Explaining the Maintenance Process of International Rivalries: A Modified Two-Level Game Approach to the Maintenance of the 2nd Greco-Turkish Rivalry, 1958-2001

유재광 한국국제정치학회 2016 The Korean Journal of International Studies Vol.14 No.1

The paper begins with a simple question of “why do international rivalries persist over time?” To explain the causes of rivalry persistence, the paper develops “a modified two-level game approach” and tests the hypotheses drawn from the approach for the case of the 2nd Greco-Turkish rivalry, 1958-2001. The approach postulates that the rivalry maintenance is the result of rival leaders’ efforts to maximize their interest -i.e., staying in power- subject to external constraint-i.e., great power interventions- and internal constraint -i.e., the challenges from hard-line veto groups. By applying this approach to the 2nd Greco-Turkish rivalry, the paper finds that the leaders of the rivalry maintained their hostile relations partly because the U.S. prevented the leaders from resolving the issues under contention on the battlefields by intervening in the two rivals’ military conflict with a threat to stop providing both military and political support and partly because the hard-line veto players within the rivals prevented the leaders from resolving the issues at the negotiation table by hinting of electoral punishment. Under these circumstances, the leaders of the Greco-Turkish rivalry found that maintaining the rivalry would best serve their interest. The findings offer a contribution toward an enhanced understanding of the maintenance process in international rivalries.

On the origins, persistence and termination of spatial and positional rivalries in world politics: Elaborating a two-issue theory of conflict escalation

Kentaro Sakuwa,William R Thompson 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2019 International Area Studies Review Vol.22 No.3

What drives the dynamics of rivalry? We propose a general explanation of why international rivalries originate, persist, and terminate. We argue that rivalries persist as long as contested issues are present. Rivalries tend to form between actors with spatial or positional disputes. As rivals cease disputing spatial or positional issues, they are less likely to maintain hostility or manifest overt conflict toward each other. Particularly focusing on the role of territorial issues, we test an issue-based explanation of rivalry processes utilizing an extended boundary dispute dataset. The empirical analysis reveals that the effect of territorial disputes is contingent on the type of rivalry. Spatial rivalries, as opposed to positional rivalries, tend to develop when there are boundary disputes. When these spatial disputes are resolved, spatial rivalries tend to end, while positional rivalries and “mixed” (both spatial and positional) rivalries are less affected by the absence of boundary disputes. Rivalries tend to be conflictual, but only as long as the relevant issues persist. Such results show the importance of contested issues driving the rivalry processes.

Interstate Rivalries and Expansions in Military Capacity

Suhas Prashant Hosur,Israelsen Shelli 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2022 International Area Studies Review Vol.25 No.1

This article addresses the scholarly debate on the relationship between interstate rivalry and military capacity. We draw on Tilly's bellicist theory of state formation in early modern Europe and Thies’ modifications to predatory theory, which prioritizes the role of interstate rivalry on state building, to explain variation in military capacity. We unpack the rivalry mechanism into spatial and positional rivalries and test how these two types of rivalry affect military capacity, and how positional rivalries affect military capacity in the long-term. Using time-series cross-sectional data analysis, we find that positional rivalries increase military capacity in the long term. Also, we find that spatial rivalry influences military capacity in the long-term, but its effects are uneven across indicators of military capacity, and it has a smaller effect on military capacity in comparison to positional rivalries. We conclude that not all types of rivalries have a uniform effect on military capacity and that competition over regional dominance, that is, positional rivalries, are the most impactful on military capacity. This study offers a more nuanced test of Tilly's bellicist theory and Thies’ modified predatory theory on state capacity.

When crowding meets binocular rivalry: Challenges for object perception

Kim, S.,Shin, E.,Chong, S.C. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2013 VISION RESEARCH - Vol.76 No.-

Both crowding and binocular rivalry impair object perception, but their influence on object perception has so far only been investigated in separate fields. Three experiments investigated the joint influences of crowding and rivalry on object perception (orientation discrimination). Experiment 1 investigated how crowding and rivalry influence orientation discrimination together. Experiment 2 tested whether rivalry between flankers affects crowding using an orientation discrimination task. Experiment 3 tested whether crowding affects the temporal dynamics of the rivalry between a target and a rival stimulus. In Experiment 1, judgments of target orientation were more impaired when crowding and rivalry were simultaneously induced than when they were separately induced and their effects were combined. In Experiment 2, judgments of target orientation were impaired even when flankers were undergoing rivalry, thus highlighting the importance of the presence of flankers. Experiment 3 showed that flankers presented in the neighborhood of a target undergoing rivalry shortened target dominance and prolonged target suppression. The augmented impairments of object perception found in Experiments 1 and 3 suggest that crowding and rivalry interact, presumably through signal suppression. The adverse effect of flankers shown in Experiment 2 suggests that inappropriate feature integration may have additionally contributed to this interaction.

