중국의 국가혁신체제(NIS)와 ‘내생적 성장’을 위한 과학기술 혁신정책 = China’s National Innovation System and S&T Innovation Policy for ‘Endogenous Growth’

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This case study compared characteristics of China's national innovation system, which is being formed with indigenous innovation and high value-added industries, mainly through absorption and diffusion of technological knowledge. In China, since its reform, China’s technology policy shifted from market-oriented policy of technology and industrial innovation attracting multinational companies to central government-led National Innovation System. In this study, the innovative performance index of Intellectual Property Registration, Human Resources of S&T and S&T Papers were reviewed with the second statistical data to identify the performance of the innovation policy. As a result, China concentrated its policy efforts of indigenous innovation on core strategic industrial technologies where bureaucratic execution tend to the application of advanced industrial technologies rather than basic research. China's S&T and technology innovation policy has resulted in increased R&D spending by various companies. However, new scientific knowledge studies and developments requiring long-term and creativity were relatively neglected. In TFP data, absorption and diffusion of technological knowledge were not evenly balanced in Chinese society, and its contribution to economic growth also showed low growth.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 과학기술의 발전, 혁신 및 확산을 매개로 하여 자주적 혁신과 고부가가치산업의 육성을 중심 과제로 하여 조성되고 있는 중국의 국가혁신체제의 특징과 사례를 이론적으로 비교․검토하였다. 개혁개방 이후 중국 과학기술정책의 특징은 다국적기업을 유치하는 시장 지향적 기술혁신정책에서 중앙정부 주도의 국가혁신체제로의 전환에 있었다. 본 연구에서는 과학기술 혁신정책의 성과를 파악하기 위해 2차 통계자료를 중심으로 지적 재산권 등록, S&T 인적자원 및 S&T 논문 등의 혁신성과지수를 검토하였다. 그 결과 중국은 기초연구보다 선진기술의 추격에 관료적 실행력이 돋보이는 전략적 핵심 산업기술영역에 정부의 정책적 노력과 과학기술의 자주혁신 정책이 집중되었다. 중국은 ‘자주혁신정책’ 추진 이후 정량적인 혁신성과를 나타낼 수 있는 R&D 지출, 과학기술인력, 특허출원 및 국내외 논문발표에서 큰 증가를 이루었다. R&D 지출증가는 중국의 중점 산업과 관련 있는 기업의 R&D 지출이 높았고, 그에 따른 신제품개발수도 증가하였다. 과학기술인력은 중점 대학에 대한 지속적 투자와 천인계획을 통한 해외 유학생 귀국 유도 등으로 인적자본을 확대해 나갔다. 특허출원과 국내외 논문발표의 증가 역시 특허출원 수속경비 지원 및 재정적 보상이라는 관본위적 성격의 정부 인센티브구조에서 비롯되고 있다. 그러나 장기적이고 창의성이 요구되는 새로운 과학지식 연구와 개발은 상대적으로 등한시되었다. TFP 데이터에서도 중국의 기술적 흡수․확산이 중국 경제․사회에 균등하게 이루어지지 않았을 뿐만 아니라, 경제성장의 기여도 역시 낮게 나타났다.

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