빅 데이터 등 새로운 데이터에 대한 지적재산권법 차원의 보호가능성

박준석 한국지식재산학회 2019 産業財産權 Vol.- No.58

전자적 데이터가 가진 정보로서의 가치에 우리가 주목한 것은 오래 전부터이지만, 최근 새롭게 각광받고 있는 빅 데이터는 새로운 시각에서 바라볼 필요가 있다. ‘4차 산업혁명’의 핵심기술인 사물인터넷 기술로 뒷받침을 받아 빅 데이터 작성(집합)이 조만간 폭발적으로 증가할 것이고 빅 데이터 분석의 향방이 우리 일상생활에 엄청난 영향을 미치게 될 것이다. 그런 빅 데이터의 특징 내지 가치에 주목하여, 제외국은 발 빠르게 움직이고 있는데 대표적으로 유럽연합은 ‘데이터 경제’라는 모토 아래 빅 데이터 작성을 촉진하고자 물권적(배타적) 독점권을 부여할지 여부를 검토하는 이른바 ‘데이터 소유권’ 논의를 진행 중이다. 빅 데이터의 또 다른 특징은 그것이 다름 아니라 우리 일상생활에서 거의 모든 데이터를 무차별적으로 집합한 결과물이기 때문에 불가피하게 개인정보를 대거 포함하고 있다는 점이다. 그렇지만 개인정보의 생래적 보유자(개인정보주체)에 대한 기존 보호와 그런 개인정보까지 포함한 빅 데이터의 작성자(집합자)에게 새로 주어질 수 있는 권리는 그 대상이 일부 중복되더라도 충돌하지 않을 수 있다. 지적재산권법의 역사적 경험, 가령 데이터베이스를 작성한 자에게 그 데이터베이스 전체에 대해 부여되는 새로운 보호와 그 데이터베이스 개별구성부분들에 대하여 이미 주어졌던 저작권과 같은 권리보호를 서로 구별하여온 접근법과 엇비슷하게 빅 데이터 작성자에게 주어질 권리보호를 구성하면 되는 것이다. 유럽연합에서 주로 2014년경부터 본격화된 ‘데이터 경제’나 ‘데이터 소유권’ 논의의 진행추이를 살펴보면 물권적 독점권을 빅 데이터에 새로 부여하는 방식에 관해서는 대부분이 부정적 견해를 피력하고 있는 상황이다. 한편 미국의 관련 상황은 한국과 다르게 아직 불법행위로부터의 보호에 그치고 있는 개인정보 보호를 물권적 권리에 가깝게 격상하자는 논의가 비교적 활발할 뿐 개인정보가 아닌 빅 데이터 전반을 물권적 권리로 보호할 지에 관해서는 아직 활발한 논의가 관찰되지 않는다. 개인정보를 포함한 빅 데이터의 바람직한 권리보호방식을 구성하는데 있어 지적재산권 보호에서 얻어진 기존 경험을 유력하게 참고하여야 한다고 주장해온 필자의 입장에서는, 유럽연합의 위 논의가 단지 민법상의 소유권과 비교하는데 그치기보다 지적재산권 법제의 저작권·데이터베이스나 영업비밀 보호를 직접 적용하거나 응용하여 빅 데이터를 보호하는 방법을 적극 검토하기 시작했다는 점을 무척 긍정적으로 평가한다. 무형적이고 비경쟁적인 정보에 대한 보호법제라는 공통점 때문에 지적재산권 법제를 운용한 역사적 경험이 빅 데이터에 대한 새로운 권리부여를 적절히 고민하는데 아주 좋은 참고가 될 수 있다는 맥락에서, 이 글 후반부에서는 우리 지적재산권 법제를 중심으로 차례차례 가장 관련 있거나 도움이 될 만한 지적재산권 법제를 찾아보았다. 그런 과정에서 특허나 저작권에 의한 보호 혹은 저작권과 흡사한 배타적 독점권을 부여하는 데이터베이스 보호는 그런 목적에 부합하기 어렵다는 점, 영업비밀 보호법제는 빅 데이터 보유사업자가 이미 자주 원용하고 있는 방법이지만 빅 데이터를 공개하여 널리 활용되도록 촉진하겠다는 당초 목적에 반할 수 있다는 점 등을 먼저 고찰하였다. 그 다음으로, 우리 지적재산권 법제 중 부정경쟁 ... It has been long since paying attention to the value of electronic data as an information, but it is necessary to look at the big data, which has recently been attracting attention, from a new perspective. Big data creation(aggregation) will increase explosively in the near future with the backbone of the Internet of Things technology which is the core technology toward the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’ and the direction of the analysis will have a great influence on our everyday life. Paying attention to the characteristic and value of such big data, foreign countries are rapidly responding and especially the European Union, in the motto of ‘Data Economy’, is progressing its discussions about the so-called ‘data ownership’ which examines whether or not to give property(exclusive) rights to promote the more creation of big data. Another feature of big data is that it contains large amounts of personal information inevitably because it is the very indiscriminate collection of almost all the data in our daily life. However, the right to be newly granted to the creator (aggregator) of the big data which includes the personal informations and the already given protection to the inherent holder of such personal information (the data subject) may not conflict even if some of the objects overlap. It is only necessary to configure, apart from the right already given to data subject, the right to be given to big data creators in a deliberate manner similar to the historical experiences of intellectual property law, for example, the experience to differentiate the new protection as a whole database for the person who gathered the whole database from the already given protection to each individual parts of the database. In the European Union, the discussions on Data Economy or Data Ownership, which started in earnest from around 2014, tend to converge toward a roughly negative view on whether to give a new exclusive monopoly right to big data. On the other hand, the related situation of the United States has not shown any meaningful discussion on whether to protect the whole big data, not the personal information, with property right while there has been relatively vivid discussions on whether to elevate the protection for personal information, which is just against illegal activities unlike in the Korea, to the level of semi-property right. From the standpoint of the author who has argued that we should strongly refer to the already existing experiences based on intellectual property protection in constructing a most desirable right protection system for big data including personal information, It is evaluated very positively that the above discussions by the European Union was not just remaining within comparison with the ownership right in the civil law and started to sincerely consider how to directly apply or refer the rules of copyright, database and trade secret protection to new protection system for big data. In the perspective that the historical experiences of the intellectual property law regime is a very good reference to properly designing new protection to big data because the new protection is also dealing with another information which character is intangible and non-rivalrous,, in the latter part of this article, the author tried to find out one by one what would be the most related or helpful intellectual property law among the whole intellectual property laws in Korea. At first, In such finding process, this article analyzed that the protection system of patent or copyright and sui-generis database protection system is difficult to match with our purpose while trade secret protection is the very method that many big data business holders already frequently rely on, but it may be against the initial purpose of promoting big data to be widely used. Next, since the Unfair Competition Prevention Act among the whole intellectual property laws has a unique characteristic that it gives only passive protect...

