舊韓末開港期朝鮮海關에 관한 硏究 : 顧聘 外國人 海關員의 任免과 勤務狀況을 中心으로 Focused on Employment and Service Activity of Foreign Customs Staffs Invited = A Study on Korean Maritime Customs at the Port Opening Period in Late Yi Dynasty

국문 초록 (Abstract)

1883년에 창설된 조선해관에는 1905년 11월 일제가 조선해관을 완전히 장악할 때까지 100여명에 달하는 외국인 해관원이 고빙되어 해관을 운영했다. 이들 중에서 청국해관에서 파견된 해관원도 있으나, 실제 조선현지에서 채용한 인물도 적지 않다. 이제까지 학계의 연구는 관세청장격인 총세무사와 지방 세관장급인 세무사(Commissioner) 소수를 제외하면 실상이 알려진 인물은 거의 없었다.
조선해관에 고빙된 100여명에 달하는 외국인 해관원들이 조선해관 창설이후 22년간 해관운영을 맡아온 운영주체로, 당시 조선재정으로는 과다한 고임금을 받고 있으면서 이들은 과연 조선해관운영에서 자신 직분과 책임을 얼마나 다했는가 하는 문제는 검토가 되어야 할 부분이다.
초기 조선해관연구에서 아직까지도 밝히지 못한 해관관련 규정과 규칙, 각해관의 인사조직, 관세의 징수실태 및 운용, 해관업무와 통관시스템, 그리고 고빙 외국인 해관원들의 역할 등 개항기 해관사와 관련하여 전반적이고 체계적인 연구를 필요로 하고 있다.
본고는 조선해관의 실질적 운영주체인 고빙 외국인 해관원들이 어떻게 조선해관에 와서 어떻게 근무하다가 떠났는가를 중심으로 고찰하여 구한말 개항기 조선해관에서 근무한 이들의 실상을 평가한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In the while, it is widely known that Korean Customs System was organized by Mollendorff, a German, who had been served in China Maritime Customs. King Kojong invited him in December, 1882 in order to improve Korean political innovation recommended by the Viceroy Li Hung-chang in China. After that, about 100 custom office staffs were invited by Korean Government for establishment of Maritime Customs. They were actually managers and operators of Korean Maritime Customs for 22 years (1883-1905). But they are unknown to us yet how to work and contribute for Korea, excepting Moellendorff, 4 Chief Commissioners(now Director General of the Customs) and some commissioners(now Director General of the local Customs) stationed at open ports in Korea at that time.
Many high rank staffs came from China Maritime Customs by the order of Robert Hart, Inspectorate General of China Maritime Customs, but Korean Maritime Customs employed low rank staffs by private employment agreement in Korea. Therefore, we are able to trace relative informations of them who came from China with the Service List officially issued by China Maritime Customs, but it is impossible to find out the service records of low rank class in this records.
Even though they received high salary from Korean Maritime Customs, especially high rank class. they supplied various Korean economical informations to their own country, also to China and Japan. Such unfair behavior made one reason that Korea was under the control of Japanese economy from 1905.
In this paper, the writer tried to verify that how many foreign custom office staffs were employed by Korea, and where they serviced at local custom office in 8 Korean open ports. In 1902, there were 60 foreign custom office staffs in Korean Maritime Customs such as European 11. Japanese 12 and Chinese 6 in Inchon Custom House ; European 4, Japanese 8 and Chinese 1 in Busan ; European 1, Japanese 2 and Chinese 1 in Wonsan ; European 1 and Japanese 2 in Chinmanpo ; Japanese 1 and Chinese 1 in Kunsan ; European 1, Japanese 2 and Chinese 1 in Mokpo ; European 1 and Japanese 2 in Masanpo ; Japanese 2 in Sungjin. This was 67.4% of total employers. However, they had been really managed and controlled Korean Maritime Customs from 1883 to 1905.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 언
• Ⅱ. 외국인 해관원의 고빙과정
• 1. 조선정부의 해관창설과 외국인 고빙
• 2. 청국해관의 의도
• 3. 청국해관에서 온 조선해관 창설 요원들
• Ⅲ. 고빙된 외국인 해관원들
• 1. 총해관
• 2. 지방해관
• Ⅳ. 조선해관 조직체계와 고빙해관원들의 근무
• 1. 총해관의 조직체계와 업무상황
• 2. 지방해관의 업무상황
• 3. 고빙 외국인 해관원들의 공과
• Ⅴ.결언
• 참고문헌
• ABSTRACT