유로존 위기 이후 유럽의 ‘새로운 경제 거버넌스’와 노동시장 구조개혁 = European ‘New Economic Governance’ and Labor Market Structural Reforms after the Eurozone Crisis

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 유로존 위기 이후 유럽연합의 ‘새로운 경제 거버넌스(이하 NEG)’를 분석하 고, 그것이 유럽의 노동시장 구조개혁에 미친 영향을 파악하고자 한다. NEG는 유럽의 통화동맹 체제의 구조적 결함과 거버넌스의 한계를 극복할 목적으로 신자유주의적 위기 관리의 목표하에 신속히 도입된 유럽 차원의 법률, 조약, 협정, 권고 등의 앙상블을 지칭 하는 것이다. NEG의 핵심에는 유럽의 경쟁력을 회복하기 위해서는 구조개혁, 특히 임 금억제와 노동시장 유연화를 통한 비용 및 가격 경쟁력의 제고가 필수불가결하다는 논 리가 깔려 있다. 이를 실현하기 위해 NEG 장치들은 재정정책을 넘어서 전반적인 거시 경제정책의 감독의 틀을 체계화하고 강화했으며, 임금교섭을 포함한 국민국가 수준의 노동시장 정책에 개입할 새로운 권한을 유럽연합에 부여했다. 이 글은 유로존 주변부에 대한 한시적 금융지원을 대가로 시행된 ‘트로이카’의 긴축 및 구조개혁 조치와 더불어, 상시적인 NEG 장치들의 작동을 통해 유로존 중심부 국가들에게도 가중된 노동시장 구 조개혁의 압력을 분석한다. 이를 통해 유로존 위기 이후 유럽의 경제통합에서 나타나는 통치성의 전환에 주목하고 그것이 유럽 노동운동의 곤경을 어떻게 심화시키고 있는지 살펴볼 것이다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 구춘권, "유로위기와 유럽연합의 위기전략 -위기의 기원에 대한 역사적 재구성과 대응에 대한 평가" 21세기정치학회 29 (29): 1-30, 2019

2 임운택, "유로위기와 유럽노조의 ‘사회적 유럽모델’의 위기 - 유럽노조전략의 한계와 교훈-" 한국산업노동학회 20 (20): 165-202, 2014

3 박상준, "유럽통화동맹의 탈정치화 전략에 대한 고찰" 한국유럽학회 32 (32): 169-199, 2014

4 박상현, "유럽통합의 모순과 재정위기의 정치경제" 비판사회학회 (97) : 155-191, 2013

5 정문식, "유럽연합의 경제위기 해결방법으로서 회원국 예산통제 - 식스팩과 재정협약을 통한 유럽연합 운영조약 제126조의 변화내용을 중심으로 -" 한양법학회 26 (26): 77-107, 2015

6 Baccaro, L, "유럽 노사관계의 신자유주의적 변형: 1970년대 이후의 궤적" 한울엠플러스 2020

7 Streeck, W, "시간 벌기: 민주적 자본주의의 유예된 위기" 돌베개 2015

8 Supiot, A, "숫자에 의한 협치: 콜레주 드 프랑스 강의(2012~2014)" 한울엠플러스 2019

9 Tooze, A, "붕괴: 금융위기 10년, 세계는 어떻게 바뀌었는가" 아카넷 2019

10 Offe, C, "덫에 걸린 유럽" 아마존의나비 2015

11 Carchedi, G, "다른 유럽을 향해서: 유럽 경제통합에 대한 계급적 분석" 한울엠플러스 2017

12 Aglietta, M, "뉴레프트리뷰 5" 길 2014

13 Blyth, M, "긴축: 그 위험한 생각의 역사" 부키 2016

14 Duménil, G, "거대한 분기" 나름북스 2016

15 Eurofound, "Working Life in Greece: Collective Bargaining"

16 Culpepper, P. D., "Why Don’t Governments Need Trade Unions Anymore? The Death of Social Pacts in Ireland and Italy" 12 (12): 723-745, 2014