인터넷 상의 청소년보호에 관한 한국과 미국의 법제 비교 고찰

박훤일 경희대학교 법학연구소 2008 경희법학 Vol.43 No.1

The Internet has become an inseparable part of the life of today's youth. Users can access the Internet regardless of their age. More often than not, minors are exposed to sexually explicit or violent materials through text, images, online games, etc. Recently, youngsters imitating such content on the Internet have raised serious social issues in Korea. To protect minors from accidental exposure to sexually explicit materials on the Internet, it is the best policy to block content harmful to minors. In the United States, Congress established the Communications Decency Act (CDA) in Title V of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Two provisions of the CDA were challenged by civic groups, however, because the CDA lacked the precision that the First Amendment requires when a statute regulates the content of speech. Although the government has a compelling interest in protecting children from potentially harmful materials, the CDA set out to pursue that interest by suppressing constitutionally protected adult speech. In place of the CDA, Congress enacted the Child Online Protection Act (COPA), of which enforcement was halted because it failed to satisfy a strict scrutiny test under the First Amendment. A series of U.S. Supreme Court decisions held that the compelling government interest of protecting youth could be inferior to the fundamental right of free speech. In Korea, obscene and violent content on the Internet is strictly regulated by the government. In principle, the Penal Code applies to the dissemination of obscene content via the Internet. For example, the recently established “Act concerning the Punishment of Sexual Violence Crime and the Protection of Its Victim” provides that anyone, who conveys via the communications networks texts, images or other items that arouse disgrace or disgust for the purpose of stimulation or satisfaction of sexual desire, shall be subject to imprisonment of less than one year or a fine up to three million won (equivalent to U$3000). Next, the “Youth Protection Act”, which defines a minor as a person under 19 years old including all high school students, prohibits any material harmful to youth from reaching minors without appropriate limitations such as age verification. If the violator uses the broadband networks, the “Act on the Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Data Protection” applies. This Act allows information service providers to take responsibility for the watchful management of their web sites. If the protection of youth cannot be fully attained by law, it is advisable to pursue a technological solution which requires less cost and effort. For youngsters, it is up to their parents as well as schools, communities and the state to lead them in the right direction regarding the proper use of the Internet. With the U.S. Supreme Court's decision on the constitutionality of the Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA), filtering technologies turned out to be a plausible, least restrictive means of the protection of minors on the Internet. But we should pay keen attention to the increasing power of new technologies. To tackle this complicated policy issue - how to protect minors in the cyberspace, we may follow the three-step algorithm suggested by Professor Jerry Kang at the UCLA School of Law. First, identify options that might solve the problem - legislative advancement, technological solution or socio-cultural education of the Internet users. Second, assess the efficacy of these options through cost and benefit analysis. Generally speaking, the socio-cultural enlightenment seems superior in view of expected benefits to technological solutions or advanced legislation, while its order could be reversed in terms of cost. The policy-makers used to prefer the legislative measures to other alternatives on account of the cost and time saving merit. Third, it is wise to make some constitutional or legal value judgment on the basi... The Internet has become an inseparable part of the life of today's youth. Users can access the Internet regardless of their age. More often than not, minors are exposed to sexually explicit or violent materials through text, images, online games, etc. Recently, youngsters imitating such content on the Internet have raised serious social issues in Korea. To protect minors from accidental exposure to sexually explicit materials on the Internet, it is the best policy to block content harmful to minors. In the United States, Congress established the Communications Decency Act (CDA) in Title V of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Two provisions of the CDA were challenged by civic groups, however, because the CDA lacked the precision that the First Amendment requires when a statute regulates the content of speech. Although the government has a compelling interest in protecting children from potentially harmful materials, the CDA set out to pursue that interest by suppressing constitutionally protected adult speech. In place of the CDA, Congress enacted the Child Online Protection Act (COPA), of which enforcement was halted because it failed to satisfy a strict scrutiny test under the First Amendment. A series of U.S. Supreme Court decisions held that the compelling government interest of protecting youth could be inferior to the fundamental right of free speech. In Korea, obscene and violent content on the Internet is strictly regulated by the government. In principle, the Penal Code applies to the dissemination of obscene content via the Internet. For example, the recently established “Act concerning the Punishment of Sexual Violence Crime and the Protection of Its Victim” provides that anyone, who conveys via the communications networks texts, images or other items that arouse disgrace or disgust for the purpose of stimulation or satisfaction of sexual desire, shall be subject to imprisonment of less than one year or a fine up to three million won (equivalent to U$3000). Next, the “Youth Protection Act”, which defines a minor as a person under 19 years old including all high school students, prohibits any material harmful to youth from reaching minors without appropriate limitations such as age verification. If the violator uses the broadband networks, the “Act on the Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Data Protection” applies. This Act allows information service providers to take responsibility for the watchful management of their web sites. If the protection of youth cannot be fully attained by law, it is advisable to pursue a technological solution which requires less cost and effort. For youngsters, it is up to their parents as well as schools, communities and the state to lead them in the right direction regarding the proper use of the Internet. With the U.S. Supreme Court's decision on the constitutionality of the Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA), filtering technologies turned out to be a plausible, least restrictive means of the protection of minors on the Internet. But we should pay keen attention to the increasing power of new technologies. To tackle this complicated policy issue - how to protect minors in the cyberspace, we may follow the three-step algorithm suggested by Professor Jerry Kang at the UCLA School of Law. First, identify options that might solve the problem - legislative advancement, technological solution or socio-cultural education of the Internet users. Second, assess the efficacy of these options through cost and benefit analysis. Generally speaking, the socio-cultural enlightenment seems superior in view of expected benefits to technological solutions or advanced legislation, while its order could be reversed in terms of cost. The policy-makers used to prefer the legislative measures to other alternatives on account of the cost and time saving merit. Third, it is wise to make some constitutional or legal value judgment on the basis of factu...

