중소기업 수출행태에 관한 문헌고찰

박상철 전남대학교 지역개발연구소 1987 지역개발연구 Vol.19 No.1

Behavioral theories of trade have their intellectual roots in the development of behavioral science and its adoption to the theory of the firm. They emerged in the point of view that the existing trade theory has some limitations and the alternative way of explanation for trade is necessary. This paper reviews the articles on the export behavior of small and medium sized firms on classifying them into large four groups according to their basic approaches as follows: 1. theories on, the determinant variables of export behavior. 2. strategic approaches to export behavior, 3. international marketing mix reproaches to export behavior, 4. theories on internationalization of the firm. Also the articles on the effects of the size of the firm has been dichotomized into irrelevant and relevant theories. As a result of reviewing these studies the following facts can be noted. First, the decision makers play a critical role in explicit and implicit export behavior of the firm. They can appear in various features as like top managers, determinant variables, or strategy and tactics formulators. But this merely reflects the perspectives of the researchers or the objectives of the research. Second, the process of or stages of the internationalization of the firm is only a consequence of export behaviors, not determinant or causal factors. So the theory of internationalization of the firm should have relations with behavioral theory of trade just like the economic development theory has with economics. Third. in view of the decision maker's overwhelming role in determinig the patterns of trade, the information capability of the firm-environmental scanning, information gathering, processing, accumulation and utilization capability-is vital to explain the export behavior and internationalization of the firm. Fourth, the size of the firm within the specific range cannot affect the patterns of trade feed-forwardly. Fifth, the export behavior can be got hold of its nature in the context of general organizational behavior. Further studies in this field will be encompassed by the Stimulus- Organization- Behavior- Consequence model. Based on these results the directions for further studies and the implications for both management and policy are presented.

만주어 문어의 문법 변화: 종결어미 -ra의 분포와 의미를 중심으로

박상철 한국알타이학회 2019 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.29

This paper points out the inconsistency in the descriptions of Manchu grammar, and proposes that Manchu grammar has been subject to diachronic changes. By surveying the earliest Manchu literatures in the 17th to 18th century including ≪Tongki fuka sindaha hergen i dangse 滿文老檔≫, it was revealed that the indicative ending -ra could only agree with 1st person singular/plural subjects and conveyed the meaning of 'the speaker's promise with the listener.'Comparing the distribution and meaning of -ra in two Manchu novels from different times, ≪Gin ping mei bithe 滿文金甁梅≫ from the early 18th century and ≪Sonjofi ubaliyambuha liyoo jai jy i bithe 擇繙聊齋志異≫ from the mid 19th century, revealed that while the 1st-person subject constraint and the meaning remained the same, the occurrence of -ra had dramatically declined in ≪擇繙聊齋志異≫. Likewise, the descriptions of -ra in ≪Manju bithei gisun de aisilara mudan i hergen 淸文助語虛字≫ from 1730 and ≪Cing wen jiye ze bithe 新語清文接字≫ from 1899 differ; the former distinguishes -ra from ending -mbi, while no appearances of -ra as an indicative ending can be found in the latter. Among the three grammar references surveyed in this paper, Kawachi & Kiyose (2002) is the only reference that notes the 1st-person subject constraint, although insufficiently. I suggest that this inconsistency results from the discordance of the Manchu literature they refer to; Kawachi & Kiyose (2002) mainly refers to literature from the 17th to 18th century, while other references additionally refer to literature from the 19th century and later, and even include Sibe literature. It is assumed that grammar change, i.e. the decline of the usage of -ra, obscured accurate observation on the distribution and meaning of the ending, hence the discrepancy in grammar references. 본고에서는 만주어 문법서에 나타나는 문법 기술의 불일치를 지적하고, 만주어 문법의 통시적인 변화 가능성을 제안하였다. 가장 초기의 자료인 ≪만문노당≫을 비롯하여 17-18세기 만주어 문어를 검토한 결과, 평서법 긍정문 종결어미 -ra는 1인칭 주어만을 가지며 ‘청자에 대한 화자의 약속’을 의미한다는 사실을 발견할 수 있다. 그런데 19세기의 만주어 소설 ≪택번요재지이≫를 검토한 결과 -ra의 주어 제약과 의미가 이전과 동일하지만 그 출현 빈도에서 1708년의 ≪만문금병매≫에 비해 크게 줄어들었음을 확인하였다. 또한 이른 시기의 만주어 문법서인 ≪청문조어허자≫와 후기의 ≪신어청문접자≫를 비교하면 -ra의 기술에서 차이가 있음을 볼 수 있는데, 전자에서는 또다른 종결어미 -mbi와 뚜렷이 구분되는 -ra의 의미를 설명하고 있는 데 반해, 후자에서는 종결어미로 사용된 -ra의 용례 자체가 제시되지 않았다. 본고에서는 검토한 3종의 만주어 문법서 가운데 河內良弘·淸瀨義三郞則府(2002)만이 불완전하게나마 -ra의 주어 제약을 언급하였고, 나머지 2종의 문법서들에서는 -ra의 주어 제약을 언급하지 않았는데, 이렇게 문법 기술이 차이가 나는 이유는 각 문법서가 다루는 자료의 시간적 범위가 차이나기 때문이다. 즉, 河內良弘·淸瀨義三郞則府(2002)은 주로 17-18세기의 만주어 문어 자료를 대상으로 하는 데 비해 다른 문법서들은 여기에 더해서 19세기 이후의 만주어 문어 자료와 시버어 자료까지 포함하고 있는데, 통시적으로 점차 축소된 -ra의 사용으로 인해 그 분포와 의미를 정확히 파악하지 못한 것이 만주어 문법 기술의 불일치로 나타났다고 할 수 있다.

