유럽 선사시대 개인의 정체성 형성과 젠더 - 독일 남부지역 출토 무덤을 중심으로 = The Formation of Individual Identity and Gender in European Prehistory

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Megalithic tombs, represented by stone henge, emerged during the Middle Neolithic period in Europe and played an active role as an ideological medium to emphasise communality and equality within a community. By contrast, the Corded Ware Culture and the Bell Beaker Culture, which originated from Eastern Europe (or the Russian Steppe) and around the Rhine river respectively, and afterwards spread out in Central Europe, witnessed the emergence of individual burials and gender categorisation between male and female, which were evidenced by body orientation and burial goods. This phenomenon is continuously observed in the Early Bronze Age and understandably becomes a background of the growth of tumulus in the Middle Bronze Age.
This process has been interpreted as an incessant process with a gradual growth of individuals and the emergence of elite. This article attempts to point out the fact that the existing accounts suggested by European Prehistorians, have failed to consider the change and the competitions between various structures (or structural principles) based upon the extant Early Bronze Age burials found in South Germany and Austria in a proper way. At the same time, it will be argued that various structures (or structural principle) such as communality, equality and individuality, emerged and competed each other, and thus finally led to construction of massive individual tumulus, which mediated the constitution of power (or its network), and thus consolidated social recognition of social power and institutionalisation of it behind the growth of individuals.
In addition, power execution observed in the Middle Bronze Age (such as emphasis on masculinity and masculine body, and individual armoury and ornaments), seems to emerge based upon the change and the competition of such structures (or structural principles).

국문 초록 (Abstract)

유럽 중기 신석기 시대에는 스톤헨지로 대표되는 소위 거석무덤이등장하여 공동체의 무덤으로 사용되는 동시에 공동체 내의 평등성을강조하는 이데올로기적 기제로 사용되었다. 이에 비해 후기에 들어오면 스텝지역 및 동유럽에서 시작된 승문토기(Corded ware)문화와 대서양 연안 혹은 라인 강 근처에서 발달하여 유럽전역으로 확산되어간 벨 비커(Bell Beaker) 문화가 등장하여 주로 개인의 무덤으로 대표되는 동시에 남성과 여성 사이의 구분이 무덤의 두향과 부장품의 차이에서 확연히 확인된다. 이러한 현상은 청동기 초기에도 지속되며 청동기 중기 이후에 등장하는 거대한 봉분을 가진 무덤들의시작과 연결되는 것으로 이해되어왔다. 또한 유럽고고학계 내에서하나의 연속적인 과정으로써 개인의 성장과권력(자)의 등장이라는 핵심개념으로 이해되어 왔다. 이 글에서는 초기 청동기 시대 무덤자료가 잘 남아 있는 독일 남부 및 오스트리아 지역 출토 무덤군의 무덤자료들을 분석하여 지금까지의 유럽학계의 해석이 후기 신석기 시대로부터 초기 청동기 시대 후기까지의 시대적 차이에 따른 구조적 원칙의 변화와 경쟁에 대해 주목하고 있지 않음을 지적하고자 한다. 이와 동시에 소위‘개인의 성장’이면에서는 공동체성과 평등성, 개인성 (개인 간 차이와 차별에 대한 강조 등을 포함)과 같은 다양한 사회의 구조적 원칙들이 등장하여 경쟁하는 와중에 최종적으로 거대한봉분을 가진 단독무덤의 조영과 이를 매개로 한 권력(자)의 형성, 그리고 그러한 과정을 통해 형성된 권력의 사회적 인식과 내면화가 가능했던 것으로 파악하고자 한다. 또한 이러한 구조적 원칙들의 경쟁과 변화를 거쳐 중기 청동기 시대 이래 관찰되는 권력의 행사 방식(개인의 무구와 장신구, 그리고 남성성의 강조)이 등장하는 것으로이해하고자 한다.

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