Interpreting South Korean Competitiveness: From Domestic Rivalry to Global Competitiveness

김상준 한국학술연구원 2011 Korea Observer Vol.42 No.4

This paper attempts to expand the understanding of globalization. The gaining of global competitiveness has been understood as a result of global forces of capital, labor, and technology that shape domestic forms of production. Especially in the cases of relatively smaller countries (South Korea, in this case), the processes of “adopting” globalization have been highlighted in order to understand the process of gaining global competitiveness. However, the process of accumulating competitiveness domestically has been largely ignored. This paper argues that South Korea’s global competitiveness resulted from domestic rivalry. It reveals two paths of domestic rivalry that resulted in this global competitiveness. The first path is a rivalry that created endogenous knowhow. In the case study, the rivalry between Korean TV stations — KBS, MBC, and SBS — ultimately resulted in viewer-capturing dramas that attracted many fans in Asian countries. Interestingly, the authoritarian regime also pushed TV viewers away from watching TV news toward watching dramas. The second path was a rivalry that galvanized the best global practices. The second case demonstrates that Korean electronic products benefited from the rivalry between Samsung and LG, in which each adopted “best practices” already determined by the developed world market and vigorously elaborated on them. Thus, the process of globalization is not only one based on a unilateral outside-in approach, but based on an inside-out, or at least interactive,approach.

Stereopsis and binocular rivalry are based on perceived rather than physical orientations

Chopin, A.,Mamassian, P.,Blake, R. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2012 VISION RESEARCH - Vol.63 No.-

Binocular rivalry is an intriguing phenomenon: when different images are displayed to the two eyes, perception alternates between these two images. What determines whether two monocular images engage in fusion or in rivalry: the physical difference between these images or the difference between the percepts resulting from the images? We investigated that question by measuring the interocular difference of grid orientation needed to produce a transition from fusion to rivalry and by changing those transitions by means of a superimposed tilt illusion. Fusion was attested by a correct stereoscopic slant perception of the grid. The superimposed tilt illusion was achieved in displaying small segments on the grids. We found that the illusion can change the fusion-rivalry transitions indicating that rivalry and fusion are based on the perceived orientations rather than the displayed ones. In a second experiment, we confirmed that the absence of binocular rivalry resulted in fusion and stereoscopic slant perception. We conclude that the superimposed tilt illusion arises at a level of visual processing prior to those stages mediating binocular rivalry and stereoscopic depth extraction.

The China–India Rivalry Reconceptualized

Renaud Egreteau 서울대학교행정대학원 2012 Asian Journal of Political Science Vol.20 No.1

This article aims to refocus the theoretical debate on the rising ChinaIndia rivalry byusing the conceptual framework of ‘enduring international rivalries’. Largely neglected byChinaIndia studies, the enduring international rivalries literature is used hereafter tore-conceptualize the interactions between the two giants in a postcolonial context, andhypothesize the potential evolution of their so-called ‘rivalry’. Rather than beingconsidered as a fait accompli, the rivalry will be construed through its intrinsicdynamisms (a series of historicized dyadic crises shaped by deeply rooted perceptual gapsand mutual psychological distrust since 1947) in order to conceptually map out thepatterns that make it live, consolidate, and potentially terminate. It is argued that thesuccessive peace management processes initiated by Chinese and Indian state leadersafter each bilateral crisis have nevertheless perpetuated the rivalry, without any credibleconflict resolution initiative been taken over the years. This article concludes on theimportance to settle the territorial dispute, bridge the psychological gaps between the twosocieties, and increase democratization trends in China, if a rivalry termination betweenthe two rising powers is to be envisioned.

A monocular contribution to stimulus rivalry

Brascamp, Jan,Sohn, Hansem,Lee, Sang-Hun,Blake, Randolph National Academy of Sciences 2013 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.110 No.21

