中國 現代 文書·檔案管理制度史 硏究

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Historical interest in the Republic of China has been mostly focused on political characteristics of the Governments. Especially It is certain that China had a chance to construct a modern country by the Nationalist Government which was established by KMT(中國國民黨) as a result of national unification. “Administrative Efficiency Committee(行政效率委員會)", the center of administrative reform movement which was established in 1934, examined the plan to execute the reform through legislation by the Executive Council(行政院) on the basis of the results of relevant studies. They claimed that the construction of a modern country should be performed by not political revolution anymore but by gradual improvement and daily reform, and that the operation of the government should become modern, scientific and efficient. There were many fields of administrative reform subjects, but especially, the field of records and archives management was studied intensively from the initial stage because that subject had already been discussed intensively. They recognized that records and archives were the basic tool of work performance and general activity but an inefficient field in spite of many input staff members, and most of all, archival management reform bring about less conflicts than the fields of finance, organization and personnel.
When it comes to the field of records management, the key subjects that records should be written simply, the process of record treatment should be clear and the delay of that should be prevented were already presented in a records management administrative meeting in 1922. That is, the unified law about record management was not established, so each government organization followed a conventional custom or performed independent improvement. It was through the other records management administrative workshop of the Nationalist Government in 1933 when the new trend was appeared as the unified system improvement. They decided to unify the format of official records, to use marker and section, to unify the registration of receipt records and dispatch records and to strengthen the examination of records treatment. But, the method of records management was not unified yet, so the key point of records management reform was to establish a unified and standard record management system for preventing repetition by simplifying the treatment procedure and for intensive management by exclusive organizations.
From the foundation of the Republic of China to 1930's, archives management methods were prescribed differently even in the same section as well as same department. Therefore, the point at issue was to centralize scattered management systems that were performed in each section, to establish unified standard about filing and retention period allowance and to improve searching system through classification and proper number allowance. Especially, the problem was that each number system and classification system bring about different result due to dual operation of records registration and archives registration, and that strict management through mutual contrast, searching and application are impossible. Besides, various problems such as filing tools, arrangement method, preservation facilities & equipment, lending service and use method were raised also.
In the process this study for the system improvement of records and archives management, they recognized that records and archives are the identical thing and reached to create a successive management system of records and archives called “Records and Archives Chain Management System (文書檔案連鎖法)” as a potential alternative. Several principles that records and archives management should be performed unitedly in each organization by the general record recipient section and the general archives section under the principle of task centralization, a consistent classification system should be used by classification method decided in advance according to organizational constitution and work functions and an identical number system should be used in the process of record management stage and archive management stage by using a card-type register were established.
Though, this “Records and Archives Chain Management System” was developed to the stage of test application in several organizations, but it was not adopted as a regular system and discontinued. That was because the administrative reform of the Nationalist Government was discontinued by the outbreak of the Chinese-Japanese War. Even though the administrative reform in the middle of 1930's didn't produce practical results but merely an experimentation, it was verified that the reform against tradition and custom conducted by the Nationalist Government that aimed for the construction of a modern country was not only a field of politics, but on the other hand, the weak basis of the government operation became the obstacle to the realization of the political power of the revolutionary regime. Though the subject of records and archives administrative reform was postponed to the future, it should be understood that the consciousness of modern records and archives management system and overall studies began through this examination of administrative reform.
On the other hand the organization for managing records and archives did not emerge together with the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. Such management became active with the establishment of the Department of Documents (文書科) and its affiliated offices overseeing reading and safekeeping of official papers, after the formation of the Central Secretariat(中央秘書處) in 1926. Improving the work of the Secretariat’s organization became the focus of critical discussions in the early 1930s. The main criticism was that the Secretariat had failed to be cognizant of its political role and degenerated into a mere “functional organization.” The solution to this was the “politicization of the Secretariat’s work.” Moreover, influenced by the “Rectification Movement” in the 1940s, the party emphasized the responsibility of the Resources Department (材料科) that extended beyond managing documents to collecting, organizing and providing various kinds of important information data.
In the mean time, maintaining security with regard to composing documents continued to be emphasized through such methods as using different names for figures and organizations or employing special inks for document production. In addition, communications between the central political organs and regional offices were emphasized through regular reports on work activities and situations of the local areas. The General Secretary not only composed the drafts of the major official documents but also handled the reading and examination of all documents, and thus played a central role in record processing.
The records, called archives after undergoing document processing, were placed in safekeeping. This function was handled by the “Document Safekeeping Office(文件保管處)” of the Central Secretariat’s Department of Documents. Although the Document Safekeeping Office, also called the “Central Repository(中央文庫)”, could no longer accept, beginning in the early 1930s, additional archive transfers, the Resources Department continued to strengthen throughout the 1940s its role of safekeeping and providing documents and publication materials. In particular, collections of materials for research and study were carried out, and with the recovery of regions which had been under the Japanese rule, massive amounts of archive and document materials were collected.
After being stipulated by rules in 1931, the archive classification and cataloguing methods became actively systematized, especially in the 1940s. Basically, "subject" classification methods and fundamental cataloguing techniques were adopted. The principle of assuming “importance” and “confidentiality” as the criteria of management emerged from a relatively early period, but the concept or process of evaluation that differentiated preservation and discarding of documents was not clear. While implementing a system of secure management and restricted access for confidential information, the critical view on providing use of archive materials was very strong, as can be seen in the slogan, “the unification of preservation and use.”
Even during the revolutionary movement and wars, the Chinese Communist Party continued their efforts to strengthen management and preservation of records & archives. The results were not always desirable nor were there any reasons for such experiences to lead to stable development. The historical conditions in which the Chinese Communist Party found itself probably made it inevitable. The most pronounced characteristics of this process can be found in the fact that they not only pursued efficiency of records & archives management at the functional level but, while strengthening their self-awareness of the political significance impacting the Chinese Communist Party’s revolution movement, they also paid attention to the value possessed by archive materials as actual evidence for revolutionary policy research and as historical evidence of the Chinese Communist Party.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 서론 1
• 제1장 중화민국 초기 문서·당안관리제도 (1912-1927) 9
• 1. 문서관리체계의 정비 9
• 2. 당안관리체계의 진전 38
• 제2장 남경국민정부의 문서·당안관리제도 (1927-1949) 60
• 1. 공문정식의 변화 60
• 2. 문서관리의 제양상 69
• 3. 당안관리의 변천 98
• 4. 행정효율화와 문서·당안연쇄법 111
• 제3장 중국공산당의 문서·당안관리제도 (1921-1949) 128
• 1. 비서제와 문서·당안관리기구 128
• 2. 문서관리체계의 구성 152
• 3. 당안재료관리체계의 운용 192
• 결론 258
• 참고문헌 264
• ABSTRACT 272