혼잡통행료와 대중교통 보조금의 효용개선 원인 분석 = An Analysis of the Causes of the Welfare Gain Achieved by Congestion Pricing and Transit Subsidies

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 혼잡통행료 징수와 보조금 지급의 후생개선 효과를 일반균형조건을 충족하는 공간모형에서 비교하고이들이 발생시키는 후생개선 효과를 분해한 후 후생개선 효과의 원인을 규명하고 있다. 본 연구는 Anas and Kim (1996)를 기원으로 구축된 확률균형모형에 수단선택 조건을 추가한 후, Yu and Rhee (2011)와 Rhee (2012)가 제안하는 연구방법론을 응용하여 후생개선 효과를 간접효과와 직접효과 중 입지요인과 수단요인으로 구분하여 관찰한다.
최선의 정책수단(First-best pricing)에 대한 혼잡통행료 부과 또는 보조금 지급의 상대적 효율성은 혼잡통행료 부과의경우가 보조금 지급에 비하여 높은 것으로 나타났다. 우리는 후생개선 효과의 분해를 통해 이들 효과의 대부분은 수단요인에 의해 달성된 것임을 확인하였다. 대중교통 보조금의 지급은 혼잡통행료 부과에 비하여 장거리 대중교통 분담률을 더욱 증가시키고, 이러한 현상은 혼잡통행료 징수에 비하여 입지요인으로 인한 더욱 많은 후생감소 효과를유발하여 후생개선 효과는 상대적으로 낮게 나타난다. 이에 대한 원인은 혼잡통행료 부과에 비하여 보조금 지급이도심 내 과다한 통과교통을 유발했기 때문이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

We analyze the efficiency of congestion pricings and transit subsidies in the spatial micro-economic model based on a general equilibrium environment. In this setting, we decompose the total welfare change into component factors and identify the reason of the change in the efficiency caused by policy instruments; these component factors are divided into indirect factors and direct factors including of origin-destination and mode choices. We set up the model as adding mode choice to the standard format in the fashion of Anas and Kim (1996) and extend the methodology proposed by Yu and Rhee (2011) and Rhee (2012) for deriving theoretical and analytical solution. Most of welfare gain comes from the modal shift from car to bus. The relative efficiency of subsidies in relation to the first-best pricing is lower than it of congestion pricings although the change in bus share by subsidies is similar to it by congestion pricing. Subsidies give rise to more modal shift from a car to a bus for long-distance commuting than it caused by congestion pricings. As the increase of bus share for long-distance commuting leads to the increase of cross-commuters passing through CBD, the welfare gain by subsidies is lower than it by congestion pricings.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이혁주, "토지이용-교통 일반균형모형의 후생함수와 혼잡통행료" 대한국토·도시계획학회 47 (47): 183-192, 2012

2 김태곤, "실시간 BIS자료를 이용한 간선도로의 버스도착시간 예측모형구축에 관한 연구" 대한토목학회 29 (29): 1-9, 2009

3 유상균, "수치해석적 공간균형모형의 후생함수에 대한 연구와 시사" 대한국토·도시계획학회 46 (46): 199-208, 2011

4 한상용, "대중교통 이용자 통근비용 보조제도의 효과분석" 대한교통학회 24 (24): 59-72, 2006

5 한상용, "규제 및 유인적 교통수요관리정책의 대중교통 전환효과 비교분석- 진술선호자료 및 시장분할기법을 이용하여 -" 한국규제학회 16 (16): 221-254, 2007

6 유상균, "구역혼잡통행료와 진입통행료의 비교" 대한교통학회 27 (27): 145-155, 2009

7 유상균, "경로선택을 고려한 토지이용-교통 모형의 개발" 대한국토·도시계획학회 45 (45): 123-137, 2010

8 Anas A., "When are Urban Growth Boundaries not Second-best Policies to Congestion Tolls?" 61 : 263-286, 2007

9 Downs A., "Urban problems and prospects" Markham 1968

10 Mogridge M., "The self-defeating nature of urban road capacity policy: a review of theories, disputes and available evidence" 4 (4): 5-23, 1997

11 Downs A., "The law of peak-hour expressway congestion" 16 : 393-409, 1962

12 Metropolitan Transportation Authority, "The 2006 Metropolitan household travel survey I, II, IV" Metropolitan Transportation Authority 2007

13 Parry I. W. H., "Should urban transit be reduced?" 99 : 700-724, 2009

14 Tscharaktschiew S., "Should subsidies to urban passenger transport be increased? A spatial CGE analysis for a German metropolitan area" 46 : 285-309, 2012

15 Tisato P., "Service unreliability and bus subsidy" 32 : 423-436, 1998

16 Verhoef E. T., "Second-best congestion pricing in general networks, Heuristic algorithms for finding second-best optimal toll levels and toll points" 36 : 707-729, 2002

17 Verhoef E. T., "Second-best Congestion Pricing Schemes in the Monocentric City" 58 : 367-388, 2005

18 Kraus M., "Road pricing with optimal mass transit" 72 : 81-86, 2012

19 Parry I. W. H., "Revenue Recycling and the Welfare Effects of Road Pricing" 103 : 645-671, 2001

20 Mohring H., "Optimization and scale economies in urban bus transportation" 62 : 591-604, 1972

21 Vickrey W., "Optimal transit subsidy policy" 9 : 389-409, 1980

22 Mun S. -i., "Optimal Cordon Pricing in Non-Monocentric City" 39 : 723-736, 2005

23 Mun S. -i., "Optimal Cordon Pricing" 54 : 21-38, 2003

24 Karlaftis M., "Operating subsidies and Performance in Public Transit: An Empirical Study" 32 : 359-375, 1998

25 Ministry of Construction and Transportation, "Korea Highway Capacity Manual" Ministry of Construction and Transportation 2005

26 Basso L. J., "Integrating congestion pricing, transit subsidies and mode choice" 46 (46): 890-900, 2012

27 Thomson J. M., "Great Cities and their Traffic (Peregrine edition)" Gollancz 165-, 1997

28 Anas A., "General Equilibrium Models of Polycentric Urban Land Use with Endogenous Congestion and Job Agglomeration" 40 : 232-256, 1996

29 Maruyama T., "Efficiency and equity comparison of cordon-and area-based road pricing schemes using a trip-chain equilibrium model" 41 : 655-671, 2007

30 Ben-Akiva M., "Discrete Choice Analysis" MIT Press 1985

31 Maruyama T., "Difference between area-based and cordon-based congestion pricing: investigation by trip-chain-based network equilibrium model with non-additive path costs" 1964 : 1-8, 2006

32 Anas A., "Curbing Excess Sprawl with Congestion Tolls and Urban Boundaries" 36 : 510-541, 2006

33 Arnott R., "Congestion tolling with agglomeration externalities" 62 : 187-203, 2007

34 Basso L. J., "Congestion pricing, transit subsidies and dedicated bus lanes : Efficient and practical solutions to congestion" 18 : 676-684, 2011

35 Borck R., "Commuting subsidies with two transport mdoes" 63 : 841-848, 2008

36 Kockelman K. M., "Anticipating new-highway impacts: Opportunities for welfare analysis and credit-based congestion pricing" 45 : 825-838, 2011

37 Korea Development Institute, "A study on Standard guidelines of Preliminary Feasibility Test for Road and Railroad projects" Korea Development Institute 2008

38 Seoul city Transportation Headquarter, "2006 Travel Speed of Motor Vehicle in Seoul" Seoul city Transportation Headquarter 2007

39 Seoul Metropolitan Government, "2006 Seoul statistical yearbook" Seoul Metropolitan Government 2007