National Power Survey . 1970(1) - 1970(3)

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [Volume. 1970(1)]----------
• CONTENTS
• Preface = Ⅰ-ⅲ
• CHAPTER I : SUMMARY
• Assessment of the U. S. Electric Power Situation = Ⅰ-1-1
• General = Ⅰ-1-1
• Areas of Problems and Progress = Ⅰ-1-1
• Why Quality of Service is Critical = Ⅰ-1-4
• Major Needs and Imperatives = Ⅰ-1-5
• The Need to Recognize the Situation for What it is = Ⅰ-1-5
• The Need to Distinguish Between Short-Range Problems and Long-Range Objectives = Ⅰ-1-5
• The Need for improved Site Selection Procedures = Ⅰ-1-6
• The Need for a National Energy Policy = Ⅰ-1-6
• The Need for Intensified Research and Development = Ⅰ-1-8
• Financial Imperatives = Ⅰ-1-9
• Summary of Survey Findings = Ⅰ-1-10
• Introduction = Ⅰ-1-10
• Structure of the Power Industry = Ⅰ-1-10
• General = Ⅰ-1-10
• Observations = Ⅰ-1-12
• The Demand Outlook = Ⅰ-1-12
• The 1964 Outlook = Ⅰ-1-12
• The 1970 Outlook = Ⅰ-1-12
• Major Demand Components = Ⅰ-1-13
• Discussion = Ⅰ-1-13
• The Supply Outlook = Ⅰ-1-14
• The Situation in 1964 = Ⅰ-1-14
• Changes in Conditions = Ⅰ-1-15
• The 1970 Survey Findings = Ⅰ-1-16
• Capacity = Ⅰ-1-16
• Fuel Supplies = Ⅰ-1-19
• Transmission = Ⅰ-1-21
• Reliability = Ⅰ-1-21
• The Relationship Between Power and the Environment = Ⅰ-1-22
• The 1964 Outlook = Ⅰ-1-22
• 1970 Survey Findings = Ⅰ-1-22
• Air Quality (Fossil Fuels) = Ⅰ-1-23
• Air Quality (Nuclear Fuels) = Ⅰ-1-24
• Water Quality = Ⅰ-1-25
• Land Use = Ⅰ-1-26
• Esthetics = Ⅰ-1-27
• General = Ⅰ-1-27
• Research And Development Needs = Ⅰ-1-28
• General = Ⅰ-1-28
• organizational Mechanisms = Ⅰ-1-29
• Financing Mechanisms = Ⅰ-1-33
• The Price Outlook = Ⅰ-1-33
• The 1964 Survey Outlook = Ⅰ-1-33
• The 1970 Survey Outlook = Ⅰ-1-34
• TABLES
• 1.1 Categories of Electric Power Use = Ⅰ-1-13
• 1.2 Projected Growth of Utility Generating Capacity = Ⅰ-1-17
• 1.3 Distribution of Generating Capacity = Ⅰ-1-18
• 1.4 Projected Distribution of Fuel Use For Thermal Power Generation 1970-1990 = Ⅰ-1-19
• 1.5 Projected Annual Fuel Requirements For Thermal Power Generation = Ⅰ-1-20
• 1.6 Estimated Nationwide Discharges of Airborne Pollutants-1968 = Ⅰ-1-23
• 1.7 Major Research and Development Needs in the Field of Electric Power = Ⅰ-1-30
• 1.8 Cost of Electricity to Ultimate Consumer = Ⅰ-1-34
• FIGURES
• 1.1 The Electric Power Industry-1970 = Ⅰ-1-11
• CHAPTER 2 : STRUCTURE OF THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
• Historical Background of the Industry = Ⅰ-2-1
• Ownership and Structure = Ⅰ-2-2
• Investor-Owned Systems = Ⅰ-2-4
• Federal Systems = Ⅰ-2-5
• Public Non-Federal Systems = Ⅰ-2-5
• Cooperative Systems = Ⅰ-2-6
• Changes in Industry Size, Structure, and Ownership = Ⅰ-2-7
• Ceombination Electric and Gas Utilities = Ⅰ-2-8
• Regulation = Ⅰ-2-9
• TABLES
• 2.1 Number of Electric Utility Systems by Class of Ownership = Ⅰ-2-2
• 2.2 Number of Electric Utility Systems by Ownership Classification, Region, and i Function = Ⅰ-2-3
• 2.3 Number of Electric Utility Systems in the Contiguous U. S. by Size and Ownership = Ⅰ-2-7
• 2.4 Selected Characteristics of Classes A and B Investor-Owned Combination Utilities = Ⅰ-2-9
• CHAPTER 3 : THE PROJECTED GROWTH IN THE USE OF ELECTRIC POWER
• Introduction = Ⅰ-3-1
• Characteristics of Electric Loads = Ⅰ-3-1
• Demand For Electricity = Ⅰ-3-3
• Cost Factors Influencing Demand for Electricity = Ⅰ-3-4
• Environmental Protection = Ⅰ-3-5
• Weather = Ⅰ-3-6
• Potential Load Building Developments = Ⅰ-3-6
• Industry = Ⅰ-3-6
• Process Heating = Ⅰ-3-6
• Electric-Arc Steel-Making Furnace = Ⅰ-3-6
• Induction Heating in Steel Industry = Ⅰ-3-7
• Electro-Organic Synthesis = Ⅰ-3-7
• Other Industrial Applications = Ⅰ-3-7
• Residential Electric Requirements = Ⅰ-3-8
• Transportation = Ⅰ-3-9
• The Electric Car = Ⅰ-3-9
• Electrified Transport-Railroads = Ⅰ-3-10
• Rapid Transit = Ⅰ-3-10
• Outdoor Lighting = Ⅰ-3-11
• Need For Load Projections = Ⅰ-3-11
• National and Regional Projections = Ⅰ-3-12
• Projections of Electric Energy Requirements and Peak Demands to 1990 = Ⅰ-3-13
• Energy Requirements by Class of Use = Ⅰ-3-17
• TABLES
• 3.1 Electrically Heated Dwellings in the United States, 1964-I990 = Ⅰ-3-8
• 3.2 Saturation Levels for Selected Electrical Appliances, Contiguous United States = Ⅰ-3-8
• 3.3 Approximate Wattage Rating and Estimated Annual Kilowatt-Hour Consumption of Electrical Appliances Under Normal Use in 1969 = Ⅰ-3-9
• 3.4 Comparison of Staff Econometric Study Results and Regional Advisory Committee Projections for Residential and Total Electric Utility Energy Requirements, 1980-1990 = Ⅰ-3-13
• 3.5 Electric Utility Energy Requirements and Peak Loads by Power Supply Areas and Regions-1970, 1980, and 1990 = Ⅰ-3-14
• 3.6 Annual Electric Energy Requirements by Class of Use, Contiguous United States = Ⅰ-3-18
• 3.7 Projected Increases in Electric Energy Requirements by Class of Use, 1965-1990, Contiguous United States = Ⅰ-3-18
• FIGURES
• 3.1 Weekly Load Curve = Ⅰ-3-2
• 3.2 Estimated 1970 Monthly Peak Demands-West and South Central Regions = Ⅰ-3-3
• 3.3 Annual Production of Electric Energy Per Capita-Utility and Industrial = Ⅰ-3-3
• 3.4 U. S. Energy Consumption, 1920-1990 = Ⅰ-3-4
• 3.5 Growth of Electricity Production and Gross National Product, 1929-1990 = Ⅰ-3-13
• 3.6 National Power Survey Regions and Power Supply Areas = Ⅰ-3-16
• 3.7 Electric Utility Energy Requirements, 1880-1990 = Ⅰ-3-17
• CHAPTER 4 : FOSSIL FUELS AND FUEL TRANSPORT
• Fuel Requirements = Ⅰ-4-1
• Coal = Ⅰ-4-2
• Coal Resources = Ⅰ-4-4
• Coal Distribution = Ⅰ-4-5
• Physical Characteristics of Deposits = Ⅰ-4-6