유럽연합의 보충적 난민보호 제도 및 유럽사법재판소 판례

이보연 충북대학교 법학연구소 2022 法學硏究 Vol.33 No.1

Complementary (or subsidiary) protection refers to the international protection provided outside the system of the Geneva Convention. Refugees who cannot return to their home countries due to violence or inhumane treatment but does not fall into the the legal definition of the Convention may be granted complementary protection status. Korea provides the humanitarian residence permit as a complementary protection. However, the Refugee Act has a few provisions on a humanitarian stay permit. This article examines subsidiary protection in the European Union which established the Qualification Directive (QD) and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) regarding the Directive. The QD provides refugee and subsidiary protection as a form of international protection. The objective of the Directive is to introduce the unified standards for determining who qualifies as a refugee or as a person eligible for subsidiary protection, and the content of international protection. Additionally, it was intended to equalize the legal status of subsidiary protection to refugee. The CJEU confirmed that the goal of the QD is to provide adequate protection to those who meet the requirements for international protection. The CJEU did not overlook the independent characters of the Directive, while taking into account the interpretation of other international treaties and the ECtHR. The Korean humanitarian residence permit system is not sufficient to fully revive the intent of complementary protection. To accomplish the purpose of international protection, it is required to draw clear rules regarding a humanitarian residence permit in the Refugee Act. It is also necessary to present clear requirements and application procedures for the permit, and to guarantee the status of humanitarian residents.

외교적 보호의 의무 속성에 관한 연구

마광 ( Ma Guang ),서가려 ( Xu Jiali ) 안암법학회 2020 안암 법학 Vol.0 No.60

외교적 보호는 전통적으로 국가의 권리로 간주되며 국가는 절대적인 재량권을 가지는데 국제법에 따른 의무를 지지 않는다. 이는 바텔이 제안한 국가적 특성에서 비롯된 것이다. 그러나 2차 세계대전 후 세계는 다극화 추세를 보였으며 경제 세계화는 점점 더 많은 영향을 미쳤다. 국제법은 점점 더 강한 인본주의 적 경향을 보여 주었다. 외교 보호 권리의 본질에 대한 전통적인 견해는 학자들에 의해 점점 더 많은 의문을 야기하고 있다. 최근 일본에 대한 중국국민의 일본내 소송 실패로 중국정부는 외교적 보호를 제공할지에 대해 판단을 해야 했다. 특히 '위안부'문제와 관련하여 피해자와 유가족은 2017 년 외교 보호에 대한 책임을 정부가 부담해야 한다고 공개적으로 요구했다. 이는 외교적 보호가 여전히 정부의 절대적인 재량인지 여부를 재검토하게 한다. 이를 고려하여 본 논문은 외교적 보호의 의무속성에 대해 연구하고자 한다. 저자는 먼저 전제 조건의 도입과 다른 유사한 시스템과의 비교를 통해 외교적 보호를 정의하고 전통적인 이론을 간략하게 소개한다. 다음, 저자는 외교적 보호, 전제 조건 및 국내외 차원의 국가적 특성에서 기존의 법적 틀과 전통 이론 사이의 모순을 찾으려고 시도하였다. 또한, 외교적 보호 의무 속성의 이론적 근거를 국제법의 개인 지위, 중국 외교정책의 변화, 국제법의 인간화 경향 및 새로운 주권 책임 개념 등에서 찾고자 하였다. 그 후, 고전적인 사례의 개발을 통해 특정 상황에서 국적 국가가 어떤 종류의 제한적 의무를 이행 할 것인지에 대해 논의하고 이론을 실천과 연계 시키려고 한다. 최소한 절차의 측면에서 외교적 보호 가능성을 적절히 고려해야 할 의무가 있다. 사실상 국민의 인권이 심각하게 침해될 때 외교적 보호를 위한 구체적인 조치를 취할 의무가 있다. 마지막으로, 중국의 입장과 역사적 배경 및 현대의 국가 역할 변화에 기초하여 외교보호 의무의 본질 관점에서 제안이 이루어진다. 오늘날 해외에 나가는 중국인의 수가 증가하고 있으며 보안 위험이 점점 높아지고 있다. 해외 중국 국민의 보호 강화는 시급한 과제이다. 오늘날, 인간 중심의 외교가 자리매김 하고 있는 상황을 보면 이와 같은 외교 보호 의무의 본질에 대한 검토는 중국의 이론과 실제에서 중요한 의미를 가진다. 특히 이와 관련하여 한국 헌법재판소의 2011년 및 2019년의 “위안부” 피해자 관련 결정은 헌법적 측면에서 외교보호의 의무성격을 제시한 중요한 결정이며 이는 국제법 특히 외교보호의 발전에 대해 유익한 국가실행을 제시하였다. 