Settling for Less: How Organizations Shape Survivors’ Legal Ideologies around College Sexual Assault

Bedera, Nicole ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Mich 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

It is well-established fact that sexual assault survivors who report the violence they endured to their universities are traumatized by the process, but there is little research on how these institutional betrayals are enacted or how they impact survivors’ legal and gender ideologies more broadly. This dissertation draws on twelve months of ethnographic observation of one university’s Title IX-affiliated offices and 76 interviews with survivors, perpetrators, and the administrators who oversaw their cases. I use these data to explore the organizational mechanisms of institutional betrayal and how survivors came to view betrayals as rational, inevitable, and, ultimately, their fault. The second chapter of my dissertation explores why there are so few Title IX investigations, even when survivors originally intended to report. Identified in my fieldwork as one of the most common institutional betrayals, I describe the power universities hold by creating and administering their own Title IX procedures, which makes survivors dependent on the organization to navigate Title IX proceedings. Accordingly, university administrators can subtly and overtly discourage survivors from engaging in Title IX processes that pose risk to the institution. Survivors quickly lose control over the trajectory of their cases, but lack the institutional knowledge to understand how their case took a different form from their original intentions or resist administrators’ efforts to neutralize their complaints. The third chapter of my dissertation examines how these power disparities lead survivors to blame themselves for the betrayals in their cases. Instead of holding their university accountable for denying their Title IX rights, survivors blame themselves for failing to overcome barriers to reporting, struggling to understand convoluted university policies and procedures, or for expecting too much of a process known to habitually fail survivors. As a result, survivors experience an institutional distortion of their legal rights that leads them to believe they have fewer options for recourse than the law guarantees them. This distortion creates new barriers in holding their university accountable for institutional betrayal or engaging in activist efforts. The fourth chapter of my dissertation investigates how Title IX administrators justify their roles in institutional betrayal. Specifically, I identify gendered rationalization frames of himpathy and hysteria that allow university administrators to reinterpret their primary goal as the protection of young men’s futures and consider inaction as the ideal outcome for a Title IX case. To defend this view from critique, they cast the Title IX process as irrelevant for survivors by claiming they were either mistaken in labeling an experience as violent or suffering from a trauma too severe for a Title IX process to repair. This chapter demonstrates that institutional betrayal in sexual assault cases is a gendered process, exposing (particularly women) survivors to more discrimination from the very office tasked with combatting gender inequality in education. Taken together, this dissertation provides evidence that universities’ management of sexual violence reinforces gender inequality. The ideological shifts survivors (and others involved in Title IX processes) experience during institutional betrayal likely extend beyond university campuses, contributing to the way sexual violence and the betrayal of survivors is normal and acceptable in broader society.

The Effects of Resource Dependency on Decisions by University Public Service Administrators for Service to the State through Local Government Training

Jones, Stacy Bishop ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Geor 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

University public service administrators consider a range of factors in their decisions to revise or implement local government training programs in service to their state. Major among these factors are the influence of external stakeholders, university mission, metrics, labor and financial resources, and university location. Resource dependency also impacts the administrator’s decisions as revealed in organizational effectiveness, environmental awareness, and environmental constraints. The decline in state government dollars to support training local government officials affects the public service administrators' decisions as they experience external and internal forces in their environment.Interviews of public service organization senior administrators, directors, and managers at three research universities, combined with document analysis from the universities' websites and document analysis from training profiles from the Consortium of University Public Service Organizations, uncovered that administrators experience the influence of external stakeholders. These external actors interact with the administrators' awareness of university mission, metrics of effectiveness, labor and financial resource availability, and their own organizational placement in the university infrastructure for public service. This study concludes that university public service organization administrators make decisions on local government training within a metaphorical box of influences that is impacted by strong external influences from the state legislature and local government associations.

