Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in TGF-β1-Induced Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and TGF-β1 is the key inducer of EMT. Phosphorylation of Smad proteins and/or mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) is required for TCP-β1-induced EMT. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in TCF-β1 signaling and are upstream signaling molecules to MAPK, this study examined the role of ROS in TGF-β1-induced MAPK activation and EMT in rat proximal tubular epithelial cells. Growth-arrested and synchronized NRK-52E cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 (0.2 to 20 ng/ml) or H_(2)O_(2) (1 to 500 ㎛) in the presence or absence of antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine or catalase), inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (diphenyleneiodonium and apocynin), mitochondrial electron transfer chain subunit I (rotenone), and MAPK (PD 98059, an MEK [MAP kinase/ERK kinase] inhibitor, or p38 MAPK inhibitor) for up to 96 h. TGF-β1 increased dichlorofluoresceinsensitive cellular ROS, phosphorylated Smad 2, p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, and fibronectin secretion and decreased I-cadherin expression. Antioxidants effectively inhibited TGF-β1-induced cellular ROS, phosphorylation of Smad 2, p38 MAPK, and ERK, and EMT. H_(2)O_(2) reproduced all of the effects of TGF-β1 with the exception of Smad 2 phosphorylation. CHemical inhibition of ERK but not p38 MAPK inhitited TGF-91-induced Smad 2 phosphorylation, and both MAPK inhibitors inhibited TGF-β1- and H_(2)O_(2)-induced EMT. Diphe-nyleneiodonium, apocynin, and rotenone also significantly inhibited TGF-β1-indured ROS. Thus, this data suggest that ROSplay an important role in TGF-β1-induced EMT primarily through activation of MAPK and subsequently through ERK-directed activation of Smad pathway in proximal tubular epithelial cells.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Materials and Methods
• Cell culture and Treatment
• Western Blot Analysis
• Statistical Analyses
• Results
• Effect of TGF-β1 on E-Cadherin and α-SMA Expression
• Effect of TGF-β1 on p38 MAPK, ERK, and Smad 2 Activation
• Effect of TGF-β1 on Cellular ROS Generation: Source and Type of ROS
• Effect of Antioxidants on TGF-β1-Induced p38 MAPK, ERK, and Smad 2 Activation
• Effect of Antioxidants and MAPK Inhibitors on TGF-β1-Induced EMT
• Effect of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors on TGF-β1-Induced Fibronectin Secretion
• Effect of H₂O₂ on MAPK, ERK, and Smad 2 Activation
• Effect of MAPK Inhibitors on H₂O₂-Induced EMT and TGF-β1-Induced Smad 2 Phosphorylation
• Signaling Pathways in TGF-β1-Induced EMT in NRK-52E Cells
• Discussion
• Acknowledgments
• References