한국(韓國)의 문화(文化) : 『뉴욕타임즈』를 통해 본 1919년 한국 -3,1독립운동의 문화적 의의와 미국 여론 = Culture : Korea of Year 1919 Through New York Times: Cultural Significances of the March First Independence Movement and American Public Opinions

국문 초록 (Abstract)

1919년 3·1 독립운동을 통해 서양적 개념의 근대적 국가민족주의가 형성되었고 한국인이라는 정치적, 문화적 정체성이 만들어진 한국 근현대사의 이정표가 되는 사건이었다. 한국인은 주권을 상실한 상태에서 국제무대에서 인정받는 일원이 되기 위해서는 문화적 정체성과 역사적 정당성을 주장했다. 독립을 요구하는 활동이 미국에서도 활발히 진행되었다. 미국의 여론에 호소해 공감대를 형성하고 여론을 바탕으로 정치적 영향을 미칠 수 있는 활동이 계속되었다. 국제적인 위상을 가진 『뉴욕타임즈』는 지속적으로 한국 관련 기사를 실어 한국의 입장을 대변해 주었다. 1919년 한 해 동안 한국 관련 기사는 50여개가 게재되었고 지속적으로 한국 독립을 이슈화 했다. 3·1 독립운동은 한반도에서 일어난 사건이었으나 이는 빠르게 아시아 문제로 또 국제적 문제로 발전했다. 한국의 독립은 아시아와 세계 평화를 기반으로 하고 있는 한국의 평화 지향적 문화의 토대를 3·1 독립운동은 비폭력 평화적 시위로 전 세계에 보여 주었다. 주권회복을 통해 일제로부터 독립하려 했던 한국인의 노력은 미국에서도 『뉴욕타임즈』의 기사를 통해 확산되었다. 이로서 3·1 독립운동은 한국 독립의 당위성과 문화적 정체성을 전 세계에 알린 한국 근현대사의 가장 중요한 사건임이 다시 한 번 증명되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The March First Independence Movement of 1919 was one of the most importance turning points in the modern and contemporary history of Korea. It was the time that Korean developed modern nationalism of Western concept. At the same time, it became a incident to specify political and cultural identity of Korea. Since Korea lost her sovereignty, Korean people proclaimed their cultural identity and historical justification to become a respected member of the family of nations. The activities to request independence continued in the United States actively. The efforts to develop the sympathy for Korean independence from Japan by appealing to American public started. With this effort, Korean aimed to develop American political actions to pressure Japan to give up Korea. Fortunately, New York Times showed great interests on this issue through Korean point of view. There were over 50 reports and articles on this newspaper related to the Korean Independence. The March First Independence Movement was an incident started in Korean peninsula and it quickly developed into an Asian and international issue. The movement reflected the Korea`s peace-oriented culture based on Asian and international peace through non-violent and peaceful demonstration against barbaric Japanese imperial oppression. This effort of Korean people to achieve independence from Japanese control was spread in America through New York Times. Therefore, the March First Independence Movement of 1919 was one of the most important turning point in Korean modern and contemporary history not just as an incident in Korea, but an international event to express the justification for the independence and cultural identity to the world.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "Uncensored Account of Korea's Revolt; Official of Presbyterian Foreign Missions Board Tells of Conditions He Found"

2 Ladd, George T, "The Korean Revolt; Professor Ladd Replies to Critics for His Defense of Japanese Position"

3 "Tell of Japanese Cruelty to Koreans; American Missionaries Sat There Is a Reign of Terror Throughout the Country"

4 "Says Japanese Killed 361 Koreans; Council of Church Amplifies the Charges of Wholesale Atrocities by Police"

5 "Say Korea Needs Japan; Missionary Finds People Unfit for Self-Government"

6 "New Constitution Framed by Koreans; Provisional Cabinet and Other Leaders Meet in Unnamed Eastern City"

7 "Koreans Still Fighting Japanese; Bloodshed on Both Sides Occurs as Independence Riots Spread Over Country"

8 "Koreans Resume Independence Moves"

9 1A Son of Korea, "Korea's Independence"

10 Chung, Henry, "Korea's Appeal; Asks an Opportunity to Show Fitness for Self- Government"

11 Chung, Henry, "Korea's Appeal; "Korean Independence; Not the Work of Agitators, But a Popular Movement"

12 "Korea Proclaims Independence; "Chosen" as Japanese Dub Province, Declares Its People Free, Defies Old Order of Brute Force"

13 Bisbee, E. S, "Korea Appeals to Wilson for Freedom; "Hermit Kingdom," Now Under Japanese Control, Looks to the Versailles Peace Conference for Aid---How Koreans See Their Country's Situation"

14 Rhee Syngman, "Korea Against Japan; A Reply to Professor Ladd's View on the Independence Movement"

15 Crane, Judson A, "Judson A.New York Times"

16 "Japanese Assailed By Korean Envoys; Two Delegates Sent to Peace Conference Arrive Here from Paris"

17 "Horrors in Korea Charged to Japan, Presbyterian Church Makes Official Report of Murders and Tortures"

18 "Heated Debate in Senate; Democrats Fail in Prolonged Effort to Prevent Text Publicity"

19 Rhee Syngman, "Far Eastern Questions; Japan's Position Criticised in Regard to the Korean Independence Movement"

20 "Doesn't Satisfy Koreans; "President" Says Reforms Only Stimulate Desire for Independence"

21 Ladd, George T, "Causes of the Korean Uprising"

22 "Asks Recognition for the Koreans; "President" Now in Washington Says His Country Does Not Want Home Rule"

23 "Accuses Japanese of 'Orgy' in Korea"