The Black Worker and the Knowledge Economy in Philadelphia: University-Led Displacement vs. Homeowner Democracy

Chandra, Meghna ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Penn 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation investigates the consequences of university-driven development in Philadelphia, especially for the African American communities that surround the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University, and Drexel University. It uses the theoretical contributions of W.E.B. Du Bois and David Harvey to conceptualize Philadelphia’s high rate of low-income homeownership as a product of the struggle of black workers and communities for democracy and the Right to the City. Thirty-three qualitative interviews with long-time residents, political activists, university administrators, and community institutions were conducted. Quantitative analysis including logistic regression analysis of Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data comparing outcomes in gentrifying and non-gentrifying neighborhoods and spatial K-cluster analysis were also conducted. Results show that university-driven development is leading to the conversion of single-family homes into apartment buildings and multifamily rentals, and a vision of the city in which developers, city officials, and university administrators wish to (in the words of one interviewee) “bring Manhattan to Philadelphia”. For homeowners, density is a shorthand for social, economic, and political displacement of the black working class and the disappearance of affordable homeownership opportunities. Density and affordable housing—and an ideology of urbanism—as conceptualized by city planners, university officials, developers, and new residents, clash with communities’ definitions of what the urban fabric of Philadelphia should be, as well as what truly affordable housing looks like. Furthermore, the influx of a student and professional population and its definition of progressivism has led to the political displacement of constituencies that have been shaped by black liberation movements. Resistance to university-driven development, whether it is the movement against the building of Temple’s Stadium, or the drive to “save-zone” neighborhoods by rezoning them from mixed residential to single family, are led by black homeowners to preserve homeownership and black electorates. They are rooted in the historic struggles of the black worker in Philadelphia. I conclude with a discussion of the context of decreasing rates of homeownership in the country as a threat to a truly democratic society.

Higher Education and Peacebuilding: A Comparative Case Study of Peace and Conflict Studies Programs in Kenyan Universities

Sikenyi, Maurice Makhanu ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Minn 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This study aimed to understand the role of higher education and peacebuilding in Kenya. In particular, the study explored how university administrators, faculty, students and national officials understand peace, and how university-level peace and conflict studies programs were designed and implemented for peacebuilding in Kenya. The study entailed a year-long period of fieldwork that focused on two Kenyan universities, Amani University and Umoja University , and their PCS programs. It was structured as a comparative case study utilizing semi-structured interviewing, document review and participant observations. The primary findings of this study are as follows: First, participants viewed higher education institutions (universities) as critical actors in the consolidation of peace, and peace and conflict studies (PCS) programs as critical for peacebuilding. However, participants also viewed universities as enablers of ethnic divisions and a culture of violence, a problematic role which participants felt needed to be addressed in order to generate meaningful efforts of peacebuilding through higher education. Secondly, participants understood peace as an outcome of the practice of uwazi and undugu, sustainable development, freedom from corruption, ethnic inclusivity and cohesiveness, absence of physical violence, good leadership and dialogue and reconciliation. I argue that these participants' constructions of peace, reflected their tacit knowledge, aspirations and lived experiences of conflict and peace that were particular to Kenya and therefore constituted a peace knowledge. Thirdly, faculty utilized peace knowledge and critical pedagogy to design PCS curricula and drew on local knowledge and resources to develop students' knowledge, skills and agency for peace and justice. Additionally, students' perspectives revealed transformative experiences in PCS programs. These formations of new perspectives and awareness of peace illustrate the transformative element of a university learning experience and confirmed the critical role of university actors and programs in shaping actions and values for peace and sustainability. This study contributes to understandings of peace and the role of education in peacebuilding. It reveals the relational nature of peace, particularly the role of individual lived experiences as well as context-level factors in shaping perspectives on peace and conflict which differ from one region to another. Subsequently, findings of this research illustrate limitations and promises of higher education institutions (HEIs) as avenues for peacebuilding. In Kenya, HEIs were constrained by competing demands for institutional survival amidst diminishing state financing and the high demand for university level-education and certifications. Similarly, broader social and historical issues within universities and beyond inhibit institutional efforts for peacebuilding. For example, negative ethnicity, electoral malpractice, corruption and inequality in resource allocations are issues that are imbedded in the structural and social fabric of the society in Kenya and require system-wide approaches in addition to peace education. This study concludes that there is a need for governments and educators to advocate for and implement policies and practices that incorporate local knowledge in peace education curriculum. It also suggests the need for a system-wide policy that address social and structural practices that exacerbate tensions and violence within all institutions.

