경찰 체력검정의 역사적 변화: 남녀 차이의 사회적 논란과 과학적 합리성

진현주 ( Jin Hyunju ),김효민 ( Hyomin Kim ) 한국체육학회 2020 한국체육학회지 Vol.59 No.2

체력은 체육학에서 명실공히 주요한 연구 주제이다. 체력에 관한 다양한 연구 중에서도 체력검정, 즉 신체를 측정하고 신체가 가진 역량을 평가하는 작업에 대한 연구는 체육학 내에서 가장 오래된 역사를 지니고 있다. 그러나 최근 한국 사회에서 경찰, 군대 등에 지원하는 남녀의 체력검정 기준의 차이를 둘러싼 논란은, 기존의 연구 성과에 따라 ‘검정’될 수 있는 체력이 있다는 인식을 대중이 널리 공유하는 것과는 별개로, 체력검정 기준에 대한 보편적 합의가 아직 사회적으로 형성되지 않았음을 시사하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 체력을 측정하는 방법의 학술적, 사회적 변화 양상을 추적하여 체력검정 기준의 합리성에 대한 역사적 고찰을 시도하였다. 먼저 기존에 형성되어온 체력의 학술적 개념의 변화에 대한 조사를 통해 체력 개념의 다양한 정의와 의미를 탐색한 후, 경찰공무원의 체력검정을 중심으로 신체 검정의 기준과 관점의 변화를 살펴, 기존 체력검정의 합리성을 평가해온 기준을 분석하고 그 합리성이 의미하는 바를 문제화(problematization)하고자 하였다. 이 연구는 특정 직군의 체력검정 기준으로 인해 제기된 사회적 논란을 통해 그동안 당연하게 합리적 근거를 가진 것으로 받아들여져 왔던 ‘체력’, 그리고 그것이 객관적으로 ‘검정’될 수 있다는 관념이 실상은 고정된 진리가 아니라 다양한 네트워크를 통해 형성되고 도전받아 변화하는 유동적 열린 체계임을 지적할 것이다. Physical fitness is a major research topic in sport studies. Among diverse sub-topics of physical fitness, the physical fitness test, that is the measurement and evaluation of physical fitness, has the longest history as a research area. However, the recent controversy in Korea over gender-normed physical fitness requirements in army or police recruitment indicates that despite widely shared common understanding of physical fitness that can be “tested” in accordance with research outcomes of sport studies, there is still no general agreement on the legitimate standards for physical fitness test. By tracking the relevant academic and social discussions, this paper presented a historical review of the logical rationale provided for physical fitness tests. This paper first explored definitions and meanings of physical fitness established in sport studies; then it examined the historical changes in standards for and perspectives upon occupational physical fitness tests for Korean police officers. By so doing, this paper analyzed and problematized how certain physical fitness tests have so far been (un)-successfully justified as rational methods of measurement. Through the investigation of social debates over what count as legitimate standards for occupational physical fitness tests, we demonstrated that the concept of “physical fitness” and the notion that it can be “tested” with an objective measure is not a fixed reality based upon well-founded rationales but a porous and flexible system that is continuously constructed by heterogeneous networks while facing challenges.

학생건강체력평가 프로그램(Physical Activity Promotion System)을 통한 비만도와 건강체력의 관계

이양구,오수학 한국초등체육학회 2010 한국초등체육학회지 Vol.15 No.3

The present studies to have researched the difference of factors related physical fitness of local area were proceeded, which had the limitation that these results could not represent the a population. Therefore, The purpose of this study was to research the relationship between obesity and health-related physical fitness of whole country teenagers. For the purpose, we choose the 18 elementary schools 820 students including which were located in 6 city. With the students' PAPS(physical activity promotion system) records, we analyzed the relationship between obesity and health-related physical fitness according areas. We used SPSS 12.0 program for data management. To analyze the difference of %fat mass according to the level of health-related physical fitness and to research the difference of health-related physical fitness according to the valuations(NYC & ACSM), one-way ANOVA was used and for the relation between obesity and health-related physical fitness logistic regression was used. The results were followed as below :On the %fat mass according the level of health with two valuations(NYC & ACSM), it showed that %fat mass of distribution from 1 to 3 magnitudes were belonged to normal group or overweight group, which indicated that students who were not obesity had more health-related physical fitness than obese group. On the health-related physical fitness according to the valuations(NYC & ACSM), There was some different %fat mass patten on factors of health related physical fitness. Test of hypothesis result about statistical significance about relation by body condition and health & fitness factor. On the relation between obesity and health-related physical fitness, there was model which might indicate health-related physical fitness with obesity in male students, but not females. However, obese group of cardiorespiratory endurance in elementary school had lower health level than normal students, which showed that obesity might affect the health-related physical fitness in schoolchild.

