주요 우울 장애, 정신분열병, 양극성 장애 및 정상 대조군에서의 N100 진폭경사 = N100 Amplitude Slopes in Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia and Normal Controls

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Objectives : N100 amplitude slope(the intensity dependence of the cortical auditory evoked potentials) is widely considered as an indirect indicator of central serotonergic neurotransmission. However, there are only a few studies about N100 amplitude slopes of major psychiatric disorders. In this study, we examined N100 amplitude slope differences among major depressive disorder(MDD), bipolar disorder(BD), schizophrenia (SCZ) and normal controls(NC). Methods : We measured the N100 amplitude slopes of 35 patients with MDD, 33 patients with BD, 27 patients with SCZ and 35 NC subjects. Amplitude differences from N1 to P2 at the five different sound intensities(55, 65, 75, 85 and 95dB) were examined at Cz electrode. The N100 amplitude slope was calculated as the linear regression of five N1/P2 peak-to-peak amplitudes across stimulus intensities. Results : BD patients showed significantly reduced N100 amplitude slope compared with NC(0.54${\pm}$0.70 vs. 0.96${\pm}$0.72, p=0.035). N100 amplitude slope of SCZ patients was significantly reduced compared with NC(0.50${\pm}$0.47 vs. 0.96${\pm}$0.72, p=0.027). N100 amplitude slope of BD patients was significantly lower than that of MDD patients(0.54${\pm}$0.70 vs. 0.94${\pm}$0.60, p=0.046). SCZ patients also showed significant reduction of N100 amplitude slope compared with MDD patients(0.50${\pm}$0.47 vs. 0.94${\pm}$0.60, p=0.036). There was no significant difference of N100 amplitude slope between MDD patients and NC(0.94${\pm}$0.60 vs. 0.96${\pm}$0.72, p=1.000). Conclusion : Interestingly, the N100 amplitude slopes of BD and SCZ were reduced compared to NC and MDD patients. Our results suggest the predictive use of N100 amplitude slope in making differential diagnoses of major psychiatric disorders. Clinical implications of N100 amplitude slope in major psychiatric disorders were discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Lucki I, "The spectrum of behaviors influenced by serotonin" 44 : 151-162, 1998

2 Lewis DA, "The monoaminergic innervation of primate neocortex" 5 : 181-188, 1986

3 Gallinat J, "The loudness dependency of the auditory evoked N1/P2-component as a predictor of the acute SSRI response in depression" 148 : 404-411, 2000

4 O’Neill BV, "The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) as an in vivo biomarker of central serotonergic function in humans: rationale, evaluation and review of findings" 23 : 355-370, 2008

5 Linka T, "The intensity dependence of the auditory evoked N1 component as a predictor of response to Citalopram treatment in patients with major depression" 367 : 375-378, 2004

6 Linka T, "The intensity dependence of auditory ERP components in unmedicated patients with major depression and healthy controls. An analysis of group differences" 103 : 139-145, 2007

7 Juckel G, "The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and the intensity dependence of auditory evoked dipole source activity" 37 : 311-317, 1995

8 Aghajanian GK, "Serotonin model of schizophrenia: emerging role of glutamate mechanisms" 31 : 302-312, 2000

9 Pogarell O, "Serotonin and dopamine transporter availabilities correlate with the loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder" 29 : 1910-1917, 2004

10 Gudlowski Y, "Serotonergic dysfunction in the prodromal, first-episode and chronic course of schizophrenia as assessed by the loudness dependence of auditory evoked activity" 109 : 141-147, 2009

11 Juckel G, "Serotonergic dysfunction in schizophrenia assessed by the loudness dependence measure of primary auditory cortex evoked activity" 64 : 115-124, 2003

12 Hegerl U, "Sensory cortical processing and the biological basis of personality" 37 : 467-472, 1995

13 Zuckerman M, "Sensation seeking and cortical augmenting–reducing" 11 : 535-542, 1974

14 Brocke B, "Sensation seeking and affective disorders: characteristics in the intensity dependence of acoustic evoked potentials" 41 : 24-30, 2000

15 First MB, "SCID-II Personality Question- categorical problem with a dimennaire" American Psychiatric Press 1997

16 Brown RM, "Regional distribution of monoamines in the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures of the rhesus monkey: concentrations and in vivo synthesis rates" 168 : 133-150, 1979

17 Sher L, "Prolactin response to fenfluramine administration in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression and healthy controls" 28 : 559-573, 2003

18 Ebstein RP, "Personality and polymorphisms of genes involved in aminergic neurotransmission" 410 : 205-214, 2000

19 Beauducel A, "On the reliability of augmenting/reducing. Peak amplitudes and principal component analysis of auditory evoked potentials" 14 : 226-240, 2000

20 Wiste AK, "Norepinephrine and serotonin imbalance in the locus coeruleus in bipolar disorder" 10 : 349-359, 2008

21 Seth P, "Nicotinic-serotonergic interactions in brain and behaviour" 71 : 795-805, 2002

22 Goodwin FK, "Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression. 2nd ed" Oxford university press 492-493, 2007

23 Lee TW, "Loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential and response to antidepressants in Chinese patients with major depression" 30 : 202-205, 2005

24 Juckel G, "Loudness dependence of the auditory evoked N1/P2 component as an indicator of serotonergic dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia-a replication study" 158 : 79-82, 2008

25 Hegerl U, "Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials and clinical response to prophylactic lithium medication: a replication study" 44 : 181-191, 1992

26 Tuchtenhagen F, "High intensity dependence of auditory evoked dipole source activity indicates decreased serotonergic activity in abstinent ecstasy (MDMA) users" 22 : 608-617, 2000

27 Hentrick WP, "Gender Differences in Gating of the Auditory Evoked Potential in Normal Subjects" 39 : 51-58, 1996

28 Paige SR, "Event-related potential amplitude/intensity slopes predict response to antidepressants" 30 : 197-201, 1994

29 Norra C, "Enhanced intensity dependence as a marker of low serotonergic neurotransmission in borderline personality disorder" 37 : 23-33, 2003

30 Croft RJ, "Electrophysiological evidence of serotonergic impairment in longterm MDMA (“ecstasy”) users" 158 : 1687-1692, 2001

31 van Veelen NM, "Dopamine, serotonin, and schizophrenia" 80 : 425-429, 1999

32 Friedel RO, "Dopamine dysfunction in borderline personality disorder: a hypothesis" 29 : 1029-1039, 2004

33 Campbell MJ, "Distribution of choline acetyltransferase-, serotonin-, dopamine-b-hydroxylase-, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in monkey primary auditory cortex" 261 : 209-220, 1987

34 American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition(DSM-IV)" American Psychiatric Press 1994

35 Schiff S, "Bisiacchi P, Gatta A, Amodio P. The effect of aging on auditory components of event-related brain potentials" 119 : 1795-1802, 2008

36 Juckel G, "Auditory-Evoked Potentials as Indicator of Brain Serotonergic Activity First Evidence in Behaving Cats" 41 : 1181-1195, 1997

37 Juckel G, "Auditory evoked potentials reflect serotonergic neuronal activity-a study in behaving cats administered drugs acting on 5-HT1A autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus" 21 : 710-716, 1999

38 Hensch T, "An electrophysiological endophenotype of hypomanic and hyperthymic personality" 101 : 13-26, 2007

39 Semlitsch HV, "A solution for reliable and valid reduction of ocular artifacts, applied to the P300 ERP" 23 : 695-703, 1986

40 Wooley DW, "A biochemical and pharmacological suggestion about certain mental disorders" 228-231, 1954