침입외래식물 가시상추의 확산과 생육지 유형별 분포 특성 = Spreading and Distribution of Lactuca scariola, Invasive Alien Plant, by Habitat Types in Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and habitat types of prickly lettuce, Lactuca scariola of Europe origin for supplying the basic data of management plan. It showed fairly nation-wide distribution although excessive growth was rather limited in the wild. Its habitat types were divided into four types like open fields, roadsides, seashores and riversides. Species diversity examined by species rank-dominance curve tended to increase over riverside > seashores > open fields > roadsides. As a result of analyzing life form, therophytes were more than 50%, means that the habitats of L. scariola were disturbed by human activities etc. Urbanization Index was analyzed 9.1% in roadsides, 7.4% in seashores, 5.8% in open fields and riversides. It has high spread potential with a large number of wind-flying seed per plant. It was evaluated that prickly lettuce was mainly spread along the newly constructed road, expressway and invaded the original ecosystem in the cultivated land as weeds. But it has played arole as a pioneer species in open fields. It is recommended to remove where it has considerable impact on the native plant species of conservation value.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 국화과에 속하는 유럽 원산의 외래잡초인 가시상추(Lactuca scariola)의 분포와 생육지 유형별 특성을조사하여 관리 계획에 필요한 기초적인 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 가시상추는 전국의 211개 지점에서 분포가 확인되었고, 생육지 유형은 크게 나지, 도로변, 항구 및 항만 주변과 하천변 등 4가지로 구분되었다. 종순위-우점도곡선을 이용한 종다양성 지수는 도로변에서 가장 높았고,항구 및 항만주변, 나지, 도로변의 순서였다. 생육지 유형별로 총 32개 조사지역에서 공통 출현한 식물의 빈도는,달맞이꽃이 24회로 가장 높았고, 돼지풀 17회, 쑥 16회 등이 조사되었다. 또한, 가시상추 생육지에서의 식물상은 총26과 77속 89종 7변종 1품종으로 총 97분류군이 확인되었는데, 외래식물은 44종으로 전체의 45.4%를 차지하였다. 생활형을 분석한 결과, Th-D4-R5-e로 1년생 식물(Th)이 가장 높은 빈도를 차지하여 가시상추의 생육지가 인간 활동으로 인하여 교란된 지역임을 나타내었다. 가시상추는 주로 새롭게 건설되는 도로를 따라 바람길로 확산되고 있고,나지에서는 선구종의 역할을 하고 있다. 생육지 유형별 도시화지수(UI)는 도로변 9.1%, 방조제항이 7.4%로 다른 생육지보다 높은 도시화지수를 나타내어, 이 유형이 가시상추뿐만 아니라 외래식물이 비교적 침입하기 좋은 입지인것으로 파악되었다. 가시상추의 생육지는 분포면적에 비해 생육밀도가 비교적 낮고 인위적 교란이 자주 일어나는천이 초기식생 지역이므로 지속적인 관리가 이루어질 경우 가시상추의 확산 방지효과가 클 것으로 판단된다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 오현경, "인천 송도임해매립지의 자원식물상과 귀화식물 분포현황" 한국자원식물학회 20 (20): 312-320, 2007

2 김한수, "우리나라 농촌마을 경관생태학적 특성에 따른 귀화식물 분포 특성" 한국환경생태학회 25 (25): 389-403, 2011

3 이혜정, "영종도와 용유도 일대의 식물상" 한국환경생태학회 26 (26): 839-867, 2012

4 김창환, "순천시 신평천 인공습지 조성 후 3년간 식생 및 생활형에 대한 연구" 한국환경생태학회 25 (25): 57-64, 2011

5 한준수, "강원도 남동부 지역(동해시, 삼척시)의 식물상" 한국식물분류학회 41 (41): 383-397, 2011

6 김유신, "강원도 괘병산과 갈미봉 일대의 식물상과 식생" 한국임학회 101 (101): 226-235, 2012

7 Zohary, D., "The wild genetic resources of cultivated lettuce(L. sativa L.)" 53 : 31-35, 1991

8 Raunkiaer, C., "The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography" Oxford University Press 1934

9 Boukema, I. W., "The CGN collection reviews: The CGN lettuce collection" Centre for genetic resources 2-5, 1990

10 Koh, K. S., "Survey for ecological impact by naturalized organisms" National Institute of Environmental Research 1995

11 Shin, S. C., "Study on the distribution and population dynamics of Lactuca serriola, naturalized plants" Youngnam University 1988

12 Lee, W. T., "Standard illustrations of Korean plants" Academy Press 1996

13 Lee, C. S., "Secondary succession and natural habitat restoration in abandoned rice fields of central Korea" 10 : 306-314, 2002