Effects of Physical Fitness Rearing Education on the Task-Reated Physical Fitness and SPECIFIC PHYSICAL FITNESS of College Students Majoring Police in KOREA

Lee Se-hwan,Park Jung-min,Kwon Tea-il J-INSTITUTE 2016 Kinesiology Vol.1 No.2

This study aimed to College Students Majoring Police of Physical fitness Rearing Education on Task-Related Physical Fitness and Specific Physical Fitness. Sixty voluntary subjects (30 exercise, 30 control) with an understanding toward the aims of this study were selected and their physical composition and Physical Fitness on Job Performance, before and after the Physical fitness Rearing Education program, were measured. As for the Task-Related Physical Fitness, there were significant differences between pre- and post-values in the exercise group. Meanwhile, in the aspect of comparisons between post-values in both groups, there were significant improvements in push-up, sit-up, Grasping power, 100M Sprint and 1000M Run of the exercise group. As for the Specific Physical Fitness, there were significant differences between pre- and post-values in the exercise group after completing the Physical fitness Rearing Education. In the aspect of comparisons between post-values in both groups, there were significant improvements in only the exercise group. The study results indicate that the Physical fitness Rearing Education program is effective in improving the Task-Related Physical Fitness and Specific Physical Fitness of College Students Majoring Police. However, there is a need for more specific exercise programs to be developed for the continual improvement of College Students Majoring Police performance in along with further studies to confirm the physiological benefits of those programs.

하키선수들의 체력 및 형태학적 발육발달 특성 변화의 종단적 연구

안용덕(Yong Duk Ahn),김종이(Jong Il Kim),신정훈(Jeong Hun Shin) 한국발육발달학회 2009 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.17 No.4

The changes in physical fitness and Change of Morphological Proportionality are not the problem of temporal cross section in growth and development but the aspect of continuous change. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes of growth and development in hockey players using longitudinal materials on the measurement of physical fitness and Change of Morphological Proportionality for 6 years from 1st grade of middle school(period of first selection) to 3rd grade of high school and provide basic materials for selection and systematic bringing up of hockey players. The subjects of this study were 9 excellent hockey players winning a prize during their middle and high school who resided in G metropolitan city. The measurement of physical fitness and Change of Morphological Proportionality changes was taken every June for six years from 1st grade of middle school(period of first selection) to 3rd grade of high school. For data processing, average and standard deviation were calculated by measurement item using SPSS 15.0 program. Also, repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted to investigate the changes of physical fitness and physical development according to changes in a school year and a significance level was established at α=.05.The results of this study were as follows. 1. The most increased physical fitness was found in the first year after the selection, the highest change was found in closed eyes balance, reaction time, and back strength, and higher school year showed more increased physical fitness in hockey players. On the other hand, flexibility, agility, and muscle endurance showed increase and decrease and there was statistically significant difference in all items of measuring physical fitness. 2. For the changes in morphological characteristics, steady increase was found in length, width, and girth with the growth and development of hockey players after the selection. Subcutaneous fat was found to increase in iliac crest, supraspine, and abdomen but to decrease in biceps. The girth change was found to increase in gluteal(hips), chest(mesosternale), and thigh(1 cm gluteal). The length change was found to increase in order of trochanterion height, iliospinale height, and tibiale lateral height. The width change was found to increase in the order of biacromial, AP chest depth, and biiliocristal. There was statistically significant difference in all morphological characteristics items but humerus. This study revealed that the changes in physical fitness and morphological characteristics were systematic in hockey players from the selection in their middle school to current third grade of high school and the growth development of physical fitness and morphological characteristics was greatly improved on the basis of steady training of physical fitness and technique. When these five subjects enter college and a follow-up survey is conducted, it is expected to examine the changes of physical fitness and morphological characteristics from selection to college or amateur team and conduct researches on physical fitness and morphological characteristics until the period of retirement continuously in hockey players.