• Chemical Properties and Their Effect on Coal's Competitive Position = Ⅰ-4-7
• Low-Sulfur Coal for Electric Utilities = Ⅰ-4-8
• Mine-Mouth Plants = Ⅰ-4-10
• Coal Conversion = Ⅰ-4-10
• Natural Gas = Ⅰ-4-12
• National Gas Survey = Ⅰ-4-14
• Natural Gas Resources = Ⅰ-4-15
• Plowshare Program = Ⅰ-4-16
• Natural Gas Imports = Ⅰ-4-I6
• Residual Fuel Oil = Ⅰ-4-17
• Residual Fuel Oil Supply = Ⅰ-4-17
• Oil Import Control Program = Ⅰ-4-19
• Low-Sulfur Residual Oil for the Electric Power Industry = Ⅰ-4-19
• Oil Shale = Ⅰ-4-20
• Fuel Transport = Ⅰ-4-20
• Coal Transport = Ⅰ-4-21
• Rail Transport = Ⅰ-4-21
• Water Transport = Ⅰ-4-21
• Pipeline-Slurry Transport = Ⅰ-4-22
• Transportation of Natural Gas = Ⅰ-4-24
• Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) = Ⅰ-4-24
• International Transport = Ⅰ-4-24
• Ocean Transport of Residual Fuel Oil = Ⅰ-4-25
• Interfuel Competition = Ⅰ-4-25
• Factors Affecting InterfueI Competition = Ⅰ-4-26
• Air Pollution = Ⅰ-4-26
• High-Voltage Transmission = Ⅰ-4-26
• Transport Limitations = Ⅰ-4-27
• Nature of Fuel Demand by Electric Utilities = Ⅰ-4-27
• Characteristics of the Fuel Supply Market = Ⅰ-4-27
• International Trade = Ⅰ-4-28
• Regional Outlook = Ⅰ-4-28
• TABLES
• 4.1 Annual Consumption of Fossil Fuels by Electric Utility Power Plants, 1961-1970 and Projected to 1990 = l-4-2
• 4.2 Total Domestic and Utility Consumption of Coal, 1961-1970 = Ⅰ-4-3
• 4.3 Coal Production from Strip and Auger Mines = Ⅰ-4-4
• 4.4 Coal Prices-1965, 1968, and 1969 = Ⅰ-4-4
• 4.5 Total Estimated Remaining Coal Resources of the United States, January 1, 1967 = Ⅰ-4-5
• 4.6 The Remaining U. S. Coal Resources by Basin or Region, and by Thickness of Beds, January 1, 1967 = Ⅰ-4-7
• 4.7 Remaining Coal Reserves of the United States, by Type, Sulfur Content, and State, January 1, 1965 = Ⅰ-4-9
• 4.8 Units of 500-Megawatt Capacity and Over in Mine-Mouth Electric Plants = Ⅰ-4-11
• 4.9 Process Summary for Synthetic Pipeline-Gas Plants = Ⅰ-4-13
• 4.10 Economics of Synthetic Pipeline-Gas Processes, Summary = Ⅰ-4-13
• 4.11 Total Domestic and Utility Consumption of Natural Gas, 1961-1970 = Ⅰ-4-14
• 4.12 Estimated Total Proved Recoverable Reserves of Natural Gas in the United States = Ⅰ-4-15
• 4.13 Total Domestic and Utility Consumption of Fuel Oil, 1961-1970 = Ⅰ-4-17
• 4.14 Domestic Supply of Residual Fuel Oil, I961-1970 = Ⅰ-4-18
• 4.15 Bituminous Coal and Lignite Shipments to Electric Utilities, by Mode of Trans-port, 1959 and 1968 = Ⅰ-4-21
• 4.16 Fuel Consumption by Electric Utilities, 1960 and 1969, and Average Growth Rates, by Census Regions = Ⅰ-4-25
• 4.17 Fossil Fuel Use for Electric Power Generation by Census Regions, as a Percent of Total Btu, 1960 and 1969 = Ⅰ-4-26
• FIGURES
• 4.1 Projected Generation Mix = Ⅰ-4-1
• 4.2 Estimated Annual Electric Utility Generation by Primary Energy Sources = Ⅰ-4-1
• 4.3 Estimated Annual Fossil Fuel Requirements for Electric Utility Generation = Ⅰ-4-2
• 4.4 Relative Use of Coal, Gas, and Oil in Projected Fossil-Fueled Generation = Ⅰ-4-4
• 4.5 Distribution of Fossil Fuel Reserves = Ⅰ-4-6
• 4.6 Average Unit Train Rates = Ⅰ-4-22
• 4.7 Black Mesa-Mohave Coal-Slurry Pipeline = Ⅰ-4-23
• 4.8 Gas Liquefying and Storage Facilities = Ⅰ-4-24
• 4.9 Relative Changes in the Wholesale Price Index of Fossil Fuels = Ⅰ-4-28
• 4.10 Projected Fossil Fuel Requirements for Electric Power Generation, by Regions = Ⅰ-4-30
• CHAPTER 5 : FOSSIL-FUELED STEAM-ELECTRIC GENERATION
• Introduction = Ⅰ-5-1
• Sizes of Units = Ⅰ-5-2
• Sizes of Plants = Ⅰ-5-3
• Average Costs = Ⅰ-5-4
• Steam Conditions = Ⅰ-5-5
• Heat Rates = Ⅰ-5-6
• Base lload Units = Ⅰ-5-7
• Base Load Units with Built-in Peaking Capability = Ⅰ-5-8
• Peaking Units = Ⅰ-5-8
• Changing Operational Patterns for Older Units = Ⅰ-5-8
• Maintenance = Ⅰ-5-9
• P$$\acute e$$rformance of New Units = Ⅰ-5-10
• Trends In Boilers q = Ⅰ-5-10
• Prospects for Combined Cycles = Ⅰ-5-12
• Gas Turbine-Steam Turbine = Ⅰ-5-12
• Combined Steam or Power-Incineration Plants = Ⅰ-5-12
• Automation of Steam-Electric Plants = Ⅰ-5-13
• FIGUEES
• 5.1 Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Generating Capacity = Ⅰ-5-1
• 5.2 150-Megawatt Unit in Paradise Plant = Ⅰ-5-2
• 5.3 Largest Fossil-FueIed Steam-Electric Turbine-Generators in Service-1900-1990 = Ⅰ-5-3
• 5.4 Genoa Nuclear and Coal-Fired Plants = Ⅰ-5-3
• 5.5 Average Investment Cost Per Kilowatt of Total Installed Steam-Electric Capacity = Ⅰ-5-4
• 5.6 Total Costs of Producing Steam-Electric Power = Ⅰ-5-4
• 5.7 Asbury Steam-Electric Plant = Ⅰ-5-5
• 5.8 Manpower Requirements for Operation and Maintenance of Modern Coal-Fired and Gas-Fired Steam-Electric Plants = Ⅰ-5-5
• 5.9 Maximum Designed Throttle Pressures of Turbines Installed Each Year = Ⅰ-5-6
• 5.10 Maximum Designed Throttle Temperatures of Turbines Installed Each Year = Ⅰ-5-6
• 5.11 Heat Rates of Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Plants = Ⅰ-5-7
• 5.12 The 1606-Megawatt Haynes Steam-Electric Plant = Ⅰ-5-7
• 5.13 Turbo-Generator in the Fort Martin Plant = Ⅰ-5-9
• 5.14 Maximum Capacity of Boilers Installed Each Year = Ⅰ-5-11
• 5.15 Northport Steam-Electric Plant = Ⅰ-5-11
• 5.16 Riverbend Steam-Electric Plant = Ⅰ-5-12
• 5.17 Combined Gas Turbine-Steam Turbine Cycle = Ⅰ-5-12
• CHAPTER 6 : NUCLEAR POWER
• Introduction = Ⅰ-6-1
• Accelerated Growth of Nuclear Power Generation = Ⅰ-6-1
• Regulation = Ⅰ-6-5
• Plant Licensing = Ⅰ-6-5
• Construction Permit I-6-5
• Operating License = Ⅰ-6-7
• Operator Licensing = Ⅰ-6-7
• Nuclear Insurance = Ⅰ-6-9
• Types of Reactor Systems in Service and Being Built = Ⅰ-6-9
• Pressurized Water Reactor = Ⅰ-6-9
• Boiling Water Reactor = Ⅰ-6-9
• Nuclear Fuels = Ⅰ-6-10