Academic Business: Professionalization and the University Business Officer

McWhorter, Lynn Price Auburn University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation examines the place of the college and university business officer in institutions of higher education across the U.S. South. In 1927, George Howell Mew, newly minted business officer at Emory University, was the driving force behind the creation of the Southern Association of College and University Business Officers [SACUBO]. Over the next fifty years members of SACUBO succeeded in creating an institution which transformed the business officer from a functionary who reported bookkeeping numbers to the board of trustees into an administrator and vice-president of the university. In the process, business officers helped transformed the college and university from an individual institution working with hundreds of students into campuses enrolling tens of thousands students and managing billions of dollars. A number of forces pushed college and university business officers into a position of responding to external pressures: philanthropy in the 1920s, research grants in the 1930s and 1940s, the need to train military personnel for wars from World War I into the 1980s and the accompanying regulations, the alliance of research universities with industry, and social pressures such as race relations and student protests. Though sometimes better than others, SACUBO helped college and university business officers navigate the complexities of the modern university.

Wondering With People, Places, and More-Than-Humans as an Ontological Orientation to Ethical Socio-Ecological Education: Towards More Just & Livable Futures Through Design-Based, Mediational, and Quantitative Analyses

Sherry-Wagner, Jordan D ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Wash 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation is aimed at articulating and empirically characterizing an expansive orientation to field-based socio-ecological systems learning that elevates participatory and ethically-engaged approaches to teaching and learning. Grounded in relational ways of knowing, this dissertation works to expand and transform normative educational paradigms towards the realization of more just and healthful ways of being through recognizing the agency and dignity of youth, places, and more-than-human beings. Elevating the role of wonder as central to scientific sensemaking, ethical deliberation, and the creation of new forms life and learning, this dissertation contributes to scholarship, practices, and the construction of life-worlds critically engaged with the increasingly pressing challenges and possibilities of the 21st century. Situated within a space of problem and possibilities, this dissertation addressed the need to shift nature-culture relations through analysis of design and interactions situated in the Learning in Places project. Across five chapters I situate and develop three related papers which characterize and empirically ground a framework for ethical wondering with people, places, and more-than-humans. The first chapter situates this work in transdisciplinary approaches to science education and begins to construct a framework for how we have taken up the role of wondering in our context of work. The three following chapters represent the primary papers in this dissertation. In Chapter 2, I analyze materials designed in the Learning in Places project to explicate key dimensions and commitments of our work and build out an empirically-grounded conceptual framework for ethical wondering with people, places, and more-than-humans. In Chapter 3 I conduct a deep case study analysis of knowledge and interaction to examine how dimensions of ethical wondering with people, places, and more-than-humans were manifest and mediated within wondering walk data gathered from the pilot year of Learning in Places implementation. Complimenting this deep qualitative focus, Chapter 4 shares findings from a broad statistical analysis of over 98 hours of wondering walk data collected in our first full year of school-based storyline implementation to identify significant correlations and comparisons between descriptors of interest. By way of synthesis and conclusion, Chapter 5 closes out this dissertation through offering up principles of design to guide work in similar spaces alongside reflections salient strengths, limitations, and pathways for future work.

3D Scene and Event Understanding by Joint Spatio-Temporal Inference and Reasoning

Xu, Yuanlu ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Cali 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