1930년대 말 국민체력저하 문제의 대두와 사회적 대응

함예재(Ye-Jae Ham) 일본사학회 2024 일본역사연구 Vol.63 No.-

1936년에 육군대신 데라우치 히사이치가 정례 각의에서 국민체력이 저하되는 현상을 지적했다. 해당 발언은 이후 1938년 후생성 창설로 이어졌다. 육군에서 국민체력저하 현상을 시급한 문제로 인식한 것은 1930년대 중반 즈음이었다. 육군은 이전부터 징병검사 성적을 지속적으로 분석해왔다. 1934년에 아사히 신문사에서 시행한 ‘우량장정시정촌표창’ 사업에서 징병검사 결과를 활용한 경험, 그리고 고이즈미 치카히코(이후 후생대신)가 의무국장에 취임한 것을 계기로 장정체력문제를 재인식하게 된다. 그리고 고이즈미가 사회적 요소와 함께 분석한 국민체력저하 문제가 육군대신의 발언으로 이어진 것이었다. 이 문제는 이후 학술연구, 대중미디어 등에서 적극적으로 대응함으로써 사회적으로 확산되었다. 먼저 일본학술진흥회에서 관련 위원회를 설치하여 과학적인 검토에 착수했다. 연구 결과, 국민의 체력을 정확하게 파악할 수 있는 자료의 필요성이 요구되었다. 이러한 학술연구 결과는 ‘체력'에 대한 정책적인 정의를 마련했고, 나아가 1940년에 제정되는 국민체력법의 기초가 되었다. 대표적 대중미디어인 아사히 신문사는 국민체력 문제가 사회 내에서 공감대를 형성할 수 있는 기반을 마련했다. 특히 1937년 6월의 ‘국민체력향상 좌담회'가 주목된다. 여기에는 정부관료를 비롯하여 대학, 노동계, 체육계 등 여러 분야의 전문가가 참석하여 국민체력 저하의 원인, 향상책 등을 논의하였다. 정책적 관점뿐 아니라 실제 현장에서의 문제점이 생생하게 전달되었다. 좌담회가 뚜렷한 해결방안을 내놓은 것은 아니었지만, 참석자들이 이후에도 국민체력에 관한 정책에서 중요한 역할을 하고, 좌담회에서의 논의 내용이 지속적으로 반복되어 재생산되었다는 점에서 중요하다. 이러한 과정을 계기로 국민체력에 대한 문제의식이 사회적으로 확산되고, 문제해결을 위한 대안 마련을 촉구하는 목소리도 높아졌다. 사회적 차원에서의 논의와 인식 확산 과정은 이후 정책화 과정에서 의미있는 영향을 미치게 된다. 다시 말해, 전시기에 후생성 창설로 상징되는 국민체력문제의 국가적 중요성은 정치적 대응뿐 아니라 사회적 방면에서의 관심과 인식이 맞물리면서 형성된 것이었다. In 1936, General Teraiichi Derauchi raised concerns about the declining national physical fitness during a regular assembly. This statement paved the way for the establishment of the Welfare Department in 1938. The recognition of the national physical fitness decline as an urgent issue by the army emerged around the mid-1930s. The army had been continuously analyzing the results of conscription examinations. Experiences utilizing the results of conscription examinations in the “Excellent Excellent young man Village Award(優良壯丁市町村表彰)” project conducted by the Asahi Shimbun in 1934, along with the appointment of Chikahiko Koizumi(小泉親彦) as the Director of the Medical Officer, prompted a re-evaluation of the physical fitness issue among servicemen. Subsequently, Koizumi's analysis of the national physical fitness issue led to General Koizumi's remarks. Subsequently, through academic research and mass media, the issue spread socially. Initially, the “Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(日本學術振興會)” established a related committee to initiate scientific examination. The research findings highlighted the necessity for accurate data to assess the nation's physical fitness. These academic research results provided a policy definition for 'physical fitness' and laid the groundwork for the National Physical Fitness Law(國民體力法) enacted in 1940. Asahi Newspaper(朝日新聞社), a prominent mass media outlet, provided a platform for the formation of societal consensus on the issue of national physical fitness. Particularly noteworthy is the 'National Physical Fitness Improvement Symposium(國民體力向上座談會)' held in June 1937. Government officials, along with experts from various fields including academia, labor, and sports, attended this symposium to discuss the causes of the decline in national physical fitness and potential improvement measures. Not only were policy perspectives discussed, but also vividly conveyed were the issues faced in practical settings. As a result of these processes, societal awareness of the issue of national physical fitness spread, and there was a growing chorus calling for alternative solutions to address it. The discussions and awareness spread at the societal level would go on to have a significant impact on the subsequent policy-making process. In other words, the national importance of the issue of national physical fitness, symbolized by the establishment of the Welfare Department during the wartime period, was shaped not only by political responses but also by the convergence of societal interest and awareness.

