칸트는 자유주의 국제관계론의 주창자인가? : 체계적 성격과 국가주의적 성격을 중심으로 재해석한 칸트의 국제관계론

국문 초록 (Abstract)

칸트는 국제관계학 분야에서 자유주의 전통을 대변하는 학자로 잘 알려져 있다. 특히 도일, 러셋, 오닐 등 현대 자유주의 국제관계 이론가들은 민주평화론, 상호의존론, 레짐이론 등 현대 자유주의 국제관계 이론의 주요 논거가 칸트에서 유래한다고 주장하며 칸트를 자유주의 국제관계론의 주창자로 이미지화하였다. 한편 와이트, 불등 영국학파 학자들과 세계시민주의를 옹호하는 몇몇 학자들은 칸트가 주권 국가 중심의 현재 국제체계를 국제국가 또는 세계공화국으로 대체하려 하였다고 주장하며 칸트를 이상주의적 세계시민주의자로 이미지화하였다. 본 논문은 체계적 성격과 국가주의적 성격에 초점을 맞춰 칸트 국제관계론을 재해석함으로써 이러한 기존 해석이 상당 부분 칸트 국제관계론에 대한 왜곡과 오해에 근거하고 있음을 보여주고자 한다. 구체적으로는 칸트 국제관계론이 첫째, 민주평화론자들의 해석과 달리 국제관계의 주요 양상을 개별 국가의 속성으로 설명하는 환원적 접근 대신 국제체계의 무정부성이라는 구조적 요인으로 설명하는 체계적 접근을 채택하고 있으며, 둘째, 영국학파와 세계시민주의자들의 해석과 달리 강제력을 갖춘 초국가적 권력체를 부정하고 주권 국가의 자발성에 근거한 ‘자유로운 국가들의 연방’을 통한 평화를 지향하고 있음을 보여주고자 한다. 이를 통해 본 논문은 자유주의적 이상주의로 덧칠된 칸트 국제관계론에 대한 오해를 바로잡고 균형 잡힌 시각을 제공하고자 한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In International Relations (IR), Kant is well known as representing a liberal tradition. Especially, arguing that contemporary liberal IR theories including democratic peace theory, interdependence theory, and regime theory are originated from Kant, liberal IR theorists such as Michael Doyle, Bruce Russett, and John Oneal depict him as an advocate of liberalism in IR. Meanwhile, arguing that Kant purposes to replace the contemporary international system with an international state or a world republic, the English School scholars such as Martin Wight and Hedley Bull, and some cosmopolitan scholars depict him as an advocate of iealistic cosmopolitanism. To criticize these interpretations, by focusing on systemic and statist characters in Kant’s theory of IR, this study shows that the above interpretations are distorting and misusing Kant’s theory. Specifically, this study shows first that, contrary to democratic peace theorists’ interpretations, Kant’s theory adopts not a reductionist but a systemic approach and emphasizes the role of such structural factor as anarchy in explaining international relations, and second that, contrary to English School’s and cosmopolitans’ interpretations, Kant’s theory denies the coercive power of an international state and pursues “perpetual peace” through a “league of free states” which is formally established on the basis of voluntary participation of sovereign states. In doing so, this study tries to provide a balanced view on Kant’s theory of international relations.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 칸트 국제관계론의 체계적 성격
• Ⅲ. 칸트 국제관계론의 국가주의적 성격
• Ⅳ. 결론
• 참고문헌

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김범수, "칸트의 자유 개념과 평화론: 국가의 자유와 국제 공법의 양립 가능성을 중심으로" 한국국제정치학회 59 (59): 7-54, 2019

2 김준석, "칸트 평화 사상의 재조명: 국제연방주의에 관한 견해를 중심으로" 21세기정치학회 24 (24): 3-28, 2014

3 칸트, 임마누엘, "윤리형이상학" 아카넷 2012

4 Dunne, Tim, "세계정치론" 을유문화사 162-179, 2019

5 Dunne, Tim, "세계정치론" 을유문화사 140-160, 2019

6 칸트, "백종현 역" 아카넷 2013

7 이혜정, "민주평화론의 패러독스: 칸트 평화사상의 왜곡과 오용" 한국정치외교사학회 29 (29): 129-154, 2008

8 Maus, Ingeborg, "World Governance: Do We Need It, It Is Possible, What Could It (All) Mean?" Cambridge Scholars 150-167, 2010

9 Russett, Bruce, "Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Trade, and International Organization" W. W. Norton 2001

10 Doyle, Michael, "Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace" 99 (99): 463-466, 2005

11 Waltz, Kenneth N., "Theory of International Politics" McGraw-Hill 1979

12 Bartelson, Jens, "The Trial of Judgement: A Note on Kant and the Paradoxes of Internationalism" 39 (39): 255-279, 1995