14 Bowra, J. C., "Prickly lettuce(Lactuca serriola)-a population explosion in Warwickshire" 60 : 12-16, 1992

15 Oberdorfer, E., "Pflanzensoziologische exkursionsflora für süddeutschland. 3. Aufl" Sttugart 987-, 1970

16 Stohlgren, T. J., "Patterns of plant invasions : a case example in native species hotspots and rare habitats" 3 : 37-50, 2001

17 Jeon, E. S., "Newly reported naturalized plants(VII)" 29 : 412-413, 1993

18 Park, S. H., "New illustrations and photographs of naturalized plants of Korea" Ilchokak 2009

19 Kil, J. H., "Monitoring of invasive alien species designated by the Wildlife Protection Act (VI)" National Institute of Environmental Research 2012

20 Kil, J. H., "Monitoring of invasive alien species designated by the Wildlife Protection Act (V)" National Institute of Environmental Research 2011

21 Kil, J. H., "Monitoring of invasive alien species designated by the Wildlife Protection Act (IV)" National Institute of Environmental Research 2010

22 Magurran, A. E., "Measuring biological diversity" Blackwell 256-, 2003

23 Brant, V., "Locika kompasova na pude uvad ene do klidu (Prickly lettuce on soils transferred to the quiet), In Rostlinoleka nstvi (Plant Medicine)" yzkumny ustav picnina rsky s.r.o. Troubsko u Brna, Czech Republic 11-17, 1999

24 Lee, W. T., "Lineamenta florae Korea" Academy Press 1996

25 Hooftman, D. A. P., "Invasive behaviour of Lactuca serriola(Asteraceae)in the Netherlands : Spatial distribution and ecological amplitude" 7 : 507-519, 2006

26 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity., "Invasive alien species-A threat to biodiversity"

27 Prince, S. D., "Induction of flowering in wild lettuce(Lactuca serriola L.). 3. Vernalization-devernalization cycles in buried seeds" 91 : 661-668, 1982

28 Numata, M., "Illustrated plant ecology" Ashakura Book Co. 1970

29 Bae, J. W., "Habitat of a neophyte, prickly lettuce(Lactuca serriola L.)" 16 : 243-252, 1996

30 Van der Ham, "Gifsla(Lactuca virosa L.)en kompassla(Lactuca serriola L. )in Nederland" 10 : 179-183, 1981

31 Yim, Y. J., "Geographical significance of raunkiaer's life form spectra in South Korea" 9 : 5-20, 1982

32 Lebeda, A., "Geographical distribution of wild Lactuca species(Asteraceae, Lactuceae)" 70 (70): 328-356, 2004

33 Lee, Y. M., "Floristic investigation of the invasive plants with emphasis on the areas of an industrial road in Korea" 19 (19): 166-168, 2009

34 Kim, C. N., "Flora and forest vegetation of Mt. Hambaek" Kangwon National Univ. 2001

35 Song, E. K., "Flora and forest vegetation of Mt. Baekun (Gangwon-do)" Kangwon National Univ. 2000

36 Werk, K. S., "Field Water relations of a compass plant, Lactuca serriola L" 9 : 681-683, 1986

37 Park, S. H., "Distributions of naturalized alien plants in Korea" Korea Forest Research Institute & Korea National Arboretum. Ukgo Press 2002

38 Yim, Y. J., "Distribution of naturalized plants in the Korean peninsula" 23 (23): 69-83, 1980

39 Hill, M. O., "DECORANA -A FORTRAN program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging-" Cornell University 1979

40 Lebeda, A., "Complex research of taxonomy and ecobiology of wild Lactuca spp. genetic resources" Palacky University 17-131, 1999

41 Lee, T. B., "Coloured flora of Korea. Vol. I, II" Hyangmunsa 2003

42 Ter Braak, C. J. F., "Canonical correspondence analysis : a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis" 67 : 1167-1179, 1986

43 Frietema de Vries, F. T., "Botanical files on lettuce(Lactuca sativa)" 2 : 1-34, 1994

44 Lebeda, A., "Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries" 48 : 153-164, 2001

45 Melchior, H., "An engler's syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien" Band 666-, 1964

46 Ri, C. U., "Adaptation patterns of prickly lettuce in Korea" 8 (8): 131-136, 1998

47 Korea National Arboretum., "A synonymic list of vascular plants in Korea"

48 Kim, C. H., "A study on the flora and vegetation of Konji neighborhood park, Jeonju" 10 (10): 41-52, 2006

49 Park, S. H., "A study on naturalized plants introduced into Korea" 85 : 39-50, 1994