러시아 주류정책의 변화, 1914-1932: 금주령에서 보드카 독점으로

박상철 대구사학회 2011 대구사학 Vol.103 No.-

The Russian government, at beginning of the First World War, issued prohibition law to avoid anarchy and disorganization of military mobilization and responding to the public opinions of educated society that had criticized excessive financial dependance of vodka monopoly. And the Bolsheviks, after the seize of power in October, 1917, continued anti-alcohol policies. The Soviet communists, regarding popular drinking practices as ‘vestiges of capitalism’ or ‘social diseases,’ tried to correct it with various legal and administrative measures, cultural and propaganda activities. But this meant a direct attack on popular way of life and cultural values contained in it. Therefore, people’s major response to it was the production and consumption of moonshine. In 1920s, in context of fierce power struggle, Stalin and others asserted to resume and expand the production of the state vodka in order to suppress growing moonshine industry and to accumulate capital for speedy industrialization. When it became clear that anti-alcohol movements could threaten the consumption of state vodka as a source of state liquor revenues, he incapacitated anti-alcohol movement and at the same time declared that alcohol problems in Soviet Union had been resolved. This early experience in Soviet Union showed that drinking practices is rather determined and changed under the influence of many factors, such as power struggles, cultural conflicts between social elements and so on. It also showed how the utopian enthusiasm of Russian communists changed in harsh reality, and why many peoples began to develop conformist way of behaviour. (Chonnam National University, sachpak@jnu.ac.kr)

청학서에 나타난 만주어 시상 형태소 -habi와 -ha의 대역 양상

박상철 사단법인 한국언어학회 2016 한국언어학회 학술대회지 Vol.2016 No.12

미국정당공천시스템의 자율화 경향 분석

박상철 미국헌법학회 2009 美國憲法硏究 Vol.20 No.1

미국의 정당공천시스템은 1896년 공화당 주지사 후보지명전의 비민주성을 비판한 라폴렛(La Follette)이 주도하여 1904년 주민투표를 통해 도입된 직접예비선거제도를 기점으로 정당공천의 민주성 확보라는 획기적 변혁이 일어났고, 2000년 California Democratic Party v. Jones 사건을 계기로 정당내부사항의 자율성 강화라는 측면에서 시도되는 변화와 경향성을 보이고 있다. 1960대 이후 최고조에 달했던 정당퇴조현상이 21C에 접어들면서 정당책임정치로 전환되고 있는 것이 미국적 상황이다. 이에 미국 정당공천시스템도 당내민주화 달성의 기반 위에서 자율성확보 경향을 띠고 있음을 확인하게 된다. 요컨대 미국정당공천시스템의 자율화 경항 분석은 정당의 자율성확보가 곧 정당의 민주화(당내민주주의)에 근거하여야 된다는 정당의 민주화와 자율성의 상호관계를 확정하는 것으로 귀결된다. 한국민주주의의 위기가 본질적 의미에서 참여의 위기라기보다는 정당정치 및 대의정치의 위기라면 그 핵심은 정당공천시스템에서 출발하고 있으므로 정당공천에서의 민주화와 자율성 확보는 시급한 헌법적 과제이다. 구체적으로 미국정당공천시스템의 당내민주화 확보 이후 자율성 강화로의 경향은 한국 주요 대중정당의 공천시스템 변환철칙으로 삼을 만하다. The Constitutional issues in the political candidate nomination system of USA are the complementary faces of Democracy and Autonomy. The uptrend nomination system of the political party should be provided concretely in the legislation of USA, but in Korean Political Party Act it provided abstractly as "democratic process". By making comparison study of two States, the legislation of USA should be prescribed too positively, but the Korean passively. According to the political party clause (the article 8 clause 2) of the Korean Constitution, Political Party Act Art 29 and public office Election Act Art 47, the Political party's candidate nomination should be performed democratically. There is dual character in the political party candidate nomination system; a private one as internal matters of the political party and a public one as an essential element of the process of the public office election. American primary election system contributes to improve an essential element of a whole election system of a State. The political party's candidate nomination of the prime minister in England and Japan is similar to American primary election system. As a result of undemocratic process of political party's candidate nomination, the independent democracy will be damaged. This paper has focused on the political parties candidate nomination system of USA including the complementary problem of Democracy and Autonomy.