<P>When corresponding areas of the two eyes view dissimilar images, stable perception gives way to visual competition wherein perceptual awareness alternates between those images. Moreover, a given image can remain visually dominant for several seconds at a time even when the competing images are swapped between the eyes multiple times each second. This perceptual stability across eye swaps has led to the widespread belief that this unique form of visual competition, dubbed stimulus rivalry, is governed by eye-independent neural processes at a purely binocular stage of cortical processing. We tested this idea by investigating the influence of stimulus rivalry on the buildup of the threshold elevation aftereffect, a form of contrast adaptation thought to transpire at early cortical stages that include eye-specific neural activity. Weaker threshold elevation aftereffects were observed when the adapting image was engaged in stimulus rivalry than when it was not, indicating diminished buildup of adaptation during stimulus-rivalry suppression. We then confirmed that this reduction occurred, in part, at eye-specific neural stages by showing that suppression of an image at a given moment specifically diminished adaptation associated with the eye viewing the image at that moment. Considered together, these results imply that eye-specific neural events at early cortical processing stages contribute to stimulus rivalry. We have developed a computational model of stimulus rivalry that successfully implements this idea.</P>

The Perpetuated Hostility in the Inter-Korean Rivalry: A Theory of Multilevel Veto Players and the Persistence of South-North Korean Rivalry, 1954-2007

유재광,한기호 한국학술연구원 2018 Korea Observer Vol.49 No.2

The paper begins with the simple questions of why and how South-North Korean rivalry or inter-Korean rivalry has persisted for decades. To answer these questions, I develop a theory of multilevel veto players and test the hypotheses drawn from the theory for the case of the hostile relations between South and North Korea from 1954 to 2007. Central to the theory is that maintenance of the rivalry is the result of rival leaders’ efforts to maximize either the national interests of their country or their own personal interest—staying in power—subject both to the external constraint of great power intervention and to the internal constraint of challenges by hardline veto groups. By applying this theory to the case of the inter-Korean rivalry from 1954-2007, the paper finds that the leaders of South and North Korea have maintained their hostile relations over the past five decades because they believe that maintaining the relations will help them either maximize their nation’s security interest or increase their chances of remaining in power, subject to the constraints. Specifically, the constraints have prevented the rival leaders from resolving the issues in dispute on the battlefield or at a negotiation table, making the inter-Korean rivalry persist across time. The findings offer a contribution to an enhanced understanding of the maintenance process in international rivalries, most notably the inter-Korean rivalry.

양안경합의 감각적 상충 경험에 기초한 시각적 변화탐지 경험에 대한 이해

신영선 ( Young Seon Shin ),현주석 ( Joo Seok Hyun ) 한국감성과학회 2013 감성과학 Vol.16 No.3

본 연구는 시야에 발생하는 현저한 시각적 변화에 대한 탐지 경험과 양안경합이 초래한 감각적 상충에 대한 탐지 경험을 상호 비교함으로써 변화탐지 경험의 감각적 특성에 대한 이해를 시도하였다. 이를 위해, 실험 1에서는 2, 4, 6개의 항목을 단기파지 한 후 뒤이어 제시되는 검사항목과의 비교를 요구하는 변화탐지 과제가 사용되었다. 전체 변화탐지 시행 중 시각적 변화가 발생한 일부 시행에서는 검사항목 중 변화를 야기하는 한 항목에 양쪽 단안 분리 입력을 통해 서로 다른 항목이 제시되는 양안경합을 처치하였다. 실험 결과, 양안 경합이 처치되지 않은 경우 항목 개수 증가에 따른 변화탐지 정확도의 분명한 감소가 관찰된 반면 양안 경합이 처치된 경우 이러한 항목 개수 효과는 관찰되지 않았다. 실험 2에서는 항목 개수를 4, 8, 16개로 달리하는 탐색 배열 중 양안경합이 초래하는 감각적 상충을 보유한 표적 항목에 대한 탐색 효율성을 측정한 결과, 양안경합 처치 유무에 관계없이 탐색이 매우 효율적인 것이 관찰되었다. 실험 1과 2의 결과는 시야의 현저한 변화에 대한 탐지 경험은 기억부담의 증감에 따라 경우에 따라서는 양안경합 자극이 초래하는 감각적 상충에 대한 탐지 경험과 유사할 가능성을 시사한다. The present study aimed to understand the sensory characteristic of change detection by comparing the experience of detecting a salient visual change against the experience of detecting a sensory conflict evoked by a binocular mismatch. In Experiment 1, we used the change detection task where 2, 4, or 6 items were short-term remembered in visual working memory and were compared with following test items. The half of change-present trials were manipulated to elicit a binocular rivalry on the test item with the change by way of monocular inputs across the eyes. The results showed that change detection accuracy without the rivalry manipulation declined evidently as the display setsize increased whereas no such setsize effect was observed with the rivalry manipulation. Experiment 2 tested search efficiency for the search array where the target was designated as an item with the rivalry manipulation, and found the search was very efficient regardless of the rivalry manipulation. The results of Experiment 1 and 2 showed that when the given memory load varies, the experience of detecting a salient visual change become similar to the experience of detecting a sensory conflict by a binocular rivalry.