극 저주파 전자기장이 N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine과 Sulfadimethoxine에 의해 유발된 갑상샘 암에 미치는 영향

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Purpose: Long-term exposure to extremely low-frequency (60 ㎐) electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) raises the questions of the induction of biological effects including tumorigenesis. One mechanism through which ELF-MFS could influence neoplastic development is the imbalance of cellular proliferation and cell apoptosis. The present study investigated the effect of ELF-EMF on chemically-induced thyroid carcinogenesis in a rat.
Methods: We examined cellular proliferation index measured by anti-Ki-67 antigen, apoptosis, apoptosis related proteins such as caspase 3 and p53, and cell cycle-related proteins (cyclin D1 and p21<SUP>WAF1</SUP>/Cip1). Forty Male F344 rats received a subcutaneous N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN, 2,800 ㎎/㎏) injection, and 1 week later were allowed free access to drinking water containing sulfadimethoxine (0.1%) for 12 weeks. Twenty rats were exposed by ELF-EMF. During the carcinogenesis, sequential histological changes from hyperplasia, adenoma, and ultimately to overt carcinomas were noted.
Results: The exposure group of ELF-EMF, significantly increases the number size of carcinomas. Also, the proliferative and apoptotic indices were significantly increased in the ELF-EMF exposure group than in the control group. The caspase 3 protein expression did not show any significant changes between ELF-EMF group and control group. The p53 protein was not detected in both ELF-EMF exposure and control group. Among the cell cycle related proteins, cyclin D1, not p21<SUP>WAF1</SUP>/Cip1, was significantly increased in adenomas and carcinomas in ELF-EMF exposure group compared with the control group.
Conclusion: Exposure of ELF-EMF effects on chemically-induced rat thyroid carcinogenesis as results of altered increase of cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and cyclin D1 expression.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 서론
• 방법
• 결과
• 고찰
• REFERENCES

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Ding GR, "Transient suppression of X-ray-induced apoptosis by exposure to power frequency magnetic fields in MCF-7 cells" 286 : 953-957, 2001

2 Adey WR, "Tissue interactions with nonionizing electromagnetic fields" 61 : 435-514, 1981

3 Pitot HC, "The stages of initiation and promotion in hepatocarcinogenesis" 605 : 191-215, 1980

4 Kluck RM, "The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria: a primary site for Bcl-2 regulation of apoptosis" 275 : 1132-1136, 1997

5 McCann J, "The genotoxic potential of electric and magnetic fields: an update" 411 : 45-86, 1998

6 Cho YH, "The effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on the frequency of micronuclei and sister chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes induced by benzo(a)pyrene" 143 : 37-44, 2003

7 Sheikh MS, "TRAIL death receptors, Bcl-2 protein family, and endoplasmic reticulum calcium pool" 67 : 169-188, 2004

8 Imai T, "Sequential analysis of development of invasive thyroid follicular cell carcinomas in inflamed capsular regions of rats treated with sulfadimethoxine after N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine-initiation" 32 : 229-236, 2004

9 Zhang H, "Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p21 are components of multiple cell cycle kinase complexes" 4 : 897-906, 1993

10 Boorman GA, "Pathology of the Fischer Rat. 1st ed" Academic Press 524-539, 1990

11 Yokus B, "Oxidative DNA damage in rats exposed to extremely low frequency electro magnetic fields" 39 : 317-323, 2005

12 Czyz J, "Non-thermal effects of power-line magnetic fields (50 Hz) on gene expression levels of pluripotent embryonic stem cells-the role of tumour suppressor p53" 557 : 63-74, 2004

13 IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, "Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields" IARC Press 429-, 2002

14 Brown DC, "Monoclonal antibody Ki-67: its use in histopathology" 17 : 489-503, 1990

15 Lange S, "Modifications in cell cycle kinetics and in expression of G1 phase-regulating proteins in human amniotic cells after exposure to electromagnetic fields and ionizing radiation" 37 : 337-349, 2004

16 Stuchly MA, "Modification of tumor promotion in the mouse skin by exposure to an alternating magnetic field" 65 : 1-7, 1992

17 Minder CE, "Leukemia, brain tumors, and exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in Swiss railway employees" 153 : 825-835, 2001

18 Zou M, "Inverse association between cyclin D1 overexpression and retinoblastoma gene mutation in thyroid carcinomas" 8 : 61-64, 1998

19 Tofani S, "Increased mouse survival, tumor growth inhibition and decreased immunoreactive p53 after exposure to magnetic fields" 23 : 230-238, 2002

20 Ito Y, "Expression of p21 (WAF1/CIP1) protein in clinical thyroid tissues" 74 : 1269-1274, 1996

21 Harland J, "Evidence for a slow time- scale of interaction for magnetic fields inhibiting tamoxifen's antiproliferative action in human breast cancer cells" 31 : 295-306, 1999

22 Lee JS, "Effects of 60 Hz electromagnetic field exposure on testicular germ cell apoptosis in mice" 6 : 29-34, 2004

23 Gobba F, "Effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on fMLP-induced shape changes in invertebrate immunocytes: The role of calcium ion channels" 24 : 277-282, 2003

24 Shimo T, "Effect of rat thyroid proliferative lesion development by intermittent treatment with sulfadimethoxine" 96 : 209-218, 1995

25 Loberg LI, "Cell viability and growth in a battery of human breast cancer cell lines exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields" 153 : 725-728, 2000

26 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), "Assessment of Health Effects from Exposure to Power-line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields: Working Group Report" Research Triangle Park

27 Biscotti CV, "Apoptotic bodies: a consistent morphologic feature of endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ" 22 : 434-439, 1998

28 Goto A, "An immunohistochemical analysis of cyclin D1, p53, and p21waf1/cip1 proteins in tumors originating from the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland" 197 : 217-222, 2001

29 Lange S, "Alterations in the cell cycle and in the protein level of cyclin D1, p21CIP1, and p16INK4a after exposure to 50 Hz MF in human cells" 41 : 131-137, 2002

30 Wolf FI, "50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields enhance cell proliferation and DNA damage: possible involvement of a redox mechanism" 1743 : 120-129, 2005