또한 이는 중국을 포함하여 유사한 문제점을 안고 고민하는 제3국에 대해서도 유익한 경험이 될 것이다. 본 논문의 서두에서 언급하고 또한 본 논문을 작성하게 된 계기가 된 중국 내 “위안부” 피해자들이 중국 외교부에 외교보호를 신청한 사건을 시작으로 외교보호의 성격에 대한 중국정부 및 학계의 재검토 작업도 반드시 이루어지게 될 것이다. Diplomatic protection is traditionally considered to be the sole right of the state, and the state has absolute discretion and does not assume any obligations under international law. This originated from the national characteristics proposed by Vettel. However, after the Second World War, the world showed a trend of multi-polarization, and economic globalization has exerted more and more influence. International law has shown an increasingly strong humanistic trend. Traditional views on the nature of diplomatic protection rights are increasingly being questioned by academics. The recent failure of Chinese private claims against Japan also required the government to provide diplomatic protection. In particular, for the issue of “comfort women”, the victims and the bereaved publicly demanded that the government assume responsibility for diplomatic protection in 2017.The Chinese government has also repeatedly stated its position of resolutely safeguarding the interests of our citizens and defending basic human rights. This makes us to re-examine whether diplomatic protection is still the absolute discretion of a government. In view of this, this article hopes to explore the obligations of diplomatic protection. This article first defines the diplomatic protection through the introduction of preconditions and comparison with other similar systems, and briefly introduces the traditional theory. Secondly, the author tries to find the contradictions between the existing legal framework and traditional theories from the national characteristics of diplomatic protection, preconditions and domestic and foreign dimensions .Then it tries to find the theoretical basis of the diplomatic protection obligation attribute from the change of personal status in international law, the change of China's foreign policy and the trend of humanization of international law and the new concept of responsibility of sovereignty. After that, it hopes to discuss what kind of limited obligation shall the country of nationality fulfill under certain circumstances through the development of classic cases and to link theory with practice. At least in terms of procedures, there should be an obligation to give due consideration to the possibility of diplomatic protection; In substance, when the human rights of nationals are seriously violated, there is an obligation to take concrete action for diplomatic protection. Finally, based on China's position and the historical background and the change of state role in modern times, suggestions are made from the perspective of the nature of diplomatic protection obligations. Today, the number of Chinese citizens who go abroad is increasing, and the increasing security risks are everywhere. Strengthening the protection of overseas Chinese citizens is an urgent task. Today, when people-oriented diplomacy becomes the ruling idea, the thinking on the nature of diplomatic protection obligations has important significance both in theory and in practice.

