인지적 통제 능력의 개인차와 선택적 주의: 대상효과와 위치효과를 중심으로 = Individual differences in cognitive control and selective attention: object-based attention and location-based attention

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Understanding the relationship between individuals’ cognitive abilities and selective attention has implications for both general cognitive mechanisms and characteristics of special populations. Bleckley et al. (2003, 2015) suggested that individuals with high cognitive control ability allocate attention effectively based on an object (i.e., object-based facilitation effect), whereas individuals with low cognitive control ability allocate attention broadly based on the location of the object. If those with high cognitive control ability use object-based attention for effective information processing, they should not allocate attention to an object, if selection based on the object is not effective. The present study examined how individuals with high cognitive ability and with low cognitive ability allocate their attention when the selection based on an object is not effective. We also attempted to measure location and object effects more accurately by moving a cued object to another location. The results revealed that when participants were informed that a target was more likely to occur at the cued location, only those with high cognitive ability showed an inhibition effect at the opposite end of the cued object (separated from its original location). In contrast, the magnitude of location effect (separated from the object) did not differ between the high and low control groups. Our findings not only support the view that object effect is related with cognitive control but also suggest that the direction of object effect varies across tasks.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

개인의 인지적 특성과 선택적 주의의 관계를 이해하는 것은 기본적인 인지처리 과정의 이해뿐만 아니라 병리학적으로도 의의가 있다. Bleckley 등(2003, 2015)은 인지적 통제능력이 높은 사람은 효율적 선택을 위해 대상을 중심으로 주의를 할당하는 반면(대상에 근거한 촉진 효과), 인지적 통제능력이 낮은 사람은 위치를 중심으로 넓게 주의를 할당한다고 주장하였다. 만약, 인지적 통제능력이 높은 사람에게서 관찰되는 대상에 근거한 촉진효과가 개인의 고정된 주의할당 방식이 아니라 효율성의 산물이라면, 대상에 근거한 선택이 효율적이지 않을 경우 촉진효과가 사라져야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 움직이는 대상 패러다임을 사용하여 위치효과와 대상효과를 보다 정확히 측정하였으며, 대상에 기반한 선택이 효율적이지 않은 상황에서 인지적 통제능력의 상위집단과 하위집단 간에 주의할당 방식의 차이가 나타나는 지를 살펴보았다. 실험 결과, 단서가 주어진 ‘위치’에 목표자극이 제시될 확률이 높다는 사전 정보를 주었을 때, 상위집단은, 하위집단과 달리, (위치와 분리된) 대상으로의 주의 할당을 억제하는 경향을 보였다. 반면에, 집단 간 (대상과 분리된) 위치효과의 차이는 유의하지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 대상효과가 개인의 인지적 통제능력과 관련이 있다는 기존의 이론을 지지할 뿐만 아니라 대상효과의 방향이 과제에 따라 유동적임을 시사한다.

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