13 Waltz, Kenneth N., "The Stability of a Bipolar World" 93 (93): 881-909, 1964

14 Tuck, Richard, "The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant" Oxford University Press 1999

15 Oneal, John, "The Kantian Peace: The Pacific Benefits of Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations, 1885-1992" 52 (52): 1-37, 1999

16 Oneal, John, "The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950-1985" 41 : 267-294, 1950

17 Waltz, Kenneth N., "Structural Realism after the Cold War" 25 (25): 5-41, 2000

18 Brown, Garret W., "State Sovereignty, Federation and Kantian Cosmopolitanism" 11 (11): 495-522, 2005

19 Franceschet, Antonio, "Sovereignty and Freedom: Immanuel Kant’s Liberal Internationalist ‘Legacy’" 27 : 209-228, 2001

20 Kant, Immanuel, "Schriften zur Anthropologie, Geschichtsphilosophie, Politik und Pädagogik 1, Werkausgabe, Bd. 11" Suhrkamp 191-251, 1977

21 Kant, Immanuel, "Schriften zur Anthropologie, Geschichtsphilosophie, Politik und Pädagogik 1, Werkausgabe, Bd. 11" Suhrkamp 125-172, 1977

22 Kant, Immanuel, "Schriften zur Anthropologie, Geschichts-philosophie, Politik und Pädagogik 1, Werkausgabe, Bd. 11" Suhrkamp 31-50, 1977

23 Clark, Ian, "Reform and Resistance in the International Order" Cambridge University Press 1980

24 Williams, Michael C., "Reason and Realpolitik: Kant’s Critique of International Politics" 25 (25): 99-119, 1992

25 Hinsley, F. H., "Power and the Pursuit of Peace: Theory and Practice in the History of Relations between States" Cambridge University Press 1963

26 Williams, John, "Pluralism, Solidarism and the Emergence of World Society in English School Theory" 19 (19): 19-38, 2005

27 Waltz, Kenneth N., "Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis" Columbia University Press 1959

28 Doyle, Michael, "Liberalism and World Politics" 80 (80): 1151-1169, 1986

29 Flikschuh, Katrin, "Kant’s Sovereignty Dilemma: A Contemporary Analysis" 18 (18): 469-493, 2010

30 Cavallar, Georg, "Kant’s Society of Nations: Free Federation or World Republic?" 32 (32): 461-482, 1994

31 Hodgson, Louis-Philippe, "Kant’s Political Theory: Interpretations and Applications" Penn State University 101-134, 2012

32 Riley, Patrick, "Kant’s Political Philosophy" Rowman & Littlefield 1982

33 Kant, Immanuel, "Kant: Political Writings" Cambridge University Press 41-53, 1991

34 Kant, Immanuel, "Kant: Political Writings" Cambridge University Press 61-92, 1991

35 Reiss, Hans, "Kant: Political Writings" Cambridge University Press 1-40, 1991

36 Kant, Immanuel, "Kant: Political Writings" Cambridge University Press 93-130, 1991

37 Kant, Immanuel, "Kant: Political Writings" Cambridge University Press 131-175, 1991

38 Waltz, Kenneth N., "Kant, Liberalism, and War" 56 (56): 331-340, 1962

39 Doyle, Michael, "Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs, Part II" 12 (12): 323-353, 1983

40 Doyle, Michael, "Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs, Part I" 12 (12): 205-235, 1983

41 Hurrell, Andrew, "Kant and Kantian Paradigm in International Relations" 16 (16): 183-205, 1990

42 Kleingeld, Pauline, "Kant and Cosmopolitanism: The Philosophical Ideal of World Citizenship" Cambridge University Press 2012

43 Wight, Martin, "International Theory: The Three Traditions" Holmes & Meier for the Royal Institute of International Affairs 1992

44 Walker, Rob B. J., "Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory" Cambridge University Press 1993

45 Höffe, Otfried, "Immanuel Kant: Zum ewigen Frieden" Akademie Verlag 109-132, 2004

46 Russett, Bruce, "Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World" Princeton University Press 1993

47 Byrd, B. Sharon, "From the State of Nature to the Juridical State of States" 27 (27): 599-641, 2008

48 Ripstein, Arthur, "Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy" Harvard University Press 2009

49 Bottici, Chiara, "Domestic Analogy and the Kantian Project of Perpetual Peace" 11 (11): 392-410, 2003

50 Kant, Immanuel, "Die Metaphysik der Sitten, Werkausgabe, Bd. 8" Suhrkamp 1977

51 Bull, Hedley, "Anarchical Society" Columbia University Press 1977

52 Buzan, Barry, "An Introduction to the English School of International Relations: the Societal Approach" Polity 2014

53 Wight, Martin, "An Anatomy of International Thought" 13 : 221-227, 1987

54 Carr, Edward Hallett, "20년의 위기" 녹문당 2000