It is a challenging yet crucial task to have a comprehensive understanding of human activities and events in the 3D scene. This task involves many many mid-level vision tasks (e.g., detection, tracking, pose estimation, action/interaction recognition) and requires high-level understandings and reasoning about their relations. In this dissertation, we aim to propose a novel and general framework for both mid-level and high-level tasks under this track, towards a better solution for complex 3D scene and event understanding. Specifically, we aim to formulate problems with interpretable representations, enforce high-level constraints with domain knowledge guided grammar, learn models solving multiple tasks jointly, and infer based on spatial, temporal and casual information. We make three major contributions in this dissertation:First, we introduce interpretable representations to incorporate high-level constraints defined by domain knowledge guided grammar. Specifically, we propose: i) Spatial and Temporal Attributed Parse Graph model (ST-APG) encoding compositionality and attribution for multi-view people tracking, enhancing trajectory associations across space and time, ii) Scene-centric Parse Graph to represent a coherent understanding of information obtained from cross-view scenes for multi-view knowledge fusion, iii) Fashion Grammar for constraining configurations of human appearance and clothing in human parsing, iv) Pose Grammar for describing physical and physiological relations among human body parts in human pose estimation, and v) Causal And-Or Graph (C-AOG) to represent the causal-effect relations between an object's fluent changes and involved activities in tracking interacting objects.Second, we formulate multiple related tasks into a joint learning, inference and reasoning framework for mutual benefits and better configurations, instead of solving each task independently. Specially, we propose: i) a joint parsing framework for iteratively tracking people locations and estimating people attributes, ii) a joint inference framework modeled by deep neural networks for passing messages from direct, top-down and bottom-up directions in the task of human parsing, and iii) a joint reasoning framework to reason object's fluent changes and track the object in videos, iteratively searching for a feasible causal graph structure.Third, we mitigate the problem of data scarcity and data-hungry model learning using a learning-by-synthesis framework. Given limited training samples, we consider either propagate supervisions to unpaired samples or synthesizing virtual samples that minimize discrepancies with the realistic data. Specifically, we develop a pose sample simulator to augment training samples in virtual camera views for the task of 3D pose estimation, which improves our model cross-view generalization ability. There are several interesting properties regarding the proposed frameworks: i) a novel perspective for problem formulation on joint inference and reasoning on space, time and causality, ii) overcoming the drawbacks of lack of interpretability and data hunger for end-to-end deep learning methods. Experiments show that our joint inference and reasoning framework outperforms existing approaches on many tasks and obtains more interpretable results.

The Rhetorical Ecology of an Urban Wetland Complex

Dsouza, Evelyn Elizabeth ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Minn 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

The Hackensack Meadowlands, a feature of the Hackensack-Passaic Watershed, is a thirty square-mile urban and estuarine wetland in northeastern New Jersey on the outskirts of New York City. As urban wetlands have become a priority in the field of environmental management, this dissertation traces the rhetorical ecology of one such contested site (the Meadowlands), highlighting the role of public and professional texts as agents of both knowledge production and landscape change. To that end, I offer two analyses in this dissertation. The first is a genre analysis of technical descriptions derived from a reading of a large collection of texts, including analytical reports, field guides, natural resource inventories, primary scientific literature, and public-facing narratives. The second is an examination of the rhetorical conditions that precipitated the proposed listing of the Lower Hackensack River to the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA’s) National Priorities List. The methods used in this study are grounded in writing studies scholarship (with a dual focus on technical communication and rhetoric), but this work also engages fields as diverse as human geography, literary studies, the environmental humanities, studies of science and technology, environmental planning, and environmental sociology. In the conclusion of the dissertation, I reflect on associated questions of land justice and environmental justice efforts in upstream/downstream relationships and explore the theoretical, practical, and pedagogical implications for technical communication and public writing in the environmental sector.

Performance Optimization of Wireless Sensor Networks

Guo, Jun ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Cali 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

In this dissertation, I study three factors, sensing quality, connectivity, and energy consumption in static/dynamic wireless sensor networks (WSNs). First, taking sensing quality and connectivity into account, I formulate the node deployment problem in both WSNs from a source coding perspective. According to our analysis, the techniques in regular quantizer can be applied to both homogeneous and heterogeneous WSNs. Second, a one-tier quantizer with parameterized distortion measures is proposed for 3-dimension node deployment problems. Similarly, a novel two-tier quantizer, which can be applied to energy conservation in two-tier WSNs consisting of N access points and M fusion centers, is appropriately defined and studied. In addition, to make a trade-off between sensing quality and communication energy consumption within static WSNs, routing algorithms are appropriately taken into the system model. Moreover, a comprehensive optimization problem is provided to process all three factors in a dynamic WSN where movement energy dominates total energy consumption. The necessary conditions for the optimal solutions in the above performance optimization problems are proposed in this dissertation. Based on these necessary conditions, a series of Lloyd-like algorithms are designed and implemented to optimize the performance in different WSNs. My experiment results show that the proposed algorithms outperform the existing algorithms in the corresponding WSNs.