• Fuel Requirements and Supply = Ⅰ-6-10
• Fuel Cycles = Ⅰ-6-11
• Uranium Fuel Cycle = Ⅰ-6-11
• Head-End Processes = Ⅰ-6-11
• Fuel Fabrication = Ⅰ-6-11
• Irradiation in Reactor = Ⅰ-6-12
• Tail-End Processes = Ⅰ-6-12
• Thorium Cycle = Ⅰ-6-12
• Plutonium Cycle = Ⅰ-6-12
• Fuel Management = Ⅰ-6-12
• Nuclear Plant Costs = Ⅰ-6-13
• Capital Costs = Ⅰ-6-13
• Nuclear Plant Efficiencies = Ⅰ-6-13
• Nuclear Fuel Costs = Ⅰ-6-14
• Operation and Maintenance Costs = Ⅰ-6-14
• Quality Assurance = Ⅰ-6-15
• Plant Operations = Ⅰ-6-15
• Plant Availability = Ⅰ-6-15
• Loading of Generating Units = Ⅰ-6-16
• Performance During System Disturbance = Ⅰ-6-16
• Computer Applications in Nuclear Plant Operation = Ⅰ-6-17
• Personnel Requirements = Ⅰ-6-17
• Training of Personnel = Ⅰ-6-17
• Nuclear Power Environmental Considerations = Ⅰ-6-17
• Siting Criteria = Ⅰ-6-17
• Effects on Water Resources = Ⅰ-6-19
• Reactor Safety = Ⅰ-6-19
• Development of Radiation Standards = Ⅰ-6-19
• Safety Protection for Nuclear Reactors = Ⅰ-6-19
• Radioactivity in Condenser Cooling Water = Ⅰ-6-20
• Radioactive Discharges to the Atmosphere = Ⅰ-6-20
• Reactor Waste Management = Ⅰ-6-20
• Possible Future Reactor Types = Ⅰ-6-21
• Advanced Converter and Low Gain Breeder Concepts = Ⅰ-6-21
• High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor = Ⅰ-6-21
• Light Water Breeders = Ⅰ-6-21
• Molten Salt Breeder Reactor = Ⅰ-6-22
• Fast Neutron Breeder Reactors = Ⅰ-6-22
• Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor = Ⅰ-6-22
• Gas-Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor = Ⅰ-6-23
• TABLES
• 6.1 Nuclear Electric Generating Units, Existing and Scheduled = Ⅰ-6-2
• 6.2 Fuel Cycle Costs for a 1,000-MW Plant = Ⅰ-6-15
• 6.3 Commercial Nuclear Reactor Availability Factors = Ⅰ-6-16
• FIGURES
• 6.1 Nuclear Electric Generating Units, Existing and Scheduled = Ⅰ-6-6
• 6.2 Projected Nuclear, Hydro, and Fossil-Fueled Capacity = Ⅰ-6-7
• 6.3 Nine Mile Point Nuclear Power Plant = Ⅰ-6-7
• 6.4 Nuclear Electric Capacity, Existing and Projected = Ⅰ-6-8
• 6.5 Dresden Nuclear Power Plant = Ⅰ-6-10
• 6.6 Uranium Fuel Bundles = Ⅰ-6-10
• 6.7 Estimated Effects of Fast Breeder Introduction on Uranium Requirements = Ⅰ-6-11
• 6.8 Nuclear Fuel Cycle for Light Water Reactor = Ⅰ-6-11
• 6.9 Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant = Ⅰ-6-13
• 6.10 Estimated Operation and Maintenance Costs for Light Water Reactor Plants = Ⅰ-6-15
• 6.11 Reinforcing Steel at Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant = Ⅰ-6-16
• 6.12 Shipping of Browns Ferry Nuclear Reactor Vessel I'll = Ⅰ-6-17
• 6.13 Shipping of Steam Generator for Oconee Nuclear Power Plant = Ⅰ-6-18
• 6.14 Handling Reactor Waste = Ⅰ-6-20
• 6.15 Fort StVrain Nuclear Power Plant = Ⅰ-6-21
• 6.16 Steam Generator Being Prepared for Testing = Ⅰ-6-22
• CHAPTER 7 : CONVENTIONAL AND PUMPED STORAGE HYDROELECTRIC POWER
• Introduction = Ⅰ-7-1
• Operating Characteristics = Ⅰ-7-1
• Conventional Developments = Ⅰ-7-1
• Pumped Storage Developments = Ⅰ-7-3
• Use in Serving Loads = Ⅰ-7-4
• Trends in Development = Ⅰ-7-5
• Existing Developments = Ⅰ-7-8
• Trends in Ownership = Ⅰ-7-9
• Projects Existing and Under Construction = Ⅰ-7-9
• Developments Under FPC Licenses = Ⅰ-7-11
• Processing Applications = Ⅰ-7-11
• Projects Under License = Ⅰ-7-18
• Relicensing or Federal Takeover = Ⅰ-7-19
• Development Under Comprehensive Basin Plans = Ⅰ-7-19
• Federal-State Planning Activities = Ⅰ-7-19
• Water Resource Appraisals = Ⅰ-7-20
• Projected Developments = Ⅰ-7-21
• Hydroelectric Power Potential = Ⅰ-7-21
• Possible Future Projects = Ⅰ-7-21
• Imports from Canada = Ⅰ-7-23
• Tidal Power = Ⅰ-7-30
• TABLES
• 7.1 Number and Capacity of Conventional Hydroelectric Plants = Ⅰ-7-8
• 7.2 Conventional Hydroelectric Capacity by Class of Ownership = Ⅰ-7-9
• 7.3 Federal Conventional Hydroelectric Capacity = Ⅰ-7-9
• 7.4 Conventional Hydroelectric Capacity, Existing and Under Construction = Ⅰ-7-13
• 7.5 Pumped Storage Projects in the United States = Ⅰ-7-17
• 7.6 Possible New Conventional Hydroelectric Projects and Capacity Additions, Projected to 1990 = Ⅰ-7-24
• 7.7 Possible New Pumped Storage Capacity, Projected to 1990 = Ⅰ-7-26
• FIGURES
• 7.1 Hydroelectric Capacity Existing and Projected to 1990 = Ⅰ-7-2
• 7.2 Cabin Creek Pumped Storage Project = Ⅰ-7-4
• 7.3 Generation to Meet Weekly Load = Ⅰ-7-5
• 7.4 Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant = Ⅰ-7-6
• 7.5 Sketch of Kinzua Pumped Storage Project = Ⅰ-7-7
• 7.6 Muddy Run Recreation Park = Ⅰ-7-8
• 7.7 Map and Profile of Columbia River Basin = Ⅰ-7-10
• 7.8 Grand Coulee Dam with Artist's Conception of the New Third Power Plant = Ⅰ-7-11
• 7.9 Conventional Hydroelectric Capacity, Existing and Under Constructivn = Ⅰ-7-12
• 7.10 Northfield Mountain Pumped Storage Project = Ⅰ-7-16
• 7.11 Keowee Hydroelectric Project = Ⅰ-7-18
• 7.12 National Wild and Scenic Rivers System = Ⅰ-7-22
• 7.13 Conventional Hydroelectric Capacity, New and Expanded = Ⅰ-7-28
• 7.I4 Reversible Hydroelectric Capacity, Existing and Under Construction as of December 31, 1970, and Projected to 1990 = Ⅰ-7-29
• CHAPTER 8 : GAS TURBINES, DIESELS, AND TOTAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
• Introduction = Ⅰ-8-1
• Gas Turbines = Ⅰ-8-2
• Installations and Scheduled Additions = Ⅰ-8-6
• Diesel Engines = Ⅰ-8-6
• Total Energy Systems = Ⅰ-8-7
• TABLES
• 8.1 Total Energy Systems = Ⅰ-8-8
• 8.2 Total Energy Installations = Ⅰ-8-8
• FIGURES
• 8.1 Diesel Power Plant No. 2 at Freeport, N. Y = Ⅰ-8-1
• 8.2 Gas Turbines at Leland Street Substation, Framingham, Mass = Ⅰ-8-1
• 8.3 Simple Open-Cycle Gas Turbine = Ⅰ-8-3
• 8.4 Simple Open-Cycle Gas Turbine with Regenerationt = Ⅰ-8-3
