Culturally Responsive Research Methods: A Reflection on two Ethnographic Studies of Korean Immigrant Children and Parents in the U.S.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Qualitative researchers use various methods to understand the perspectives of members of a culture. Many of these research methods have been designed by Western researchers and applied across cultures. In this context, this paper provides empirical evidence for critical discussion of culturally responsive research methods. We first present a brief description of the two ethnographic studies on Korean immigrant communities in a major city of the southeastern United States and then address how the research methods, participant observation and interviews, were complicated by particular cultural contexts. Based on our experiences with ethnographic studies of Korean immigrant communities, we address implications for qualitative researchers in early childhood studies.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이동성, "한 교사 연구자의 변환적인 역할과 관점에 대한 자문화기술지" 한국교육인류학회 14 (14): 61-90, 2011

2 권귀염, "질적 연구 경험의 재방문" 한국영유아교원교육학회 15 (15): 161-187, 2011

3 김상림, "유아 다문화교육 관련 연구동향 분석: 국내 학술지를 중심으로" 한국보육학회 11 (11): 147-171, 2011

4 Kanuha, V. K, "‘Being’ native versus ‘going native" 45 (45): 439-447, 2000

5 Fine, M, "Working the hyphens: Reinventing self and other in qualitative research. In Handbook of qualitative research" Sage 70-82, 1994

6 Ting, H. Y, "Who are “We”?: Social relationships and peer interactions in a multilingual/multiculturalpreschool classroom" University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1995

7 Lee, L, "Traversing the challenges of conducting research with young, immigrant children : The case of Korean children" 40 (40): 225-244, 2009

8 Gaskins, S, "Theoretical and methodological perspectives in the interpretive study of children. In Interpretive approaches to children’s socialization" Jossey-BassPublishers 5-66, 1992

9 Labaree, R. V, "The risk of ‘going observationalist’ : Negotiating the hidden dilemmasof being an insider participant observer" 2 (2): 97-122, 2002

10 Shah, S, "The researcher/interviewer in intercultural context: a social intruder" 30 (30): 549-575, 2004

11 Banks, J. A, "The lives and values of researchers : Implications for educating citizens ina multicultural society" 27 (27): 4-17, 1998

12 Mandell, N, "The least-adult role in studying children" 16 (16): 433-468, 1988

13 Coffey, A, "The ethnographic self : Fieldwork and the representation of identity" Sage 1999

14 Walsh, D, "The development of self in Japanese preschools: Negotiating space. In Research in international education: Experience, theory, and practice" Peter Lang 213-245, 2002

15 Shweder, R. A, "The cultural psychology of development: One mind, many mentalities. In Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical modelsof human development" John Wiley & Sons 1998

16 Mercer, J, "The challenges of insider research in educational institutions : Wielding a double-edged sword and resolving delicate dilemmas" 33 (33): 1-17, 2007

17 Sherif, B, "The ambiguity of boundaries in the fieldwork experience : Establishing rapportand negotiating insider/outsider status" 7 (7): 436-447, 2001

18 Lew, J, "The (re) construction of second-generation ethnic networks: Structuring academicsuccess of Korean American high school students. In Asian American identities, families, and schooling" Information Age Publishing Inc 157-176, 2003

19 Graue, M. E, "Studying children in context : Theories, methods, and ethics" Sage 1998

20 Holliday, A, "Small cultures" 20 (20): 237-264, 1999

21 Markus, H. R, "Selfways: Diversity in modes of culturalparticipation. In The conceptual self in context: Culture, experience,self-understanding" Cambridge University Press 13-61, 1997

22 Freeman, M, "Researching children’s experiences" The GuilfordPress 2009

23 Hemming, P. J, "Researching children, youth and religion : Identity, complexityand agency" 19 (19): 38-51, 2012

24 Besto, J. W, "Research in education" Pearson Education 2003

25 Manathunga, C, "Research as an intercultural ‘contact zone" 30 (30): 165-177, 2009

26 deMarrais, K, "Qualitative interview studies: Learning through experience. In Foundations for research: Methods of inquiry in education and the socialsciences" Lawrence Erlbaum 51-68, 2004

27 Gans, H. J, "Participant observation in the era of ethnography" 28 (28): 540-548, 1998

28 DeWalt, K. M, "Participant observation" Alta MiraPress 2002

29 Macbeth, D, "On"reflexivity"in qualitative research : Two readings, and a third" 7 (7): 35-68, 2001

30 Clark, A, "Multimodal map making with young children: Exploring ethnographic and participatory methods Special Issue. Multimodality and ethnography: Working at theintersection" 11 (11): 311-330, 2011

31 Collins, H, "Learning from the outsider within : The sociological significance of black feministthought" 33 (33): 514-532, 1986

32 Min, P, "Korean: An “institutionally complete community” in New York. In New immigrants in New York" Columbia University Press 173-199, 2001

33 Kim, J. M, "Korean and American children’s concepts of adult and peerauthority" 5 (5): 310-329, 1996

34 Denzin, N. K, "Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitativeresearch. In Handbook of qualitative research" Sage 1-32, 2005

35 Mullings, B, "Insider or outsider, both or neither : Some dilemmas of interviewing in across-cultural setting" 30 (30): 337-350, 1999

36 Narayan, K, "How native is a “native” anthropologist" 95 (95): 671-686, 1993

37 Warming, H, "Getting under their skins? Accessing young children’s perspectives throughethnographic fieldwork" 18 (18): 39-53, 2011

38 England, K. V. L, "Getting personal : Reflexivity, positionality, and feminist research" 46 (46): 80-89, 1994

39 Corsaro, W, "Friendship and peer culture in the early years" Abelx Publishing 1985

40 Bishop, R, "Freeing ourselves from neocolonial domination in research. In Handbook of qualitative research" Sage 2005

41 Preissle, J, "Fieldwork traditions: Ethnography and participant observation. In Foundations for research: Methods of inquiry in educationand the social sciences" Lawrence Erlbaum 161-180, 2004

42 Parameswaran, R, "Feminist media ethnography in India : Exploring power, gender, andculture in the field" 7 (7): 69-103, 2001

43 James, A, "Ethnography in the study of children and childhood. In Handbook of ethnography" Sage 258-272, 2001

44 Holliday, A, "Doing and writing qualitative research" Sage 2007

45 Villenas, S, "Colonizer/colonized Chicana ethnographer: Identity, marginalization, andco-optation in the field" 66 (66): 711-731, 1996

46 Christensen, P, "Children’s participation in ethnographic research : Issues of power andrepresentation" 18 (18): 165-176, 2004

47 Kusow, A. M, "Beyond indigenous authenticity : Reflections on the insider/outsider debatein immigration research" 26 (26): 591-599, 2003

48 Glesne, C, "Becoming qualitative researchers : An introduction" Pearson Education 2005

49 Lee, L, "Becoming an American princess?”: The interpretations of American popular culture byyoung Korean girls living in the United States" IndianaUniversity 2006

50 Epstein, D, "Are you a girl or are you a teacher? The “least adult” role in research aboutgender and sexuality in a primary school. In Doing research about education" Falmer Press 7-208, 1998

51 Thomson, R, "Acting up and acting out : encounteringchildren in a longitudinal study of mothering" 12 (12): 186-201, 2012