국제법상 소수자보호의 변화 -유럽 소수자보호 골격조약을 중심으로-

박정원 ( Jung Won Park ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2013 법학논총 Vol.37 No.4

Efforts to promote minority protection under international law have seen both change and continuity. The protection and guarantee of cultural identity for persons belonging to minority groups (as opposed to majorities) with full equality in their state of residence constituted the essential principle for classical minority protection under the League of Nations. This principle is still valid today. However, since the end of the Cold War the meaning of ‘minority protection’ has changed, going beyond the classical concept of minority protection. Respect for cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue in societies is more emphasized in terms of real and effective minority protection. This article analyses such changing aspects of minority protection under contemporary international law through the examination of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM), which is the first-ever multilateral convention for the protection of national minorities. The classical concept of minority protection is no longer valid in this age of increasing global cooperative governance and international migration. Nevertheless, the argument that it is no longer necessary to distinguish between minority and majority within a state, given that the concept of the nation-state has been challenged qualitatively, is also unconvincing. What is more plausible is that the concept of the nation-state is being questioned due to its own complexities and contradictions. In this regard, the developmental practice with respect to minority protection within the framework of the FCNM is very suggestive. In particular, it is noteworthy that the Advisory Committee of the FCNM has largely contributed to the formulation of legal standards for the protection of minorities through its consistent recommendations. This is the very reason why specialists in the field of international minority protection should pay careful and particular attention to the evolutionary practice of the Advisory Committee of the FCNM.