17 Crespy, A., "What “Brussels” Means by Structural Reforms: Empty Signifier or Constructive Ambiguity?" 17 : 92-111, 2019

18 Thelen, K, "Varieties of Liberalization and the New Politics of Social Solidarity" Cambridge University Press 2014

19 Hall, P., "Varieties of Capitalism" Oxford University Press 2001

20 Hancké, B, "Unions, Central Banks, and EMU" Oxford University Press 2013

21 Bieler, A., "Trade Unions and European Integration" Routledge 51-68, 2019

22 Pernicka, S., "Trade Unions and European Integration" Routledge 72-93, 2019

23 Seikel, D, "Trade Unions and European Integration" Routledge 183-200, 2019

24 Jordan, J., "Towards a Socialization of the EU’s New Economic Governance Regime? EU Labour Policy Interventions in Germany, Ireland, Italy and Romania(2009~2019)" 59 (59): 191-213, 2021

25 Bauer, M. W., "The Unexpected Winner of the Crisis: the European Commission’s Strengthened Role in Economic Governance" 36 (36): 213-229, 2014

26 European Commission, "The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece" European Economy 2012

27 Bruff, I, "The Rise of Authoritarian Neoliberalism" 26 (26): 113-129, 2014

28 Scholz-Alvarado, C, "The Politics of Labour that Underlies European Monetary Integration" 2021

29 Degryse, C, "The New European Economic Governance" ETUI 2012

30 Wigger, A, "The New EU Industrial Policy: Authoritarian Neoliberal Structural Adjustment and the Case for Alternatives" 16 (16): 353-369, 2019

31 Müller, T, "The King is Dead - Long Live the King: What Follows after the Troika?" ETUI 2015

32 Schmidt, V. A, "The Future of Euro" Oxford University Press 90-114, 2015

33 European Commission, "The Financial Sector Adjustment Programme for Spain" European Economy 2012

34 Barnard, C, "The Financial Crisis and the Euro Plus Pact: A Labour Lawyer’s Perspective" 41 (41): 98-114, 2012

35 Iverson, T., "The Eurozone and Political Economic Institutions" 19 : 163-185, 2016

36 Müller, T., "The European Trade Union Federations within the European Polity: ETUFs and International Trade Union Activity" 26 (26): 289-305, 2020

37 Syrovatka, F, "The Emergence of a New European Labour Policy Regime: Continuity and Change since the Euro Crisis" 2021

38 Crespy, A, "The EU’s Socioeconomic Governance 10 Years after the Crisis: Muddling through and the Revolt against Austerity" 58 (58): 133-146, 2020

39 Höpner, M., "The Diversity of Wage Regimes: Why the Eurozone is Too Heterogenous for the Euro" 10 (10): 71-96, 2018

40 Bilancetti, V, "The Crisis behind the Eurocrisis" Cambridge University Press 243-263, 2019

41 Erne, R, "The Crisis behind the Eurocrisis" Cambridge University Press 346-368, 2019

42 Verdun, A, "The Building of Economic Governance in the European Union" 19 (19): 23-35, 2013

43 Amable, B, "Structural Crisis and Institutional Change in Modern Capitalism: French Capitalism in Transition" Oxford University Press 2017

44 Zeitlin, J., "Socializing the European Semester: EU Social and Economic Policy Coordination in Crisis and Beyond" 25 (25): 149-174, 2018

45 Bieler, A., "Socialist Register 2015" Monthly Review Press 157-177, 2015

46 Van Apeldoorn, B, "Socialist Register 2014" Monthly Review Press 189-206, 2014

47 European Commission, "Scoreboard for the Surveillance of Macroeconomic Imbalances" European Economy 2012

48 Cozzolino, A, "Reconfiguring the State: Executive Powers, Emergency Legislation, and Neoliberalization in Italy" 16 (16): 336-352, 2019

49 Scharpf, F. W, "Politics in the Age of Austerity" Polity 108-142, 2013

50 Gazier, B, "Opportunities or Tensions: Assessing French Labour Market Reforms from 2012 to 2018" 35 (35): 331-354, 2019