Constraining Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric Trace Gases: Spectroscopy and Kinetics of C1-C3 Criegee Intermediates and the Isotopic Composition of Lightning-Produced N2O

Smith, Mica Caitlin ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Cali 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation presents a series of research projects designed and carried out to elucidate the physical chemistry and assess the atmospheric relevance of (1) carbonyl oxide radicals (i.e., Criegee intermediates) produced in alkene ozonolysis and (2) nitrous oxide (N2O) produced in lightning-induced corona discharges. The results provide UV absorption spectra and reaction rate coefficients for Criegee intermediates that will help constrain the formation and loss pathways of aerosol nucleation precursors such as H2SO4 and oxidized volatile organic compounds, and the isotopic signature of N2O formed in lightning that can help distinguish various N2O sources in atmospheric measurements. Criegee intermediates are byproducts of the reaction of alkenes with ozone. Bimolecular reactions of Criegee intermediates can lead to the production of low-volatility organic compounds and acids in the atmosphere, which in turn play a role in determining the concentration, size, and optical properties of aerosols. Recently, a novel method for producing measurable quantities of stabilized Criegee intermediates in the laboratory paved the way for the development of new experimental techniques to study their chemical properties and predict their importance in the atmosphere. For this dissertation, a unique apparatus combining time-resolved UV absorption in a flow cell with laser depletion in a molecular beam was adapted to obtain the absolute absorption spectrum of CH3CHOO with high resolution and accuracy relative to previous spectral measurements by other groups. The resulting absorption cross sections imply a photolysis lifetime of about seven seconds in the atmosphere, long enough for CH3CHOO to participate in unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. The broad absorption band with weak structure in the long-wavelength region of the spectrum represents a "spectral fingerprint" for identifying CH3CHOO in future studies, and the cross sections provide valuable benchmarks for theory to characterize electronically excited states of CH 3CHOO. The fast reaction of CH2OO with water dimer is thought to dominate CH2OO removal in the atmosphere. However, reaction rates can vary considerably under different conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure. A temperature-controlled flow cell was designed to measure the transient absorption of CH2OO and obtain rate coefficients for its reaction with water dimer from 283 to 324 K. The rate of the reaction of CH2OO with water dimer was found to exhibit a strong negative temperature dependence, pointing to the participation of a hydrogen-bonded pre-reactive complex between CH2OO and two water molecules. Due to the strong temperature dependence, and shifting competition between water dimer and water monomer, the effective loss rate of CH2OO by reaction with water vapor is highly sensitive to atmospheric conditions. The role played by the stable pre-reactive complex suggests that similar complexes could form between water dimer and other larger Criegee intermediates, and that the stability and relative energy of these complexes control the reaction rate with water and its temperature dependence. N2O is the third most important greenhouse gas after CO 2 and methane, and is mainly emitted to the atmosphere as a byproduct of microbial activity in soils. The expanding use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers in agriculture has led to an increase in N2O atmospheric concentrations since preindustrial times. Isotopic measurements are a valuable tool to distinguish the influence of different sources of N2O, but the isotopic composition of N2O formed from corona discharge in lightning has not previously been measured. Here, a corona discharge cell apparatus was used to generate a corona discharge in flowing or static zero air, and the N2O formed at discharge cell pressures from ~0.1 to 10 Torr and discharge voltages from 0.25 to 5 kV was collected and measured with isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine its isotopic composition. The results show enrichments in 15N of N2O up to 32‰ relative to the reactant N 2, and even larger enrichments in 15N of up to 77‰ at the central nitrogen atom. Large depletions in 18O as large as -71‰ relative to reactant O2 were also measured. The isotopic composition measured here may help to elucidate the chemical mechanisms leading to N2O formation and destruction in a corona discharge. Furthermore, the isotope-isotope relationships of the N2O produced in the corona discharge experiments are distinct from those of N2O from other sources, implying that isotopic measurements can be used to determine whether local variations in the atmospheric concentration of N2O are due to lightning activity, soil emissions, or biomass burning. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).