An Assessment of Enforcement of the Witness Protection Act B.E. 2546

Srisombat Chokprajakchat,Dol Bunnag 순천향대학교 사회과학연구소 2010 순천향 사회과학연구 Vol.16 No.2

The research project entitled “An Assessment of Enforcement of the Witness Protection Act, B.E. 2546 (2003)” has the following objectives (1) to identify problems or constraints encountered in the course of implementing the witness protection program under the Witness Protection Act, B.E. 2546 (2003) and relevant rules and regulations; (2) to study the procedures of law enforcement and the implementation of witness protection; and (3) to develop the role, mandate and structure of the Witness Protection Office in accordance with the intent of the legislation. The research employed a mixed qualitative and quantitative research methods. It gathered information by conducting in-depth interviews with 28 executives and relevant officials; arranging two focus group discussions, the first of which involved 20 executives from relevant witness protection authorities, and the second involved 13 operational officials from the core agency, i.e. the Witness Protection Office. The research also organized a workshop and conducted a survey of the sample group of 214 persons drawn from witnesses who participated in the witness protection program funded by the Witness Protection Office during 2005 – 2007. The Research found legal problems in relation to the Witness Protection Act. These are (1) the definition of witness is not clear; (2) the criteria and working standards for giving protection of relevant authorities are not consistent; (3) there is no clear practice for coordination and cooperation among the witness protection authorities. The Witness Protection Office should thus be given more explicit power and mandate. In terms of structure, the Witness Protection Office should be empowered as an autonomous agency and acts as the key agency in supporting other agencies in overseeing witness protection. The Office should take the role of the facilitator and regulator responsible for overall witness protection system, outlining guidelines for inter-agency cooperation, formulating the criteria for admission of witness, drawing up witness protection administration system that can be applied uniformly. The witness protection authorities’ witness protection procedures need to be standardized. If the Witness Protection Office is required to be responsible for a covert witness protection program, its role should be limited to the protection under special measures only.

A Novel Procedure for Protection Setting in an HVDC System Based on Fault Quantities

Benfeng Gao,Ruixue Zhang,Xuewei Zhang 대한전기학회 2017 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.12 No.2

HVDC protection setting is difficult to be calculated analytically because of its strong nonlinearity. The currently used setting method is based on the empirical setting of previous projects and then verified by digital simulation. It entails a huge workload and low efficiency. To facilitate protection setting, this paper systematically summarizes the HVDC protection characteristics and then presents a classification of HVDC protections according to the protection principles. On the basis of the fault quantities, a novel setting procedure suitable for travelling wave protection, derivative and level protection, and differential protection is proposed. The proposed procedure is illustrated and verified in detail with the example of travelling wave protection. An HVDC protection setting system that has the functions of automatic protection setting and data management is developed utilizing the C# programming language.

임의후견제도와 타인을 위한 후견계약

이지은(Lee, Ji-Eun) 한국가족법학회 2013 가족법연구 Vol.27 No.2

La réforme de Code Civil Coréen a organisée un nouveau système de la protection conventionnelle, comme protection des majeurs. Cette innovation sera la meilleure manière, en associant la personne à sa propre protection: nous pouvons dire que c'est une auto-protection. Pendant la préparation des reglements pour la réforme de droit civil, les parents d'un enfant souffrant handicap grave ont souhaité que leurs enfant soient bénéficiaire de ce systèm. Pourtant nous nous demandons longtemps s'ils peuvent utiliser la protection conventionnelle pour leurs enfants. Il y a encore deux questions: est-t-il possible que les parents concurent le contrat tutelle pour utiliser la protection conventionnelle, en représentant son enfant? Et peuvent-ils conclure contrat tutelle pour son enfant pour qu'il soit le beneficiaire de la protection conventionnelle, après leur décès ou lorsqu'ils ne pourront plus prendre soin de lui? Pour trouver une solution aux questions ci-dessus, nous avons etudié le mandat de protection future qui est instauré dans le Code Civil français par loi du 5 mars 2007 portant réforme de la protection juridique de majeurs. Nous avons examiné le mandat de protection future dans ses aspects concernant les conditions et les effets du mandat de protection future, surtout mandat pour autrui en droit français, pour comparer le mandat de protection future français et la protection conventionelle en droit coréen.