51 Visser, J, "OECD/AIAS ICTWSS Database: Detailed Note on Definitions, Measurement and Sources" OECD Publishing 2021

52 Bongelli, K, "Multi-Employer Bargaining under Pressure" ETUI 263-289, 2018

53 Rehfeldt, U., "Multi-Employer Bargaining under Pressure" ETUI 151-184, 2018

54 Karamessini, M., "Making Work More Equal" Manchester University Press 330-355, 2017

55 European Commission, "Macroeconomic Imbalances Country Report: France 2015" European Economy 2015

56 European Commission, "Macroeconomic Imbalances Country Report: France 2014" European Economy 2014

57 European Commission, "Macroeconomic Imbalances Country Report: France 2013" European Economy 2013

58 European Commission, "Macroeconomic Imbalances Country Report: France 2012" European Economy 2012

59 Sacher, M, "Macroeconomic Conditionalities: Using the Controversial Link between EU Cohesion Policy and Economic Governance" 15 (15): 179-193, 2019

60 Syrovatka, F, "Labour Market Policy under the New European Economic Governance : France in the Focus of the New European Labour Market Policy" 45 (45): 283-309, 2021

61 European Commission, "Labour Market Developments in Europe" European Economy 2012

62 Koukiadaki, A., "Joint Regulation and Labour Market Policy in Europe during the Crisis" ETUI 135-203, 2016

63 OECD, "Institutional Characteristics of Trade Unions, Wage Setting, State Intervention and Social Pacts" OECD Publishing 2021

64 Miró, J, "In the Name of Competitiveness: A Discursive Institutionalist Analysis of the EU’s Approach to Labour Market Structural Reform, 2007~2016" 19 (19): 711-733, 2021

65 Rathgeb, P., "How the Eurozone Disempowers Trade Unions: the Political Economy of Competitive Internal Devaluation" 20 (20): 323-350, 2022

66 Scharpf, F. W, "Growth and Welfare in Advanced Capitalist Economies" Oxford University Press 161-200, 2021

67 Seikel, D, "Flexible Austerity and Supranational Autonomy: The Reformed Excessive Deficit Procedure and the Asymmetry between Liberalization and Social Regulation in the EU" 54 (54): 1398-1416, 2016

68 "Eurostat"

69 Prosser, T, "European Labour Movements in Crisis" Manchester University Press 2019

70 Marginson, P, "European Integration and Industrial Relations" Palgrave Macmillan 2004

71 "European Council"

72 "European Commission"

73 Bailbar, E, "Europe in Crisis: Which ‘New Foundation’?"

74 Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social, "Estadística de Convenios Colectivos"

75 Radice, H, "Enforcing Austerity in Europe: The Structural Deficit as a Policy Target" 22 (22): 318-328, 2014

76 European Commission, "Economic Governance Review" 2020

77 백승욱, "EU의 경제위기 대응과 신자유주의적 통합의 심화" 사회과학연구원 10 (10): 68-104, 2013

78 Pisani-Ferry, J., "EU-IMF Assistance to Euro-area Countries: An Early Assessment" Bruegel 2013

79 강유덕, "EU 경제거버넌스로서 유럽예산회기제 (European Semester)와 그 실효성에 관한 연구" 국제지역연구센터 22 (22): 31-66, 2018

80 Heinrich, M, "EU Governance in Crisis: A Cultural Political Economy Perspective on European Crisis Management 2007~2014" 13 (13): 682-706, 2015

81 European Trade Union Confederation, "ETUC Action Programme 2019~2013" ETUC 2019

82 Lehndorff, S, "Divisive Integration: the Triumph of Failed Ideas in Europe: Revisited" ETUI 149-178, 2015

83 Schulten, T., "Divisive Integration" ETUI 331-363, 2015

84 Lux, J, "Disciplining Large Member States during the Crisis: Analyzing the Discursive Strategies of the EU and German Actors on France" 12 (12): 44-60, 2018

