Safety aspects of natural food additives frequently used at their maximum levels in South Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Background Natural food additives are widely applied to processed foods, but their maximum usage levels and acceptable daily intake have not been established in most cases. Moreover, relatively little information is available about the safety aspects of natural food additives compared with synthetic ones.
Objective We evaluated the cytotoxicity of five natural food additives frequently used in South Korea, such as smoke flavors, erythritol, inositol, shellac, and γ-oryzanol, at practical usage levels to provide basic information about their potential toxicity and for further in vivo studies.
Results The cytotoxicity was assessed for cell viability, membrane damage, and reactive oxygen species generation in cultured intestinal cells and intestinal barrier models. The highest concentrations for cytotoxicity evaluation were set based on their maximum usage and daily intake levels from the Item Manufacturing Report and the Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, respectively. The results showed that the natural additives tested did not exhibit cytotoxicity at their maximum usage and daily intake levels; however, the cytotoxicity of smoke flavors could be affected by manufacturing forms.
Additionally, the potential antioxidant activity of erythritol, inositol, and γ-oryzanol was found.
Conclusion The natural food additives tested did not exhibit cytotoxicity at their maximum usage levels. However, the cytotoxicity of smoke flavors was affected by manufacturing forms, suggesting the importance of manufacturing process for the safety of natural food additives.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 정기화, "식품첨가물 안전관리 연구방향" 한국식품위생안전성학회 24 (24): 398-407, 2009

2 Huang L, "γ-Oryzanol suppresses cell apoptosis by inhibiting reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial signaling pathway in H 2 O 2 -stimulated L02 cells" 121 : 109554-, 2020

3 Yu J, "ZnO interactions with biomatrices : effect of particle size on ZnO-protein corona" 7 : 377-, 2017

4 Guha S, "Transport of dietary antiinflammatory peptide, γ-glutamyl valine (γ-EV), across the intestinal Caco-2 monolayer" 13 : 1448-, 2021

5 Younus H, "Therapeutic potentials of superoxide dismutase" 12 : 88-93, 2018

6 Jepson MA, "The role of M cells in Salmonella infection" 3 : 1183-1190, 2001

7 López-Gambero AJ, "The biomedical uses of inositols : a nutraceutical approach to metabolic dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases" 8 : 295-, 2020

8 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) ANS panel (EFSA panel on food additives and nutrient sources added to Food), "Statement on a conceptual framework for the risk assessment of certain food additives re-evaluated under Commission Regulation (EU) No 257/2010" 12 : 3697-, 2014

9 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, "Smoke Flavours"

10 Neutra MRV, "Role of M cells in transepithelial transport of antigens and pathogens to the mucosal immune system" 274 : G785-G791, 1998

11 Mudie DM, "Quantification of gastrointestinal liquid volumes and distribution following a 240 mL dose of water in the fasted state" 11 : 3039-3047, 2014

12 Vucenik I, "Protection against cancer by dietary IP6 and inositol" 55 : 109-125, 2006

13 Ilizarov AM, "Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase protects lung epithelial cells against oxidant injury" 24 : 436-441, 2001

14 Corr SC, "M-cells : origin, morphology and role in mucosal immunity and microbial pathogenesis" 52 : 2-12, 2008

15 Korea Health Industry Development Institute, "Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2017"

16 Wilson MS, "Inositol pyrophosphates : between signaling and metabolism" 452 : 369-379, 2013

17 Böhmert L, "In vitro nanoparticle dosimetry for adherent growing cell monolayers covering bottom and lateral walls" 15 : 1-20, 2018

18 Yang Y, "In developing solid oral dosage forms in" Academic Press 331-354, 2017

19 Boim AGF, "Human intestinal Caco-2 cell line in vitro assay to evaluate the absorption of Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn from urban environmental matrices" 42 : 601-615, 2020

20 Goyal MM, "Human catalase : looking for complete identity" 1 : 888-897, 2010

21 Wei Z, "Garlic inhibits free radical generation and augments antioxidant enzyme activity in vascular endothelial cells" 18 : 61-70, 1998

22 Malik AQ, "Gamma oryzanol loaded microspheres with improved bioavailability" 12 : 202-207, 2018

23 Trasande L, "Food additives and child health" 142 : e20181408-, 2018

24 World Health Organization, "Food additives"

25 Jeon YR, "Fate determination of ZnO in commercial foods and human intestinal cells" 21 : 433-, 2020

26 den Hartog GJ, "Erythritol is a sweet antioxidant" 26 : 449-458, 2010

27 Yokozawa T, "Erythritol attenuates the diabetic oxidative stress through modulating glucose metabolism and lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats" 50 : 5485-5489, 2002

28 Römmele C, "Clinical experience with the PillCam patency capsule prior to video capsule endoscopy : a real-world experience" 2016 : 9657053-, 2016

29 Kumar P, "Analysis of cell viability by the lactate dehydrogenase assay" 2018 : 465-468, 2018

30 des Rieux A, "An improved in vitro model of human intestinal follicle-associated epithelium to study nanoparticle transport by M cells" 30 : 380-391, 2007

31 Rungratanawanich W, "Aging: oxidative stress and dietary antioxidants" Academic Press 2020

32 Grases F, "Absorption and excretion of orally administered inositol hexaphosphate (IP6 or phytate) in humans" 15 : 53-61, 2001