Pericardial Effusion and Pericardiocentesis: Role of Echocardiography

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Pericardial effusion can develop from any pericardial disease, including pericarditis and several systemic disorders, such as malignancies,pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic renal failure, thyroid diseases, and autoimmune diseases. The causes of large pericardial effusion requiring invasive pericardiocentesis may vary according to the time, country, and hospital. Transthoracic echocardiography is the most important tool for diagnosis, grading, the pericardiocentesis procedure, and follow up of pericardial effusion. Cardiac tamponade is a kind of cardiogenic shock and medical emergency. Clinicians should understand the tamponade physiology, especially because it can develop without large pericardial effusion. In addition, clinicians should correlate the echocardiographic findings of tamponade, such as right ventricular collapse, right atrial collapse, and respiratory variation of mitral and tricuspid flow, with clinical signs of clinical tamponade, such as hypotension or pulsus paradoxus. Percutaneous pericardiocentesis has been the most useful procedure in many cases of large pericardial effusion,cardiac tamponade, or pericardial effusion of unknown etiology. The procedure should be performed with the guidance of echocardiography.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김대영, "중등도 이상의 심낭삼출 환자에서 임상상 및 장기예후" 대한내과학회 74 (74): 154-161, 2008

2 Verhaert D, "The role of multimodality imaging in the management of pericardial disease" 3 : 333-343, 2010

3 Goodman A, "The role of bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade" 5 : 72-75, 2012

4 Horowitz MS, "Sensitivity and specificity of echocardiographic diagnosis of pericardial effusion" 50 : 239-247, 1974

5 Singh S, "Right ventricular and right atrial collapse in patients with cardiac tamponade--a combined echocardiographic and hemodynamic study" 70 : 966-971, 1984

6 Kochar GS, "Right atrial compression in postoperative cardiac patients: detection by transesophageal echocardiography" 16 : 511-516, 1990

7 Tsang TS, "Rescue echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis for cardiac perforation complicating catheter-based procedures. The Mayo Clinic experience" 32 : 1345-1350, 1998

8 이혜련, "Prognosis of Large, Symptomatic Pericardial Effusion Treated by Echo-guided Percutaneous Pericardiocentesis" JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 31 : 531-537, 200811

9 Nagdev A, "Point-of-care ultrasound evaluation of pericardial effusions: does this patient have cardiac tamponade?" 82 : 671-673, 2011

10 Loukas M, "Pericardiocentesis: a clinical anatomy review" 25 : 872-881, 2012

11 Lindenberger M, "Pericardiocentesis guided by 2-D echocardiography: the method of choice for treatment of pericardial effusion" 253 : 411-417, 2003

12 Kabukcu M, "Pericardial tamponade and large pericardial effusions: causal factors and efficacy of percutaneous catheter drainage in 50 patients" 31 : 398-403, 2004

13 Allen KB, "Pericardial effusion: subxiphoid pericardiostomy versus percutaneous catheter drainage" 67 : 437-440, 1999

14 Oh JK, "Pericardial diseases, In The echo manual. 3rd ed" Lippincott Williams and Wilkins (Wolters Kluwers) 289-292, 2007

15 Spodick DH, "Pericardial diseases, In Heart disease. 6th ed" W.B. Saunders 1823-1876, 2001

16 Munt BI, "Pericardial disease, In The practice of clinical echocardiography. 4th ed" Saunders/ Elservier 565-578, 2011

17 Braunwalt E, "Pericardial disease, In Harrison’s internal medicine. 17th ed" McGraw Hill Medical 1488-1492, 2008

18 Manning WJ, "Pericardial disease, In Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed" Saunders/Elservier 548-552, 2008

19 Little WC, "Pericardial disease" 113 : 1622-1632, 2006

20 Gaffney FA, "Pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiac tamponade and pulsus alternans shown by echocardiography" 53 : 1662-1666, 1984

21 Seferovic´ PM, "Management strategies in pericardial emergencies" 31 : 891-900, 2006

22 Himelman RB, "Inferior vena cava plethora with blunted respiratory response: a sensitive echocardiographic sign of cardiac tamponade" 12 : 1470-1477, 1988

23 Gillam LD, "Hydrodynamic compression of the right atrium: a new echocardiographic sign of cardiac tamponade" 68 : 294-301, 1983

24 Maisch B, "Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; The Task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European society of cardiology" 25 : 587-610, 2004

25 Reydel B, "Frequency and significance of chamber collapses during cardiac tamponade" 119 : 1160-1163, 1990

26 Levy PY, "Etiologic diagnosis of 204 pericardial effusions" 82 : 385-391, 2003

27 Reuter H, "Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa" 133 : 393-399, 2005

28 Jung HO, "Electrocardiographic changes resulting from pericardial effusion drainage" 106 : 437-441, 2010

29 Pepi M, "Echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of pericardial disease" 7 : 533-544, 2006

30 Tsang TS, "Echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis: evolution and state-of-the-art technique" 73 : 647-652, 1998

31 Engel PJ, "Echocardiographic study of right ventricular wall motion in cardiac tamponade" 50 : 1018-1021, 1982

32 Armstrong WF, "Diastolic collapse of the right ventricle with cardiac tamponade: an echocardiographic study" 65 : 1491-1496, 1982

33 Sagristà-Sauleda J, "Diagnosis and management of pericardial effusion" 3 : 135-143, 2011

34 Mercé J, "Correlation between clinical and Doppler echocardiographic findings in patients with moderate and large pericardial effusion: implications for the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade" 138 (138): 759-764, 1999

35 Tsang TS, "Consecutive 1127 therapeutic echocardiographically guided pericardiocenteses: clinical profile, practice patterns, and outcomes spanning 21 years" 77 : 429-436, 2002

36 McDonald JM, "Comparison of open subxiphoid pericardial drainage with percutaneous catheter drainage for symptomatic pericardial effusion" 76 : 811-816, 2003

37 Sagristà-Sauleda J, "Clinical clues to the causes of large pericardial effusions" 109 : 95-101, 2000

38 Tsang TS, "Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of significant pericardial effusions following cardiothoracic surgery and outcomes of echo-guided pericardiocentesis for management: Mayo Clinic experience, 1979-1998" 116 : 322-331, 1999

39 조병철, "Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics of Pericardial Effusion in Patients Who Underwent Echocardiographically Guided Pericardiocentesis: Yonsei Cardiovascular Center Experience, 1993-2003" 연세대학교의과대학 45 (45): 462-468, 2004

40 Burstow DJ, "Cardiac tamponade: characteristic Doppler observations" 64 : 312-324, 1989

41 Ariyarajah V, "Cardiac tamponade revisited: a postmortem look at a cautionary case" 34 : 347-351, 2007

42 Kronzon I, "Cardiac tamponade by loculated pericardial hematoma: limitations of M-mode echocardiography" 1 : 913-915, 1983

43 Appleton CP, "Cardiac tamponade and pericardial effusion: respiratory variation in transvalvular flow velocities studied by Doppler echocardiography" 11 : 1020-1030, 1988

44 Spodick DH, "Acute cardiac tamponade" 349 : 684-690, 2003

45 Halpern DG, "A novel pericardial effusion scoring index to guide decision for drainage" 11 : 85-88, 2012