85 Dølvik, J. E., "Cross-Sectoral Coordination and Regulation of Wage Determination in Northern Europe" 24 (24): 409-425, 2018

86 Hermann, C., "Crisis, Structural Reform and the Dismantling of the European Social Model(s)" Institute for International Political Economy Berlin 2013

87 European Council, "Council Recommendation on the National Reform Programme 2012 of France and Delivering a Council Opinion on the Stability Programme of France, 2012~2016"

88 European Council, "Council Recommendation of 9 July 2019 on the 2019 National Reform Programme of France and Delivering a Council Opinion on the 2019 Stability Programme of France"

89 European Council, "Council Recommendation of 9 July 2013 on the National Reform Programme 2013 of France and Delivering a Council Opinion on the Stability Programme of France"

90 European Council, "Council Recommendation of 8 July 2014 on the National Reform Programme 2014 of France and Delivering a Council Opinion on the Stability Programme of France"

91 European Council, "Council Recommendation of 14 July 2015 on the 2015 National Reform Programme of France and Delivering a Council Opinion on the 2015 Stability Programme of France"

92 European Council, "Council Recommendation of 13 July 2018 on the 2018 National Reform Programme of France and Delivering a Council Opinion on the 2018 Stability Programme of France"

93 European Council, "Council Recommendation of 12 July 2016 on the 2016 National Reform Programme of France and Delivering a Council Opinion on the 2016 Stability Programme of France"

94 European Council, "Council Recommendation of 11 July 2017 on the 2017 National Reform Programme of France and Delivering a Council Opinion on the 2017 Stability Programme of France"

95 Marginson, P, "Coordinated Bargaining in Europe: From Incremental Corrosion to Front Assault?" 21 (21): 97-114, 2015

96 Sacchi, S, "Conditionality by Other Means: EU Involvement in Italy’s Structural Reforms in the Sovereign Debt Crisis" 13 (13): 77-92, 2015

97 European Council, "Conclusion of the European Council (24/25 March 2011). (Annex 1) The Euro Plus Pact: Stronger Economic Policy Coordination for Competitiveness and Convergence" 2011

98 European Commission, "Commission StaffWorking Document: Country Report France 2019, Including an In-Depth Review on the Prevention and Correction of Macro economic Imbalances" 2019

99 European Commission, "Commission StaffWorking Document: Country Report France 2018, Including an In-Depth Review on the Prevention and Correction of Macro economic Imbalances" 2018

100 European Commission, "Commission StaffWorking Document: Country Report France 2017, Including an In-Depth Review on the Prevention and Correction of Macro economic Imbalances" 2017

101 European Commission, "Commission StaffWorking Document: Country Report France 2016, Including an In-Depth Review on the Prevention and Correction of Macro economic Imbalances" 2016

102 Cioffi, J. W., "Commandeering Crisis: Partisan Labor Repression in Spain under the Guise of Economic Reform" 44 (44): 423-453, 2016

103 Távora, I, "Collective Bargaining in Portugal in the Aftermath of the Crisis: Trends and Prospects" 50 (50): 548-563, 2019

104 Katsaroumpas, I., "Collective Bargaining in Europe: Towards an Endgame II" ETUI 267-293, 2019

105 Marginson, P, "Changes to Wage-Setting Mechanisms in the Context of the Crisis and the EU’s New Economic Governance Regime" Eurofound 2014

106 Oberndorfer, L, "Asymmetric Crisis in Europe and Possible Futures" Routledge 186-207, 2015

107 Lehndorff, S, "Acting in Different Worlds: Challenges to Transnational Trade Union Cooperation in the Eurozone Crisis" 21 (21): 157-170, 2015

108 Erne, R, "A Supranational Regime that Nationalize Social Conflict: Explaining European Trade Unions’ Difficulties in Politicizing European Economic Governance" 56 (56): 345-368, 2015

109 de la Porte, C., "A New Era of European Integration? Governance of Labour Market and Social Policy since the Sovereign Debt Crisis" 13 (13): 8-28, 2015