Physical Activities and Fitness of College Students by Obesity

최학진 한국생활환경학회 2019 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.26 No.4

The purpose of this study is to define the relationship between obesity, physical activity, health-related variables, and figure out physical activity and health-related fitness of college students by obesity. To achieve this goal, 77 students (45 males and 32 females) at a University in Gyeongsang Province were selected as the study subject by convenience sampling method. As the variables, obesity (BMI), subjective physical activity, health-related physical fitness (muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance) were measured. As the analysis method, descriptive statistics and independent t-test were used to analyze the general characteristics of the gender of subjects. Descriptive statistics and 2-way ANOVA were used to analyze the characteristics of physical activity and health-related physical fitness by gender and obesity. Pearson's correlation was used to examine the relationship between obesity and physical activity and health-related fitness. As a result of examining physical activity and health-related physical fitness of college students by obesity, male college students showed higher physical activity and physical fitness than female college students in general, and the college students in the low weight-normal group spent longer time in moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity and showed higher muscle endurance and cardiorespiratory endurance than the overweight-obesity group. In other words, the more physical activity they do and the better physical fitness they have, the lower obesity they have. This result suggests that improvement of physical fitness through physical activity may play an important role in prevention of obesity.

생활체육 활성화를 위한 학교체육의 역할과 방안

최재형(Jae-Hyoung Choi) 산업기술교육훈련학회 2009 산업기술연구논문지 (JITR) Vol.14 No.4

To satisfy the basic human desires for healthy life, this thesis is intended to explain the methods of promoting physical fitness by the way of connecting it to physical education, which is the basis of physical fitness. Examining various documents, the roles and purposes of physical education were found in terms of encouraging the physical fitness. This study was conducted according to the following procedures. First, introducing the functions and necessity of physical fitness in modern society Second, analyzing and describing the actual conditions of physical education based on its purposes, its standards, and its present problems Third, researching the relations between physical fitness and physical education Fourth, suggesting the roles of physical education and three solutions to stimulate it Three methods to promote physical education are : 1. In terms of curriculum operations, improving instructional methods and reforming conventional physical education systems will lead not only to changes of people s cognition toward physical education but also to activation of it. As a result, this will make it possible to promote the physical fitness. 2. Physical training can be stimulated by opening school facilities to the local community for freely using, improving old facilities, and making up for the lack of resources. 3. For a change in public recognitions concerning physical fitness, and professional and systematic operations, the school education has to provide supports for training physical education instructors and developing various programs. As above-mentioned, this study is expected to improve physical education and promote of physical fitness, as well as to achieve the ultimate goal of supporting the people s healthful life.

Physical Activities and Fitness of College Students by Obesity

Choi Hak Jin 한국생활환경학회 2019 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.26 No.4

The purpose of this study is to define the relationship between obesity, physical activity, health-related variables, and figure out physical activity and health-related fitness of college students by obesity. To achieve this goal, 77 students (45 males and 32 females) at a University in Gyeongsang Province were selected as the study subject by convenience sampling method. As the variables, obesity (BMI), subjective physical activity, health-related physical fitness (muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance) were measured. As the analysis method, descriptive statistics and independent t-test were used to analyze the general characteristics of the gender of subjects. Descriptive statistics and 2-way ANOVA were used to analyze the characteristics of physical activity and health-related physical fitness by gender and obesity. Pearson"s correlation was used to examine the relationship between obesity and physical activity and health-related fitness. As a result of examining physical activity and health-related physical fitness of college students by obesity, male college students showed higher physical activity and physical fitness than female college students in general, and the college students in the low weight-normal group spent longer time in moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity and showed higher muscle endurance and cardiorespiratory endurance than the overweight-obesity group. In other words, the more physical activity they do and the better physical fitness they have, the lower obesity they have. This result suggests that improvement of physical fitness through physical activity may play an important role in prevention of obesity.

체육측정평가 : 성인 남성의 건강체력수준의 평가: 판별분석의 적용

이미숙(LeeMi-Sook),강상조(KangSang-Jo),田中喜代次(KiyojiTanaka) 한국체육학회 1998 한국체육학회지 Vol.37 No.1

