해수담수화 시설에서 생성된 농축수의 환경적 영향 = Environmental Impacts of Brine from the Seawater Desalination Plants

국문 초록 (Abstract)

다양한 수자원 확보 측면에서 해수담수화의 필요성이 증가하고 있으나 해수담수화 시설에서 배출되는 농축수에 대한 환경적 영향에 대한 고찰은 미흡하다. 본 연구에서는 국내 외 사례 조사를 통하여 고염분 농축수로 인한 환경적 영향 및 배출 규제를 고찰하였다. 국내에서는 독성평가 중심의 연구가 진행되었으며 식물플랑크톤, 동물플랑크톤 유생, 녹조구멍갈파래가 고염농축수에 영향을 받는 것으로 관측되었다. 또한 넙치 치사율이 염분 증가에 따라 선형관계를 보였으며 송사리는 60 psu 이상의 농도에서 100% 사망하였다. 국외에서는 독성평가뿐만 아니라 모니터링 사례도 있었으며 이들 사례를 저서생물군집, 연체동물, 극피동물, 어류, 해조 해초류로 분류하여 정리하였다. 전반적으로 농축수가 배출되는 인근지역에서는 종풍부도가 저하되었으며 고염분의 농축수가 해양생물에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 이동성이 강한 성어의 경우는 염분에 노출되면 회피하고 염분에 대한 내성을 가진 해양생물들은 고염분의 해수환경에도 생존하였다. 농축수에 대한 규제기준은 염분 한계와 배출구에서의 거리로 표현되는 준수지점으로 제시되고 있었다. 국가별, 해수담수화 시설별로 규제기준에 차이가 있었으며 최근의 경향은 규제기준을 강화하는 추세이다. 특히 california water boards에서는 일일 최대 염분농도가 배출구 주변 100 m 이내에서 주변 염분농도보다 2 psu를 초과하지 못하도록 규정개정을 실시하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The need for seawater desalination is increasing in terms of securing various water resources, but few studies are available as for the environmental impact of hypersaline concentrated water (brine) discharged from desalination plants. Domestic studies are concentrated mainly on toxicity evaluation that phytoplankton, zooplankton larvae and green algae (Ulva pertusa) are negatively affected by concentrated water. The mortality of Paralichthys olivaceus showed a linear relationship with increasing salinity, and Oryzias latipes died 100% at concentrations above 60 psu. Foreign studies included monitoring cases as well as toxicity evaluations. The number of species decreased around the area where the concentrated water discharged. The hypersaline concentrated water affects the pelagic and benthic organisms. However, the fishes escaped when exposed to salinity, and the pelagic and benthic organisms resistant to salinity survived the hypersaline environment. The salinity limit and distance from the outlet was presented as the regulatory standard for bine discharge. There were differences in regulatory standards among country and seawater desalination plants, and these regulatory standards have been strengthened recently. In particular, California Water Boards were revised to ensure that the maximum daily salinity concentration does not exceed 2 psu above the ambient salinity level within 100 m of the outlet.

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