• 8.5 Cornplete-Cycle Gas Turbine = Ⅰ-8-3
• 8.6 Eight Aircraft jet Engines Drive Four Expander Turbines Direct-Connected to 3,600 RPM Generator = Ⅰ-8-4
• 8.7 Gas Turbines with Heat Recovery Boiler Complex = Ⅰ-8-5
• 8.8 Gas and Steam Turbines in San Angelo Power Plant = Ⅰ-8-6
• 8.9 Six Cylinder, 6,000-Horsepower Diesel Generator Set = Ⅰ-8-6
• 8.10 Remote Controlled Diesel Units = Ⅰ-8-7
• CHAPTER 9 : OTHER FORMS OF GENERATION
• Introduction = Ⅰ-9-1
• Magnetohydrodynamics = Ⅰ-9-2
• Open Cycle = Ⅰ-9-2
• Closed Cycle-Gas = Ⅰ-9-4
• Liquid Metal = Ⅰ-9-4
• Electrogasdynamics = Ⅰ-9-5
• Fusion Reactor = Ⅰ-9-6
• Fuel Cells = Ⅰ-9-9
• Tbermionic Generation = Ⅰ-9-10
• Tbermionic Generation = Ⅰ-9-I2
• Geothermal Generation = Ⅰ-9-13
• Solar Generation = Ⅰ-9-14
• FIGURES
• 9.1 Open-Cycle MHD Generation = Ⅰ-9-3
• 9.2 Combined Open-Cycle MHD-Steam Generation = Ⅰ-9-3
• 9.3 Electrogasdynamic Principle = Ⅰ-9-6
• 9.4 D-T Fusion Power Plant = Ⅰ-9-8
• 9.5 Fusion Reactor with Direct Conversion = Ⅰ-9-8
• 9.6 Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell = Ⅰ-9-9
• 9.7 Artist's conception of 20-MW Fuel Cell Power Plant = Ⅰ-9-10
• 9.8 Thermionic Converter = Ⅰ-9-10
• 9.9 Thermoelectric Converter = Ⅰ-9-12
• 9.10 The Geysers Geothermal Plant = Ⅰ-9-14
• CHAPTER 10 : DISPOSAL OF WASTE HEAT FROM STEAM-ELECTRIC PLANTS
• Introduction = Ⅰ-10-1
• Types of Cooling = Ⅰ-10-1
• Once-Through Cooling = Ⅰ-10-1
• Cooling Ponds = Ⅰ-10-3
• Wet Cooling Towers = Ⅰ-10-3
• Mechanical Draft Towers = Ⅰ-10-4
• Natural Draft Towers = Ⅰ-10-5
• Dry Cooling Towers = Ⅰ-10-6
• Cost of Coc>ling Water Systems = Ⅰ-10-7
• Esthetics of Waste Heat Disposal Systems = Ⅰ-10-8
• Effects of Thermal Discharges on Ecology = Ⅰ-10-8
• Effects on Water = Ⅰ-10-9
• Effects on Aquatic Life = Ⅰ-10-9
• Effects on Water Uses = Ⅰ-10-10
• Possible Beneficial Uses of Waste Heat = Ⅰ-10-10
• State and Federal Regulation of Water Quality = Ⅰ-10-12
• Water Quality Act of 1965 = Ⅰ-10-12
• Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 = Ⅰ-10-14
• Refuse Act of 1899 = Ⅰ-10-14
• Other Regulatory Authorities = Ⅰ-10-15
• Analyses of Cooling Systems for Projected Steam-Electric Plants = Ⅰ-10-15
• Basis of Analyses = Ⅰ-10-16
• Impacts on Water Resources = Ⅰ-10-16
• Effects on Power Costs = Ⅰ-10-17
• Overall Impacts = Ⅰ-10-17
• Studies and Research = Ⅰ-10-20
• TABLES
• 10.1 Comparative Costs of Cooling Water Systems for Steam-Electric Plants = Ⅰ-10-8
• 10.2 Estimated Cooling Water Requirements for 1,000-Megawatt Steam-Electric Plant Operating at Full Load = Ⅰ-10-17
• 10.3 Estimated National Water Use for Steam-Electric Power Plant Cooling = Ⅰ-10-17
• 10.4 Estimated Costs of Cooling Facilities = Ⅰ-10-20
• FIGURES
• 10.1 Diffuser Pipes for Heated Water Dispersal at 3,500-Megawatt Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant = Ⅰ-10-2
• 10.2 Typical Thermal Stratification of Reservoirs During Summer Months = Ⅰ-10-3
• 10.3 The 1,200-Acre Cooling Pond for the 2,085-Megawatt Four Corners Power Plant = Ⅰ-10-4
• 10.4 Spray Pond for the 490-Megawatt Canady Station = Ⅰ-10-4
• 10.5 Use of Effluent from a Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant as Source of Cooling Water for the 435-Megawatt Nichols Plant = Ⅰ-10-5
• 10.6 Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers at the 580-Megawatt Allen S. King Plant = Ⅰ-10-5
• 10.7 Cooling Tower for the 200-Megawatt Naughton No. 2 Unit = Ⅰ-10-5
• 10.8 Cooling Tower for the 125-Megawatt Mooreland No. 2 Unit = Ⅰ-10-6
• 10.9 Natural Draft Cooling Towers at the 1,400-Megawatt Paradise Steam Plant = Ⅰ-10-6
• 10.10 Air Cooled Condensing at the 20-Megawatt Unit in the Neil Simpson Station = Ⅰ-10-7
• 10.11 Indirect Dry Cooling (Heller) System = Ⅰ-10-7
• 10.12 Provision for Oyster Hatchery and Marine Museum in Cooling Water Discharge Basin for the Northport Plant = Ⅰ-10-11
• 10.13 Cooling Lake for 563-Megawatt Montrose Power Plant = Ⅰ-10-12
• 10.14 Possible Multiple Uses of Cooling Lake = Ⅰ-10-12
• 10.15 Estimated Annual Withdrawal and Consumptive Use of Water for Condenser Cooling of Projected Steam-Electric Plants = Ⅰ-10-18
• 10.16 Estimated Capital and Annual Costs for Cooling Water Facilities for Projected Steam-Electric Plants = Ⅰ-10-19
• CHAPTER 11 : AIR POLLUTION
• Introduction = Ⅰ-11-1
• Sources and Quantities of Air Pollutants = Ⅰ-11-1
• Legislation and Abatement Programs = Ⅰ-11-3
• Air Pollution and Reliability of Electric Power Supply = Ⅰ-11-5
• Emissions From Fossil-Fueled Power Plants = Ⅰ-11-5
• Emissions from Combustion of Coal = Ⅰ-11-6
• Emissions from Combustion of Fuel Oil = Ⅰ-11-6
• Air Pollution from Combustion of Natural Gas = Ⅰ-11-6
• Sulfur Oxides = Ⅰ-11-7
• Nitrogen Oxides = Ⅰ-11-7
• Particulates = Ⅰ-11-8
• Other Pollutants from Fossil-Fueled Plants = Ⅰ-11-8
• Gaseous Emissions From Nuclear Power Plants = Ⅰ-11-8
• Status of Emission Control Technology for Fossil-Fueled Plants = Ⅰ-11-9
• Control of Sulfur Oxides = Ⅰ-11-9
• Absorption by Limestone or Dolomite = Ⅰ-11-9
• Catalytic Oxidation = Ⅰ-11-10
• Alkaline Scrubbing = Ⅰ-11-11
• Solid Absorbents = Ⅰ-11-12
• Other Processes = Ⅰ-11-12
• Control of Nitrogen Oxides = Ⅰ-11-14
• Control of Particulates = Ⅰ-II-15
• Dispersion by Tall Stacks = Ⅰ-11-16
• TABLES
• 11.1 Estimated Nationwide Discharges of Airborne Pollutants = Ⅰ-11-2
• 11.2 Estimated Emissions from Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Power Plants = Ⅰ-11-2
• 11.3 Emission of Pollutants at Electric Power Plants-Average Rate by Type of Fossil Fuel = Ⅰ-11-3
• 11.4 Ambient Air Quality Standards = Ⅰ-11-4
• 11.5 Recommended Maximum Emission Rates of Sulfur Oxides = Ⅰ-11-5