청학서에 대한 국어학적 연구: 특히 만주어와 한국어의 시상체계에 관한 연구를 중심으로

박상철 국어사학회 2022 국어사연구 Vol.- No.34

In Section 2 of this paper, I briefly introduce six Manchu-Korean books published by Sayeogwon (司譯院) of the Joseon Dynasty, relying on previous studies including Ko (2015) and Choi (2020), and present a comprehensive list of previous studies. In Section 3 and below, I point out the importance and existing problems of previous studies on the tense and aspect system of Manchu and Korean, and suggest directions for further studies by stressing that the studies must be preceded by accurate description of the Manchu language. 본고의 2절에서는 고동호(2015) 및 최계영(2020) 등의 선행연구에 의지하여 조선조 사역원에서 간행한 6종의 판본 청학서에 대해서 간단하게 소개하고, 선행연구의 종합적인 목록을 제시하였다. 본고의 3절 이하에서는 이 가운데서 특히 만주어와 한국어의 시상체계와 관련된 연구를 중심으로 그 의의와 문제점을 지적함으로써 앞으로 청학서에 대한 국어학적 연구가 나아갈 방향을 제안하였다. 즉, 청학서를 이용한 국어학적 연구를 위해서는 우선 만주어의 정확한 기술이 필요하다는 것이다.

멀티채널 사용자 쇼핑성향과 크로스오버 쇼핑패턴간의 관계 규명 연구

박상철,류성열,이웅규 한국인터넷전자상거래학회 2017 인터넷전자상거래연구 Vol.17 No.6

In nowadays, there are lots of attentions to explain individuals’ cross-over shopping behavior in multichannel retailing context. This study tried to identify three different shopping orientations as major determinants of their cross-over behaviors, which are consisting of show-rooming and reverse show-rooming. We further tend to understand how three shopping orientations influence individuals’ cross-over behavior in multichannel retailing environments. In order to test the research model, 400 data were collected from individuals who had prior experiences on using multi-channels for purchasing a product. Our results demonstrated three different shopping orientations influenced both show-rooming and reverse show-rooming behavior. We also found that internet usage experience negatively affected reverse show-rooming behavior while it positively influenced the show-rooming behavior. Based on our findings, this study could provide relevant researchers with new theoretical insights and give practitioners importances for understanding individuals’ shopping behavior patterns.

노화란 무엇인가 : 인식전환과 장수시대 New Concept and Long Live Society

박상철 주식회사 녹십자 2004 녹십자의보 Vol.32 No.1

User Switching to Cloud Service: A Status Quo Bias Perspective

박상철 한국서비스경영학회 2017 서비스경영학회지 Vol.18 No.4

This study attempts to develop and test a model for switching behavior to cloud computing services from the status quo bias perspective. The research model posits that both the status quo in incumbent systems such as sunk costs, transition costs, and resistance to cloud services which negatively affect an individual's perceived relative advantage, which in turn, positively influences cloud services adoption. Data collected from students without prior experience using cloud computing was used to test the model using partial least squares. Results indicate that incumbent systems associated with status quo were found to have significant impacts on resistance to cloud computing. This study also found that the relative advantage positively influenced cloud adoption. The implications of these findings for both research and practice are discussed.

Evaluation of 16S rRNA Databases for Taxonomic Assignments Using Mock Community

박상철,원성호 한국유전체학회 2018 Genomics & informatics Vol.16 No.4

Taxonomy identification is fundamental to all microbiology studies. Particularly in metagenomics, which identify the composition of microorganisms using thousands of sequences, its importance is even greater. Identification is inevitably affected by the choice of database. This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of three widely used 16S databases, Greengenes, Silva, and EzBioCloud, and to suggest basic guidelines for selecting reference databases. Using public mock community data, each database was used to assign taxonomy and to test its accuracy. We showed that EzBioCloud performs well compared to other existing databases.