up their families because of their own mistake. As an atonement, they punished themselves by their true oppression. Because they do not know the inevitability of death, they cause the death of others by themselves.
The protagonists then made atonement through the projection of their sins. A life was killed by the actions of others. Death here is indirectly related to the protagonists. Unable to bear the pain of death alone, they tried to save themselves by projecting their sins onto others. As can be seen from the experiences of the protagonists, they fear death. The reason is that they cannot handle the pain of death alone.
The second trauma of Han Kang's novel was caused by human relationships. The protagonists here have been traumatized by various violence. Their trauma first appeared as a projection of the female image. Male protagonists were frustrated with their personal desires due to social violence. They forced the satisfaction of their desires by projecting frustrated personal desires onto women who matched their unconscious female image. With male coercion, women have lost their personal freedom. In this way, violence committed by society to individuals is projected onto women through male coercion, and the violence is circulated. Their experiences reveal the conflicts between society and individuals.
Next, trauma appeared as a modified sadism. The protagonists grew up as coldhearted and devoted people because they never properly suppressed their parental love when they were young. However, others hurt their pride or lost their power due to unintentional personality disorders. In this way, the violence committed by parents to the protagonists is inflicted on others in different forms and causes a cycle of violence. The cycle of violence induced by human relations reveals to Sarah that the pursuit of desire accompanies violence.
In the novels of the Han Kang, some people suffer from trauma due to the frustration of their reality. The manifestation pattern of their trauma first appeared in the form of an illusion. The protagonists felt hunger due to the loss of something. Those who could not find anything to satisfy their hunger in reality fell into a fantasy. However, this illusion is a pathological illusion. This is because they are pursuing an illusion from the beginning through fantasy. Their experiences show people that human suffering stems from the pursuit of vanity.
Trauma is also expressed as the character's refusal to welcome change. The protagonists of Han Kang's novels are afraid of changes in reality. Those who no longer want to experience change try to avoid it by pursuing utopian fantasies. However, the utopian fantasy has also changed exactly like the reality. Due to the destruction of the utopian space, they returned to reality and has to face change. Human life coexists with hope and despair. People can find a way out of frustration.
Death, human relations problems, and frustrations of the reality are common in people's daily lives. However, those who experienced these problems did not have the trauma like those in Han Kang's novel. For this reason, people may think that the manifestation pattern of this trauma is a characteristic that only the characters of Han Kang's novel possess. In fact, people feel the same way as the characters in the novel after experiencing a traumatic incident. However, people only suppress or ignore those feelings. Han Kang revealed the real inner facet of people after being shocked through the manifestation of the characters' trauma.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

韩江小说中的人物因为日常生活中发生的事情而产生了心理阴影。他们的心理阴影以多种不同的形式表现出来。心理阴影的表现形式揭露了人们最神秘的一面。即通过心理阴影的表现形式可以了解到人们最真实的内心世界。因此，对于心理阴影的表现形式的研究具有重大研究意义。基于此原因，本论文以韩江小说中因为死亡，人际关系，现实的挫折而产生心理阴影的人物为对象，对他们的心理阴影的表现形式进行了研究。
韩江小说中的人物的心理阴影是由死亡引起的。主人公们因为亲人的死亡而陷入产生负罪感。产生负罪感的他们首先通过自我压制来惩罚自己。主人公们的亲人是因为意外事故而死亡的。但是主人公们却将亲属的死亡归结于自己。他们认为是因为自己的失误造成了亲人的死亡。为了赎罪，他们通过压制自己的渴望来惩罚自己。主人公们因为和自己毫无关系的死亡而惩罚自己的理由是因为他们不知道人终将死亡的真理。
其次，主人公们通过罪的投射来表达自己的心理阴影。这里的死亡不是意外事故造成的，而是因为他人的某个行为而造成的。而主人公们间接地参与其中。无法独自承受死亡的痛苦的他们试图将罪投给他们从罪中解脱。他们的行动告诉我们比死亡更痛苦的是经历死亡后的生活。死亡打破了人们现有的安逸的生活，给人们带来了无法独自承受的孤独，自责和指责。
韩江小说中的第二个心理阴影是由人际关系引起的。这里的主人公们因为各种暴力而产生心理阴影。他们的心理阴影首先通过女性意向的投射而表现出来。男主人公们因为社会的暴力，个人欲望受挫。他们将受挫的个人欲望投射到与自己无意识里的女性意向相匹配的女性身上，强迫女性来满足自己受挫的个人欲望。由于男主人公们的强迫，女性们失去了个人自由。这样，社会向男主人公们施加的暴力通过男主人公的强迫转移到了女性身上，从而形成了暴力的循环。主人公们的经历体现了个人和社会间的矛盾。
其次，间接地虐待也是心理阴影的表现形式。主人公们在小时候从未享受过父母的爱。爱的缺失使她们成长为冷淡的人和自我牺牲的人。但是不是出于本意的冷淡态度和自我牺牲的性格给他人带来了伤害。他人因为主人公的性格缺陷丧失了个人权利和私人生活。父母施加给孩子的暴力以另一种形式重新转移给他人，从而形成了暴力的循环。从主人公的经历中可以看出，当欲望产生的瞬间，暴力也随之而来，简单来说，有欲望的地方必然存在着暴力。
在韩江的小说中也有人因为现实生活中的挫折而产生心理阴影。首现，他们的心理阴影通过虚像的追求体现出来。主人公们因为某种东西的丧失感到空虚。在现实世界中无法填满空虚的主人公试图通过幻想来填满自己的空虚。但是幻想的追求给他们带来了更大的烦恼。这是因为他们通过幻想追求的是虚像。简单来说他们从一开始追求的就是烦恼本身。所以他们的幻想是一种病态的幻想。世界上的所有存在最后都将归于无，追求不存在的东西只会给人们带来烦恼。
其次拒绝变化也是心理阴影的表现形式。韩江小说中的人物惧怕现实的变化。因为不想再次经历变化带来的挫折所以他们通过追求乌托邦来使自己远离现实的变化。但是乌托邦也和现实世界一样变化无常。因为乌托邦的破灭主人公重新回归现实，直面挫折。人们的生活是挫折和希望共存的。人们通过挫折可以找到应对困难的方法。
死亡，人际关系问题，现实的挫折在日常生活中随处可见。可是经历了这些的人们并没有像韩江小说中的人物那样患上心理阴影。因此，有人认为这些心理阴影的表现形式是韩江小说所特有的现象。事实上，很多人在经历冲击后会产生和小说里人物一样的情绪，只是人们将这种情绪压制或者无视了而已。韩江通过小说中人物的心理阴影的表现形式揭露了遭遇冲击后的人们的真实的内心世界。

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• 1. 연구의 목적 1
• 2. 연구사 검토 4
• 3. 연구의 방법 12
• Ⅱ. 죽음과 죄책감 19
• 1. 자기 처벌로서의 자아 억압 19
• 2. 죄의 투사로서의 이방인 되기 37
• Ⅲ. 관계의 상흔과 폭력의 순환 62
• 1. 여성상의 투사와 강요 62
• 2. 직접적인 가학과 변형된 가학 89
• Ⅳ. 현실의 좌절과 환상의 추구 106
• 1. 허상에 대한 집착과 병적인 환상 106
• 2. 변화에 대한 거부와 유토피아적 환상 121
• Ⅴ. 결론 131
• 참고문헌 136
• 中文摘要 142
• ABSTRACT 145