• 11.6 Estimated Electric Utility Production of Electric Power by Primary Energy Source = Ⅰ-11-6
• 11.7 Estimated Costs of Sulfur Dioxide Removal Processes = Ⅰ-11-13
• FIGURES
• 11.1 Paradise Plant Showing Stack and Cooling Tower Plumes = Ⅰ-11-8
• 11.2 Sulfur Removal by Wet Limestone Process = Ⅰ-11-10
• 11.3 Catalytic oxidation Process for the Removal of So.,from Flue Gases = Ⅰ-11-11
• 11.4 Kiyoura-Tokyo Institute of Technology Process for Removal of SO, from Flue Gases = Ⅰ-11-11
• 11.5 Alkaline Scrubbing Process for Removal of SO, and Fly Ash from Flue Gases = Ⅰ-11-12
• 11.6 Visual Effect of Electrostatic Precipitators = Ⅰ-11-16
• 11.7 Effect of Emission Control Equipment at Lee Steam-Electric Plant = Ⅰ-11-16
• 11.8 Two 800-Foot High Stacks at Monroe Power Plant = Ⅰ-11-17
• 11.9 Old and New Stacks at Trenton Channel Power'Plant = Ⅰ-11-17
• 11.10 Multiple Flue Smoke Stack = Ⅰ-11-17
• C14APTER 12 : ESTHETICS AND LAND USE OF POWER FACILITIES
• Introduction = Ⅰ-12-1
• Distribution Facilities = Ⅰ-12-2
• Overhead Distribution Lines = Ⅰ-12-2
• Underground Distribution Lines = Ⅰ-12-3
• Conversion of Existing Overhead Distribution to Underground = Ⅰ-12-5
• Distribution Substations = Ⅰ-12-5
• Transmission Facilities = Ⅰ-12-5
• Overhead Transmission Lines = Ⅰ-12-7
• Underground Transmission Lines = Ⅰ-12-9
• Transmission Substations = Ⅰ-12-9
• Gnerating Facilities = Ⅰ-12-9
• Hydroelectric Plants = Ⅰ-12-9
• Stearn-Electric Plants = Ⅰ-12-10
• Gas Turbine and Internal Combustion Plants = Ⅰ-12-12
• FIGURES
• 12.1' Clutter Reduced by Eliminating Crossarins = Ⅰ-12-3
• 12.2 Specially Designed Poles = Ⅰ-12-3
• 12.3 Undergrounding of Distribution Facilities Improves a Scenic View = Ⅰ-12-4
• 12.4 Pad Mounted Transformer = Ⅰ-12-4
• 12.5 Plantings Screen a Distribution Substation = Ⅰ-12-6
• 12.6 Alpine Substation = Ⅰ-12-6
• 12.7 A 230-kV Transmission Line near Atlanta, Georgia = Ⅰ-12-7
• 12.8 Ornamental Poles Used for Transmission Lines = Ⅰ-12-8
• 12.9 The 138-kV Matilda Street Substation in Dallas = Ⅰ-12-9
• 12.10 Libby Dam and Powerhouse = Ⅰ-12-10
• 12.11 Trojan Nuclear Plant Design = Ⅰ-12-12
• 12.12 Pilgrim Nuclear Plant Design = Ⅰ-12-12
• CHAPTER 13 : TRASMISSION AND INTERCONNECTION
• Introduction = Ⅰ-13-1
• General Patterns of Transmission Systems = Ⅰ-13-4
• Trends in Voltage Levels = Ⅰ-I3-4
• Capacity of Overhead Lines = Ⅰ-13-5
• Transmission Line Cost Considerations = Ⅰ-13-6
• AC Terminal Equipment = Ⅰ-13-8
• Switchgear = Ⅰ-13-8
• Transformers = Ⅰ-13-9
• Lightning Arresters = Ⅰ-13-10
• Relaying, Metering, and Control = Ⅰ-13-10
• Transmission System Overvoltages = Ⅰ-13-11
• Transmission Line Outages = Ⅰ-13-12
• System Stability = Ⅰ-13-12
• High-Voltage DC Transmission = Ⅰ-I3-I4
• Underground Transmission = Ⅰ-13-16
• Power System Communications = Ⅰ-13-17
• Research and Development Needs = Ⅰ-13-18
• TABLES
• 13.1 Transmission Line Mileages in U. S.-Actual and Projected = Ⅰ-13-4
• 13.2 Actual Costs of Specific ac Lines = Ⅰ-13-7
• 13.3 Transmission Line Outages, 1950-1964 = Ⅰ-13-13
• 13.4 High-Voltage Direct-Current Power Transmission Projects = Ⅰ-13-14
• FIGURES
• 13.1 Transmission System, 1970 = Ⅰ-13-2
• 13.2 Maximum ac Voltage in Use-1883-1970 = Ⅰ-13-5
• 13.3 Steel Tower on 765-kV Transmission System = Ⅰ-13-5
• 13.4 Approximate Power-Carrying Capabilities of Long Lines = Ⅰ-13-6
• 13.5 Modernistic Structures Supporting Two 345-kV Lines = Ⅰ-13-6
• 13.6 Chicago Area Substation and 138-kV Transmission Line = Ⅰ-13-6
• 13.7 Resistance Losses Per 100 Circuit Miles of Transmission = Ⅰ-13-8
• 13.8 Cost of Electric Energy Transmission for 200 Miles = Ⅰ-13-9
• 13.9 Use of Helicopter in Line Construction = Ⅰ-13-10
• 13.10 High-Speed Air-Blast Circuit Breakers = Ⅰ-13-10
• 13.11 765 / 345-kV Single-Pliase, 500 MVA, Forced Oil, Air-Cooled Transformer = Ⅰ-13-10
• 13.12 Modern Control Center of PJM Power Pool = Ⅰ-13-12
• 13.13 Towers on the 400 kV de Line showing relatively light construction = Ⅰ-13-15
• 13.14 Sylmar AC-DC Converter Station = Ⅰ-13-16
• 13.15 Transmission Cost, 1,000 MW-70% Load Factor = Ⅰ-13-16
• 13.16 Splicing a 345-kV Underground Cable = Ⅰ-13-18
• 13.17 Microwave Communication Station = Ⅰ-13-18
• CHAPTER 14 : DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
• Introduction = Ⅰ-14-1
• General Considerations = Ⅰ-14-1
• Distribution System Loads = Ⅰ-14-1
• Load Densities = Ⅰ-14-2
• Design of Facilities = Ⅰ-14-2
• Quality of Service = Ⅰ-14-2
• Reliability = Ⅰ-14-2
• Voltage Control = Ⅰ-14-3
• Voltage Control Methods = Ⅰ-14-4
• Methods for Improving Service = Ⅰ-14-4
• Quality of Underground Service = Ⅰ-14-4
• Distribution Economics = Ⅰ-14-4
• Distribution Costs and Cost Trends = Ⅰ-14-5
• Factors Tending to Reduce Costs = Ⅰ-14-5
• Factors Tending to Increase Costs = Ⅰ-14-5
• Effect of Undergrounding on Distribution Investment = Ⅰ-14-6
• TABLES
• 14.1 Energy Sales Per New Residential Customer = Ⅰ-14-2
• 14.2 Average Ratios of Underground to Overhead Costs for Extensions = Ⅰ-14-6
• 14.3 Effect of Increased Undergrounding of Extensions on Investment = Ⅰ-14-7
• 14.4 Average Ratios of New Underground Cost to Original Overhead Cost for Distribution Line Conversions = Ⅰ-14-8
• FIGURES
• 14.1 Maintenance with Truck Mounted Equipment = Ⅰ-14-3
• 14.2 Installation with Truck Mounted Equipment = Ⅰ-14-4
• 14.3 Cable Plow = Ⅰ-14-6
• 14.4 Installation of Underground Distribution Lines = Ⅰ-14-8
• CHAPTER 15 : UTILITY PRACTICES AFFECTING RELIABILITY OF SIJPPLY
• Introduction = Ⅰ-15-1
• System Planning and Operation = Ⅰ-15-1
• Contingency Tests = Ⅰ-15-1
• Long-Range Planning Studies = Ⅰ-15-2
• Lead Time for New Generating Units = Ⅰ-15-3
