세균의 인산 항상성: 인산 수송 단백질들의 역할 = Bacterial Phosphate Homeostasis: Role of Phosphate Transporters

국문 초록 (Abstract)

인은 인지질, 탄수화물 및 핵산 등의 생분자 합성에 필요한 원소이다. 세균은 외부환경으로부터 인산이나 인산을 포함하는 영양소를 흡수하여 인을 얻고, 세포대사에 사용되고 남은 인산은 polyphosphate 형태로 저장한다. 현재까지 알려진 다섯 개의 인산 수송 시스템 중, 인산에 특이적으로 높은 친화력을 갖는 Pst 시스템이 가장 중요한 역할을 하며, 그 발현은 세포외부 인산 농도에 반응하는 PhoB-PhoR two component 신호전달 시스템에 의해 조절된다. 반응 조절 단백질 PhoB는 인산 대사뿐 아니라 이와 관계없는 유전자들의 전사를 조절하는 것으로 알려졌으며, 따라서 PhoB의 활성이 조절되지 않으면 많은 종류의 다른 표현형이 나타난다. 본 총설은 각 인산 수송 시스템의 기능이 결여된 세균의 표현형에 대한 최근 연구 결과를 토대로 다음과 같은 내용을 기술하였다. 첫째, 세포 내부 인산의 적정 농도 유지를 위한 인산 수송 시스템들의 역할, 둘째, 인산뿐 아니라 여타 환경 신호와 관련된 수송 시스템의 다양한 표현형, 그리고 마지막으로, 수송 시스템들 간 혹은 그 조절자들 간의 표현형 중복을 분류하여 제시하였다. 이러한 내용은 결국 세균의 대사, 적응반응 및 병원성 발현에 미치는 인산 항상성의 중요성을 강조한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Phosphorous is an essential element for the synthesis of various biomolecules including phospholipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Bacterial cells can uptake it as forms of phosphate and phosphate-containing nutrients from extracellular environments, and reserve extra phosphate to polyphosphate inside the cell. Among five phosphate transport systems, Pst plays central roles in phosphate transport, and its expression is coordinated by the regulation of PhoB-PhoR two component signal transduction system in response to extracellular levels of phosphate. Genomic studies on the response regulator PhoB reveal many genes independent of phosphate metabolism. Based on recent findings on phenotypes of bacteria lacking proper function of each phosphate transport system, this review discusses roles of phosphate transporters in maintaining optimum intracellular phosphate levels, and presents diverse phenotypes of phosphate transporters related with other environmental signals as well as phosphate, then finally points out functional redundancy among phosphate transport systems or their regulators, which emphasize importance of phosphate homeostasis in governing metabolism, adaptation, and virulence of bacteria.

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