일상생활 중 신체활동의 감소에 따른 건강체력 수준의 저하가 활력있는 건강한 장수를 위한 잠재 능력을 쇠퇴 시킨다는 이론적인 배경 하에, 개개인의 체력수준에 대한 폭 넓은 검토가 고령화 사회의 중요한 과제로서 대두되고 있는 실정이다. 이 연구의 목적은 건강체력 (health-related physical fitness) 검사 결과로부터 일반군, 운동군, 비만군으로 분류된 세 집단을 통계적으로 가장 적절하게 판별할 수 있는 추정식을 작성하는데 있다. 신체활동 수준이 다른 성인 남성 75명을 연구 대상으로 하였으며 성인 남성의 체력을 건강체력 관점에서 정의하고, 선행연구의 결과를 기초로 하여 근력, 전신지구력, 유연성, 신체구성 요인을 건강체력수준 평가에 필요한 체력요인 및 항목으로 선정하였다. 이들 각각의 체력요인을 대표하는 항목은 타당성 및 신뢰성을 고려하여 악력, 최대산소섭취량, 체전굴, 체지방 등의 검사항목을 선택하였다. 판별분석을 적용하여 검토 한 주요 분석내용은 1) 선정된 체력검사 결과에 근거하여 집단 구성원은 우연에 의한 예언보다 어느 정도 높은 수준에서 정확하게 해당 집단에 소속된 것으로 예언할 수 있는가?, 2) 유의한 판별함수의 수와 각 집단별 판별함수 점수의 평균 즉 집단평균치, 3) 어떠한 체력검사가 판별함수와 높은 상관이 있는가?, 4) 해당 집단에 정확하게 분류하기 위해 각 독립변인의 점수에 어떤 가중치를 주어야 하는가? 등이다. 건강관련 체력측정 항목 상호 간의 상관 행렬을 검토하고, 판별분석을 적용하여 4항목으로 구성된 판별함수를 산출한 결과 세 집단이 복수의 체력측정 항목에 있어서의 성적으로부터 정확하게 판별 될 확률은 86.6%였다. 이 결과는 신체활동 수준별로 정확하게 분류된 성인 남성들은 우연에 의해 분류될 수 있는 확률 33.5% 보다 현저하게 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 또한, 판별함수를 이용하여 산출한 각 개인의 판별득점을 신체적 건강도로 간주하였으며 그 득점과 각 체력 항목 간의 상관계수를 산출한 결과, 전신지구력 및 신체구성 지표와 신체적 건강도 간에 높은 관련성이 시사되었다. 따라서 성인 남성의 경우 일상생활에 있어서 전신지구력과 신체구성의 변화가 신체적 건강도의 지표로서 공헌도가 크고 중요하다는 것이 시사되었다. 향후 이 연구에서 제시한 판별함수를 이용하여 교차타당도에 대한 검토가 후속되어야 할 것이다. The purposes of this study were; 1) to discriminate the three different groups categorized by physical health status and physical activity level using discriminant function analysis, 2) to examine the degree of relationship between physical health status and physical fitness and the contribution of each element of physical fitness to the physical health status of middle-aged men. This study was achieved by classifying the original subject pool into three different experimental subgroups based on physical examination results and self-reported activity levels; a normal group (I), a regularly exercise group (II), and an obese group (III). The health status was assessed by physicians. Physical fitness tasks were selected from health-related physical fitness components; maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max; X1), grip strength (X2), body fat (X2), and trunk flexion from a standing position (X4). Discriminant function analysis was applied to determine if the selected physical fitness tasks were sensitive to differentiate among the three groups and successfully classify individual in the appropriate physical activity levels and physical health status. Correct discriminant probabilities of multiple discriminant functions to discriminate the I, II,and III group were 86.6%. These results suggested that there was a relatively strong relationship between physical health status and the level of physical fitness. The contribution of each element of physical fitness to physical health status was evaluated by correlation between the discriminant score representing physical health status, and performance on each element of the physical fitness test. It was concluded that discriminant function provided a valid model for evaluating differences among the three different physical health status and physical activity levels. Therefore, our data suggests that commonly used measures of health-related physical fitness can be utilized as a valid index of physical health status in exercise and health science.

유아기 아동의 체력증진 방안

정현채(Jeong Hyeon Chae),한명우(Han Myeong U) 한국사회체육학회 2003 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.20 No.1

Recently, children`s height and weight are improved as compared to the past. However, the majority of children fails to meet minimum levels of physical fitness. In addition, as child obesity became a social problem, many professionals have been concerned about physical fitness education and the improvement of achieving physical fitness for the children through physical activities. However, little concerns has been stressed on developmentally appropriate physical fitness education for preschooler to stay physically fit in Korea. Childhood is an important period of promoting physical fitness and developing positive attitudes about exercise and physical activity. Fitness education should be started in early in child`s life to enhance children`s physical fitness during their early ages, and this will lay the ground work for achieving active lifestyle throughout adulthood. In this respects, this article reviews the needs of physical fitness of children and discusses ways to improve physical fitness for children. Also this article suggests potential directions of fitness education for children, and provides the strategies of promoting physical fitness for children.