• Lead Time for New EHV Transmission Lines = Ⅰ-15-3
• Communication Facilities = Ⅰ-15-4
• Attended or Remotely Controlled Substations = Ⅰ-15-4
• Emergency Power Sources for Control Centers = Ⅰ-15-4
• Automatic Load Shedding = Ⅰ-15-4
• Interruptible Loads = Ⅰ-15-6
• Voltage Reductions = Ⅰ-15-6
• Reserve Practices = Ⅰ-15-7
• Generation = Ⅰ-15-7
• Planned Separation of Generators in System Emergencies = Ⅰ-15-8
• Turbine Generator Maintenance Practices = Ⅰ-15-9
• Bulk Power Transmission = Ⅰ-15-10
• Maintenance Schedules for Transmission Facilities = Ⅰ-15-10
• Maintenance Timing = Ⅰ-15-12
• TABLES
• 15.1 Selected 1968 System Data = Ⅰ-15-1
• 15.2 Contingency Tests = Ⅰ-15-2
• 15.3 Long-Range Planning Studies = Ⅰ-15-3
• 15.4 Attended or Remotely Controlled Bulk Power System Substations = Ⅰ-15-4
• 15.5 Automatic Load Shedding = Ⅰ-15-5
• 15.6 Interruptible Loads = Ⅰ-15-6
• 15.7 Voltage Reductions = Ⅰ-15-7
• 15.8 Safe Shutdown and Isolation Arrangements for Steam-Electric Plants, 1969 = Ⅰ-15-8
• 15.9 Emergency Startup Power for Steam-Electric Plants, 1969 = Ⅰ-15-9
• 15.10 Generator Separation Plan = Ⅰ-15-9
• 15.11 Turbine-Generator Maintenance Schedules = Ⅰ-15-11
• 15.12 Transmission System Maintenance = Ⅰ-15-11
• 15.13 Unavailable Capacity at Time of 1968 System Peak = Ⅰ-15-12
• FIGURES
• 15.1 Data Processing Center = Ⅰ-15-2
• 15.2 Control Room for Steam-Electric Plant = Ⅰ-15-9
• 15.3 Turbine Undergoing Inspection = Ⅰ-15-10
• 15.4 Aircraft Patrolling a 500-kV Transmission Line = Ⅰ-15-11
• CHAPTER 16 : PROBLEMS IN TIMELY PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEW FACILITIES
• Introduction = Ⅰ-16-1
• elayg in Generating Equipment = Ⅰ-16-1
• clays in Transmission Construction ) = Ⅰ-16-3
• Financing Problems = Ⅰ-16-4
• Scheduling Problems Related to Load Projecting = Ⅰ-16-5
• Construction Clearances = Ⅰ-16-6
• Problems During Construction = Ⅰ-16-8
• Delays following Completion of Constrti Page = Ⅰ-16-9
• Considerations for Future Planning = Ⅰ-16-9
• TABLES
• 16.1 Summary of Capacity Installed and Capacity Delayed = Ⅰ-16-2
• 16.2 Reported Delays in Schedules of Steam-Electric Generating Units, 300 Megawatts and Larger = Ⅰ-16-3
• 16.3 Circuit Miles of High Voltage Transmission Line Experiencing Construction Slippage as of June 30, 1970-By Extent of Delay = Ⅰ-16-4
• 16.4 Circuit Miles of High Voltage Transmission Line Experiencing Construction Slippage as of June 30, 1970-By Cause of Delay = Ⅰ-16-5
• CHAPTER 17 : COORDINATION FOR RELIABILITY AND ECONOMY
• Introduction = Ⅰ-17-1
• Coordinating Organizations = Ⅰ-17-2
• Formal Coordinating Organizations or Power Pools = Ⅰ-17-2
• Organizational Structures = Ⅰ-17-4
• Responsibilities of Pool Membership = Ⅰ-17-4
• Sharing Reserve Capacity Requirements = Ⅰ-17-4
• Coordination of Operations = Ⅰ-17-7
• Coordination of Planning = Ⅰ-17-9
• Informal Coordinating Organizations or Power Pools = Ⅰ-17-9
• Planning Organizations = Ⅰ-17-9
• Other Informal Coordinating Groups = Ⅰ-17-14
• Electric Reliability Councils = Ⅰ-17-14
• Strengthened Reliability Councils = Ⅰ-17-15
• Statement of Policy-Docket No. R-362 = Ⅰ-17-17
• North American Power Systems Interconnection Committee = Ⅰ-17-21
• Purpose and Scope = Ⅰ-17-21
• Organizational Structure = Ⅰ-17-22
• Liaison With Electric Reliability Councils = Ⅰ-17-22
• Coordinating Techniques = Ⅰ-17-22
• Staggered Construction of Generating Capacity = Ⅰ-17-23
• Seasonal Capacity Exchanges = Ⅰ-17-23
• joint Enterprises = Ⅰ-17-23
• joint Enterprises by Formal Power Pools = Ⅰ-17-25
• The PJM Power Pool = Ⅰ-17-25
• CAPCO Power Pool = Ⅰ-17-26
• New England Power Pool = Ⅰ-17-26
• Small Systems = Ⅰ-17-27
• Power Supply Sources = Ⅰ-17-27
• Isolated Systems = Ⅰ-17-27
• Interconnected Systems = Ⅰ-17-29
• Small-Scale Power Pooling = Ⅰ-17-29
• Potential Benefits of Full Coordination = Ⅰ-17-29
• Trend to Larger Coordinating Groups = Ⅰ-17-30
• Prospects For Increased Coordination = Ⅰ-17-30
• Northeast Region = Ⅰ-17-31
• Southeast Region = Ⅰ-I7-31
• East Central Region = Ⅰ-17-32
• West Central Region = Ⅰ-17-32
• South Central Region = Ⅰ-17-33
• West Region = Ⅰ-17-34
• TABLES
• 17.1 Generating Capacity and Peak Loads of Formal Coordinating Organizations or Power Pools = Ⅰ-17-3
• 17.2 Members of Formal Coordinating Organizations or Power Pools, January 1, 1970 = Ⅰ-17-5
• 17.3 Informal Coordinating Organizations or Power Pools, January 1, 1970 = Ⅰ-17-11
• 17.4 Multiple Memberships in Informal Coordinating Organizations or Power Pools = Ⅰ-17-13
• 17.5 Organizations Comprising the National Electric Reliability Council = Ⅰ-17-17
• 17.6 Individual Members of Regional Reliability Councils = Ⅰ-17-18
• 17.7 Isolated Systems = Ⅰ-17-28
• FIGURES
• 17.1 Formal Coordinating Organizations or Power Pools = Ⅰ-17-8
• 17.2 Informal Coordinating Organizations or Power Pools = Ⅰ-17-10
• 17.3 National Electric Reliability Council Regions = Ⅰ-17-I6
• 17.4 North American Power Systems Interconnection Committee = Ⅰ-17-21
• CHAPTER 18 : POSSIBLE PATTERNS OF GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION THROUGH 1990
• Introduction = Ⅰ-18-1
• Possible Patterns of Generation to 1990 = Ⅰ-18-1
• Total Generating Capacity = Ⅰ-18-1
• Generation by Type of Capacity = Ⅰ-18-6
• Reserve Generating Capacity = Ⅰ-18-8
• Methods of Determining Reserve Requirements = Ⅰ-18-8
• Reliability of Calculations = Ⅰ-18-8
• Regional Reserve Requirements = Ⅰ-18-9
• Reserves for Forced Outages = Ⅰ-18-9
• Reserves for Load Growth Uncertainties = Ⅰ-18-9
• Reserves for On-Peak Maintenance = Ⅰ-18-9
• Total Required Reserve Capacities = Ⅰ-18-10
• Possible Patterns of Transmission to 1990 = Ⅰ-18-10
• Primary Transmission Facilities = Ⅰ-18-10