기술의 유출·침해행위에 대한 법적 보호제도 -관련법의 기술 개념, 침해유형 및 법적 보호수단을 중심으로-

최동준 경북대학교 법학연구원 2021 법학논고 Vol.0 No.72

최근 들어 국가의 부(wealth)와 관련한 기술 및 정보의 중요성이 더욱 부각되며 기업의 정보뿐 아니라 국가의 기밀정보까지 유출되는 사례가 많이 나타나자 세계의 많은 국가들에서는 신보호무역주의의 대두와 더불어 기술보호주의가 강조되고 있다. 본 연구는 이렇듯 각국의 기술보호정책 및 그에 따른 개별 법적 조치가 강화되고 있는 시점에서 우리나라의 다양하고 복잡한 기술보호법을 전체적으로 분석·검토해 보고 법체계의 특성 및 구체적 법 적용에 있어서의 개별법 간 역학관계, 그리고 그러한 구조적 특성을 가지게 되는 이유를 파악해보고자 하였고, 이러한 목적 하에 기술보호와 직접적 관련이 있는 부정경쟁방지법(영업비밀보호법), 산업기술보호법, 중소기업기술보호법, 방산기술보호법 등 주요 4개 법률을 주된 분석대상으로 하였으며, 그 밖의 관련법인 대·중소기업상생법, 하도급법, 특허법, 발명진흥법, 대외무역법, 방위사업법, 외국인투자법 등도 이들 법률과 관련되는 범위에서 분석 및 언급하였다. 각 법률의 기술 개념들은 특허법의 특허등록과 같이 공시(公示)제도를 이용하지 않는 한 권리범위의 특정 및 권리행사를 위해 ‘비공지성(비밀성)’ 및 ‘비밀 관리성’ 요건을 포기하기 쉽지 않았으며, 이러한 이유로 해당 기술 개념의 요건 및 이를 바탕으로 한 각 법률상의 기술침해유형은 부정경쟁방지법(영업비밀보호법)상의 영업비밀 개념 및 침해유형을 기본 형태로 하여 규정되었다. 또한 기술유출 및 침해에 대한 법적 보호수단으로서 각 법률에 따른 민사적 구제, 형사적 제재, 행정적 규제 관련 규정들을 비교·검토하였으며, 구체적 사안에서 하나의 특정 기술과 관련하여 적용되는 보호 법률은 다양할 수 있음을 보았다. 그리고 이렇게 ‘거미줄’처럼 중복적으로 기술보호법을 입법하는 이유는 구체적 공시방법의 부재로 말미암아 대세적 권리(對世權)가 되기 힘든 기술적 정보를 다양한 범주에서의 법적 접근을 통해 온전하게 보호하기 위함이며, 현재 우리나라의 다양한 기술보호 관련 법률들은 크게 ‘기술자체에 대한 보호법 유형’과 ‘불공정경쟁법 유형’으로 분류할 수 있을 것이고, 이것은 다시 개인적 차원, 국가적 차원, 국제적 차원에 의해 구분될 수 있음을 파악하였다. 하지만 이와 동시에 법구조적 복잡성과 기술보호 영역 확대에 따른 거시적 방향 설정의 필요성이 존재하기에 기술보호 관련법의 체계적 관리를 위한 ‘기술보호기본법’을 제정할 필요가 있다. Recently, as the importance of technical information related to national wealth has been further highlighted and there have been many cases of leaking not only corporate information but also confidential information of the state, many countries around the world have emphasized technology protectionism as well as the New Protectionism. In this study, four laws, the Unfair Competition Prevention Act(Trade Secrets Protection Act), the Act on Prevention of Divulgence and Protection of Industrial Technology, the Act on Support for Protection of Technologies of Small and Medium Enterprises, and the Defense Technology Security Act, which are directly related to technology protection, were mainly analyzed for the purpose of analyzing and reviewing the various and complex technology protection laws of Korea as a whole to understand the characteristics of the legal system, the dynamics between individual laws and the reasons for such characteristics at a time when technology protection policies and subsequent individual legal measures are being strengthened. Also, other related laws, such as the Act on the Promotion of Mutually Beneficial Cooperation Between Large Enterprises and Small and Medium Enterprises, the Fair Transactions in Subcontracting Act, the Patent Act, the Invention Promotion Act, the Foreign Trade Act, the Defense Acquisition Program Act, and the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, were analyzed and mentioned to the extent relevant to these laws. The concepts of each law regarding technical information are not easy to waive the 'secrecy' and 'efforts to maintain secrecy' requirements for the specification of the scope of a right and the exercise of rights unless the public announcement system is used, such as the patent registration of the Patent Act. For this reason, the requirements of the relevant concepts of technical information and the types of technology infringement in each of these laws were prescribed in the basic form of the concept of trade secrets and types of trade secrets infringement in the Unfair Competition Prevention Act(Trade Secrets Act). Also, the provisions related to civil remedies, criminal sanctions and administrative regulations under each law were compared and reviewed as a means of legal protection against technology leakage and infringement, and it was observed that protection laws applicable to one particular technical information could vary in individual cases. And the reason for legislating technology protection laws in such a way that they are overlapping, such as "a spiderweb," is to fully protect technical information through various legal bases, which is difficult to become an object of a universal right due to the absence of a specific public announcement method, and the nation's diverse current laws on technology protection will be largely classified as a "type of protection for technology itself" and a "type of unfair competition law," which can be divided again on a personal, national, and international level. At the same time, however, it is necessary to enact a "Framework Act on Technology Protection" for systematic management of laws related to technology protection, as there exists a need to set a macro direction in line with the structural complexity of the relevant laws and the expansion of technology protection areas.