• Northeast Region = Ⅰ-18-12
• East Central Region = Ⅰ-18-16
• Southeast Region = Ⅰ-18-17
• South Central Region = Ⅰ-I8-18
• West Central Region = Ⅰ-18-18
• West Region = Ⅰ-18-19
• Seasonal Diversity of Peak Demands = Ⅰ-18-20
• Possible Patterns of Power Supply by Regions = Ⅰ-18-21
• TABLES
• 18.1 Generating Capacity by Types of Prime Mover, Peak Demands and Reserves = Ⅰ-18-2
• 18.2 1970 Generating Capacity by Dates of Installation and Types of Prime Mover = Ⅰ-18 3
• 18.3 New Capacity Needs by Type of Prime Mover = Ⅰ-18-3
• 18.4 Maximum Size of Generating Units Anticipated by Regional Advisory Com-mittees = Ⅰ-18-3
• 18.5 Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Capacity by Unit Sizes = Ⅰ-18-6
• 18.6 Nuclear Capacity by Unit Sizes, 1980 and 1990 = Ⅰ-18-6
• 18.7 New Generating Plant Sites Required by Tyles of Plant, 1971 to 1990 = Ⅰ-18-7
• 18.8 U. S. Generation by Type of Capacity, 1970, 1980, and 1990 = Ⅰ-18-7
• 18.9 Estimated Scheduled Maintenance Requirements by Unit Size = Ⅰ-18-10
• 18.10 Circuit Miles of Overhead Transmission Lines = Ⅰ-18-11
• 18.11 Estimated Differences Between August and December Peak Loads by Regions-1970, 1980, and 1990 = Ⅰ-18-21
• 18.12 Generating Capacity by Regions and Type of Prime Mover ; Peak Demands and Reserve Capacity by Regions = Ⅰ-18-23
• 18.13 New Capacity Needs by Regions and Type of Prime Mover = Ⅰ-18-25
• 18.14 Steam-Electric Capacity by Unit Sizes-1980 and 1990 = Ⅰ-18-26
• 18.15 Estimated Generation by Regions and Type of Capacity-1970, 1980, and 1990 = Ⅰ-18-28
• FIGURES
• 18.1 Major Electric Load Centers, 1970-1990 = Ⅰ-18-4
• 18.2 Generating Centers, 1970 = Ⅰ-18-4
• 18.3 Generating Centers, 1980 = Ⅰ-18-5
• 18.4 Generating Centers, 1990 = Ⅰ-18-5
• 18.5 Stringing Conductor Bundles for a 765-kV Transmission Line = Ⅰ-18-12
• 18.6 Possible Pattern of Transmission Development, 1990 = Ⅰ-18-14
• 18.7 Verrnont-Yankee Nuclear Power Plant = Ⅰ-18-13
• 18.8 Michigan Electric Power Pool Control Center = Ⅰ-18-17
• 18.9 Control Center of Seattle City Light = Ⅰ-18-20
• 18.10 Estimated Differences Between August and December Peak Loads by Regions- 1970 and 1990 = Ⅰ-18-22
• CHAPTER 19 : OUTLOOK FOR ELECTRIC POWER COSTS
• Introduction = Ⅰ-19-1
• Past Price and Rate Trends = Ⅰ-19-2
• Investment in Power Facilities-1990 = Ⅰ-19-3
• Generation = Ⅰ-19-3
• Transmission = Ⅰ-19-3
• Distribution = Ⅰ-19-4
• Nuclear Fuels Inventory = Ⅰ-19-4
• General Plant = Ⅰ-19-5
• Total Investment = Ⅰ-19-5
• Annual Fixed Charges = Ⅰ-19-5
• Fuel Cost II = Ⅰ-19-6
• Operation and Maintenance Costs = Ⅰ-19-7
• Administrative and General Expenses = Ⅰ-19-8
• Working Capital = Ⅰ-19-9
• Total Power Costs = Ⅰ-19-9
• TABLES
• 19.1 Component Costs of Power Supply = 1-19-2
• 19.2 Cost of Electricity to Ultimate Consumers = Ⅰ-19-2
• 19.3 Estimated Average Investment Cost for New Generating Capacity, 1969-90 = Ⅰ-19-4
• 19.4 Total Investment in Electric Plants by Region1968 and 1990 = Ⅰ-19-5
• 19.5 Example of Derivation of Fixed Charge Rate = Ⅰ-19-6
• 19.6 Estimated 1990 Composite Annual Fixed Charge Rates = Ⅰ-19-6
• 19.7 Fossil Fuel Cost1968 and 1990 = Ⅰ-19-7
• 19.8 Fuel Costs by Types of Generation-1968 and 1990 = Ⅰ-19-8
• 19.9 Operation and Maintenance Costs of Generating Plants-1990 = Ⅰ-19-8
• 19.10 Annual Cost of Working Capital-I990 = Ⅰ-19-9
• 19.11 Costs of Electricity by Region1968 and 1990 = Ⅰ-19-10
• FIGURES
• 19.1 Price of Electricity to Ultimate Consumers = Ⅰ-19-2
• 19.2 Regional Power Costs-1968 and 1990 = Ⅰ-19-11
• CHAPTER 20 : FINANCING THE INDUSTRY'S GROWTH
• Introduction = Ⅰ-20-1
• Trend of Capital Outlays = Ⅰ-20-2
• Sources of Financing for Investor-Owned Systems = Ⅰ-20-2
• Internal Sources = Ⅰ-20-3
• Depreciation = Ⅰ-20-4
• Retained Earnings = Ⅰ-20-5
• Deferred Taxes = Ⅰ-20-6
• External Sources = Ⅰ-20-6
• Sources of Financing-Non-Federal Public Systems = Ⅰ-20-9
• Sources of Financing-Federal Systems = Ⅰ-20-9
• Sources of Financing for Cooperative Systems = Ⅰ-20-10
• Private Financing Through Holding Companies and joint Enterprises = Ⅰ-20-11
• Outlook for Future Financing = Ⅰ-20-12
• TABLES
• 20.1 Electric Utility Industry Capital Expenditures, Contiguous United States = Ⅰ-20-3
• 20.2 Investor-Owned Electric Utilities Sources of Funds = Ⅰ-20-5
• 20.3 Investor-owned Electric Utilities Sources of Funds in Percent = Ⅰ-20-6
• 20.4 Average Rates of Depreciation for Investor-Owned Electric Utilities by Func-tional Plant Classification for Selected Years = Ⅰ-20-7
• 20.5 Short-Term Borrowing by Private Electric Utilities, 1960-1970 = Ⅰ-20-8
• 20.6 Long Term Debt as a Proportion of Total Capitalization for 202 Investor-Owned Electric Utilities, December 31, 1970 = Ⅰ-20-9
• 20.7 Capitalization of Class A and B Investor-Owned Electric Utilities, 1937-1970 = Ⅰ-20-10
• 20.8 Schedule of Electric Utility Debt Falling due 1971-2005 = Ⅰ-20-13
• 20.9 Earned Rates of Return and Average Interest Rates, Investor-Owned Electric Utilities, 1946-1970 = Ⅰ-20-13
• FIGURES
• 20.1 Annual Capital Expenditures for Electric Plant by Type of Facility = Ⅰ-20-4
• 20.2 Annual Capital Expenditures for Electric Plant by Ownership Sectors = Ⅰ-20-4
• 20.3 Sources of FundNon-Federal Public Systems, 1952-1969 = Ⅰ-20-9
• 20.4 Sources of Funds-Distribution Cooperatives, 1955-1969 = Ⅰ-20-11
• 20.5 Sources of Funds-G&T Cooperatives, 1955-1969 = Ⅰ-20-11
• CHAPTER 21 : RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS OF THE INDUSTRY
• Introduction = Ⅰ-21-1
• Distribution = Ⅰ-21-2
• Transmission = Ⅰ-21-2
• Underground Cables = Ⅰ-21-2
• Ultra-High-Voltage ac Systems = Ⅰ-21-5
• High-Voltage de Transmission = Ⅰ-21-6
• Environmental and Esthetic Considerations = Ⅰ-21-6
• Generation = Ⅰ-21-7
• Plant Siting = Ⅰ-21-7
• Nuclear Facilities = Ⅰ-21-7
• The Breeder = Ⅰ-21-8
• Fossil-Fueled Generation = Ⅰ-21-9
• Hydroelectric Plants = Ⅰ-21-10
• Gas Turbines = Ⅰ-21-11
• Diesel Plants = Ⅰ-21-11
• Possible New Methods of Power Generation = Ⅰ-21-12
• Fuels and Fuel Transportation for Power Plants = Ⅰ-21-13
• Coal = Ⅰ-21-14
• Oil = Ⅰ-21-14
• Natural Gas = Ⅰ-21-15
• Nuclear Fuels = Ⅰ-21-15
• Environmental Considerations = Ⅰ-21-16
• Air Pollution = Ⅰ-21-16
• Particulate Matter = Ⅰ-21-16
• Sulfur = Ⅰ-21-16
• Nitrogen Oxides = Ⅰ-21-16
• Radioactive Releases = Ⅰ-21-17
• General = Ⅰ-21-17
• Water Ecology Studies = Ⅰ-21-17
• Cooling Water Systems = Ⅰ-21-18
• Power System Reliability = Ⅰ-21-19
• Research and Development Priorities = Ⅰ-21-20
• Meeting the Research and Development Requirements of the Future = Ⅰ-21-20
• Institutional Framework = Ⅰ-21-20
• Scope of lndustry-Sponsored Research and Development = Ⅰ-21-21
• Financing = Ⅰ-21-21
• FIGURES
• 21.1 Waltz Mill Cable Test Station = Ⅰ-21-3
• 21.2 Experimental Underground Cable Utilizing Tubular Conductors Cooled by Liquid Nitrogen = Ⅰ-21-4
• 21.3 Project UHV Facility = Ⅰ-21-5
• 21.4 New Design of a 230-kV Transmission Tower = Ⅰ-21-6
• 21.5 Southwest Experimental Fast Oxide Reactor = Ⅰ-21-9
• 21.6 Experiment in Confining Deuterium Gas = Ⅰ-21-13
• SUPPLEMENT
• Managing the Power Supply and the Environment
• A Report to the Federal Power Commission by the Task Force on Environment = Ⅰ-22-1
• APPENDICES
• Acknowledgments = Ⅰ-23-1
• Glossary of Abbreviations and Definitions = Ⅰ-24-1
• Subject Index = Ⅰ-25-1
• ADVISORY REPORTS TO THE FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION IN SEPARATE VOLUMES
• Part Ⅱ
• The Northeast Regional Advisory Committee = Ⅰ-23-2
• The East Central Regional Advisory Committee = Ⅰ-23-3
• The Southeast Regional Advisory Committee = Ⅰ-23-3
• The Fossil Fuel Resources Committee = Ⅰ-24-3
• Part Ⅲ
• The South Central Regional Advisory Committee = Ⅰ-23-4
• The West Central Regional Advisory Committee = Ⅰ-23-3
• The West Regional Advisory Committee = Ⅰ-23-4
• Part Ⅳ
• The Generation Technical Advisory Committee = Ⅰ-23-5
• The Transmission Technical Advisory Committee = Ⅰ-23-5
• The Distribution Technical Advisory Committee = Ⅰ-23-5
• The Technical Advisory Committee on Load Forecasting Methodology = Ⅰ-23-5
• [Volume. 1970(2)]----------
• CONTENTS
• PART Ⅱ
• Electric Power in the Northeast 1970-1980-1990
• Summary = Ⅱ-1-ⅸ
• Chapter Ⅰ. Estimated Future Power Requirements = Ⅱ-1-1
• Chapter Ⅱ. Fuels = Ⅱ-1-17
• Chapter Ⅲ. Electric Generating Facility Trends in the Northeast, 1970-1990 = Ⅱ-1-30
• Chapter Ⅳ. Changing Technical, Economic and Environmental Factors = Ⅱ-1-47
• Chapter Ⅴ. Generation Reserve Requirements = Ⅱ-1-52
• Chapter Ⅵ. Economics of Base Load Generating Plant Selection = Ⅱ-1-59
• Chapter Ⅶ. Pattern of Bulk Power Transmission in the Northeast = Ⅱ-1-62
• Chapter Ⅷ. Coordinated Planning, Operation, and Development = Ⅱ-1-69
• Chapter Ⅸ. Generation and Transmission Patterns for 1980 and 1990 = Ⅱ-1-91
• Electric Power in the East Central Region 1970-1980-1990
• Summary = Ⅱ-2-ⅸ
• Chapter Ⅰ. General Description of the East Central Region. = Ⅱ-2-1
• Chapter Ⅱ. Future Power Requirements = Ⅱ-2-4
• Chapter Ⅲ. Fuels = Ⅱ-2-21
• Chapter Ⅳ. Sources of Power Supply = Ⅱ-2-30
• Chapter Ⅴ. Transmission and Interconnection = Ⅱ-2-37
• Chapter Ⅵ. Generation Reserves = Ⅱ-2-40
• Chapter Ⅶ. Coordinated Planning and Development = Ⅱ-2-45
• Chapter Ⅷ. Reliability = Ⅱ-2-57
• Chapter Ⅸ. Environmental Considerations = Ⅱ-2-60
• Chapter Ⅹ. Patterns of Generation and Transmission = Ⅱ-2-66
• Electric Power in the Southeast 1970-1980-1990
• Summary = Ⅱ-3-ⅶ
• Chapter Ⅰ. Structure of the Industry = Ⅱ-3-1
• Chapter Ⅱ. Estimated Future Power Requirements = Ⅱ-3-5
• Chapter Ⅲ. Patterns of Generation and Transmission = Ⅱ-3-21
• Chapter Ⅳ. Statement of Coordination = Ⅱ-3-32
• Chapter Ⅴ. Appraisal of Undeveloped Hydroelectric Potential in the Southeast = Ⅱ-3-36
• Chapter Ⅵ. Fuels = Ⅱ-3-44
• Fuel Resources, Requirements and Costs for Electric Generation in Eastern United States
• Chapter Ⅰ. Introduction = Ⅱ-4-1
• Chapter Ⅱ. Summary and Conclusions = Ⅱ-4-2
• Chapter Ⅲ. Electric Energy Requirements = Ⅱ-4-4
• Cbapter IV. Coal = Ⅱ-4-6
• Chapter Ⅴ. Natural Gas = Ⅰl-4-14
• Chapter Ⅵ. Residual Oil = Ⅱ-4-17
• Chapter Ⅶ. Nuclear Fuel = Ⅱ-4-20
• Chapter Ⅷ. Effect of Air Pollution Control on Fuel Availability and Cost = Ⅱ-4-23
• [Volume. 1970(3)]----------
• CONTENTS
• PART Ⅲ
• Electric Power in the South Central Region-1970-1980-1990
• Introduction = Ⅲ-1-ⅶ
• Summary = Ⅲ-1-ⅷ
• Chapter 1. Forecast of Power Requirements for the South Central Region-1970-1990. = Ⅲ-1-1
• Chapter 2. Fuels Resources = Ⅲ-1-8
• Chapter 3. Reconunendations for Coordinated Planning and Development = Ⅲ-1-16
• Chapter 4. General Patterns of Generation and Transmission-1970-1990 = Ⅲ-1-25
• Appendices = Ⅲ-1-91
• West Central Region Power Survey-1970-1990
• Summary = Ⅲ-2-ⅶ
• Chapter 1. Load and Energy Projections = Ⅲ-2-1
• Chapter 2. Inventory of Fossil Fuel Resources = Ⅲ-2-14
• Chapter 3. General Patterns of Generation and Transmission = Ⅲ-2-44
• Chapter 4. Coordinated Planning and Development = Ⅲ-2-59
• Chapter 5. Maps of Possible Transmission Patterns = Ⅲ-2-96
• The Future of Power in the West Region
• Introduction and General Summary = Ⅲ-3-1
• Chapter 1. Power Requirements = Ⅲ-3-15
• Chapter 2. Energy Supply and Demand = Ⅲ-3-44
• Chapter 3. Generation = Ⅲ-3-120
• Chapter 4. Transmission = Ⅲ-3-170
• Chapter 5. Coordinated Planning and Development = Ⅲ-3-189