论外交保护的义务属性

马光,徐佳丽 안암법학회 2020 안암 법학 Vol.0 No.60

Diplomatic protection is traditonaly considered to be the sole right of the state, and the state has absolute discretion and does not asume any obligations under international law. This originated from the national characteristics proposed by Vetel. However, after the Second World War, the world showed a trend of multi-polarization, and economic globalization has exerted more and more influence. International law has shown an increasingly strong humanistic trend. Traditonal views on the nature of diplomatic protection rights are increasingly being questioned by academics. The recent failure of Chinese private claims against Japan also required the government to provide diplomatic protection. In particular, for the isue of “comfort women”, the victims and the bereaved publicly demanded that the government asume responsibilty for diplomatic protection in 2017.The Chinese government has also repeatedly stated its positon of resolutely safeguarding the interests of our citzens and defending basic human rights. This makes us to re-examine whether diplomatic protection is stil the absolute discretion of a government. In view of this, this article hopes to explore the obligations of diplomatic protection. This article first defines the diplomatic protection through the introduction of preconditons and comparison with other similar systems, and briefly introduces the traditonal theory. Secondly, the author tries to find the contradictions betwen the existing legal framework and traditonal theories from the national characteristics of diplomatic protection, preconditons and domestic and foreign dimensions .Then it tries to find the theoretical basis of the diplomatic protection obligation atribute from the change of personal status in international law, the change of China's foreign policy and the trend of humanization of international law and the new concept of responsibilty of sovereignty. After that, it hopes to discus what kind of limited obligation shal the country of nationality fulfil under certain circumstances through the development of clasic cases and to link theory with practice. At least in terms of procedures, there should be an obligation to give due consideration to the posibilty of diplomatic protection; In substance, when the human rights of nationals are seriously violated, there is an obligation to take concrete action for diplomatic protection. Finaly, based on China's positon and the historical background and the change of state role in modern times, sugestions are made from the perspective of the nature of diplomatic protection obligations. Today, the number of Chinese citzens who go abroad is increasing, and the increasing security risks are everywhere. Strengthening the protection of overseas Chinese citzens is an urgent task. Today, when people-oriented diplomacy becomes the ruling idea, the thinking on the nature of diplomatic protection obligations has important signifcance both in theory and in practice. 外交保护在传统上被认为是独属于国家的权利,国家享有绝对的自由裁量 权,在国际法上不承担任何义务。这最早源于瓦特尔拟制的国家特征。但是 到二战以后,世界呈现多极化趋势,经济全球化产生了越来越大的影响,国 际法呈现出越来越强的人本化趋向。有关外交保护权利性质的传统观点越来 越受到学界质疑。而近期中国民间对日索赔诉讼的连连失败也对政府提出了 给予外交保护的要求。特别是针对“慰安妇”问题,受害者及其遗属在2017年 公开要求政府承担外交保护的责任。中国政府也多次明确表示坚决保障本国 民利益,捍卫基本人权的立场。这让中国不得不重新审视外交保护是否仍然 是一国政府绝对的自由裁量权。有鉴于此,本文希望对外交保护的义务属性 进行探讨。首先通过前提条件的介绍和与其他类似制度的比较对外交保护进 行界定,简要介绍传统理论。其次从外交保护的国家特征、前提条件,以及 国内国外两个维度,寻找现有法律框架中与传统理论存在的矛盾之处。接着 试图从国际法上个人地位的变化,结合中国国内外交政策变动和国际法的人 本化趋势以及新的责任主权观来寻找外交保护义务属性的理论依据。在此之 后,希望通过经典案例展开,理论结合实践,讨论在什么情形下国籍国应负 有什么样的有限义务。至少在程序上,应负有适当考虑进行外交保护的可能 性的义务;在实体上,当本国国民的人权受到严重侵犯时,有切实地采取行 动进行外交保护的义务。最后结合中国的立场与近代以来历史背景、国家角 色的改变,在外交保护义务属性视角下提出建议。今天,走出国门的中国公 民数量与日俱增,愈渐增加的安全风险也无处不在。加强对海外中国公民的 保护刻不容缓。在民本外交成为执政理念的今天,对外交保护义务属性的思 考无论在理论上还是实践中,都具有重要的意义。