Effects of Organic Acids on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Emission

Ji Un Ok(옥지운),Dong Uk Ha(하동욱),Shin Ja Lee(이신자),Eun Tae Kim(김언태),Sang Suk Lee(이상석),Young Kyun Oh(오영균),Kyoung Hoon Kim(김경훈),Sung Sill Lee(이성실) 한국생명과학회 2012 생명과학회지 Vol.22 No.10

본 연구의 목적은 organic acids를 첨가하여 in vitro 상의 반추위 발효성상과 반추위 내 메탄 억제에 미치는 영향에 대한 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 반추위액은 순천대학교 부속목장의 반추위 cannula가 시술된 Holstein에서 채취하였고, organic acids는 반추위액과 버퍼의 혼합액에 첨가하여 배양하였다. 그 결과 pH 값은 lactic acid, malic acid 및 succinic acid첨가구에서 6.69에서 6.16 정도로, 대조구와 다른 첨가구보다 낮았다. 총 가스 발생량은 배양 48시간에 aspartic acid, malic acid 및 succinic acid첨가구에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높았고, 메탄 발생량은 lactic acid 첨가구에서 대조구보다 낮았다. 총 VFA와 propionic acid의 농도는 배양 12시간에 모든 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 높았다. 반추위 미생물 측정 결과에서는 Fumaric acid와 malic acid의 bacteria수가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였으며(p<0.05), protozoa수는 유의적(p<0.05)으로 감소되었다. 이상의 실험 결과를 종합해 보면, organic acids의 첨가는 반추위 내 pH를 감소시키고 가스 발생량, 반추위 미생물 성장량 및 propionic acid 모두 증가시켰으며, 특히 lactic acid는 메탄생성을 억제하였다. 앞으로 Organic acid와 다른 메탄억제 물질과 혼합하여 반추위 내 메탄생성 억제에 관한 구체적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of organic acids on methane emission and ruminal fermentation characteristics. We expected our methodology to result in a decrease of methanogens attached to the surface of rumen ciliate protozoa by addition of organic acids and in particular a decrease in methane emission. A fistulated Holstein cow of 650 kg body weight was used as a donor of rumen fluid. Organic acids (aspartic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and succinic acid) known to be propionate enhancers were added to an in vitro fermentation system and incubated with rumen fluid. The microbial population, including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, were enumerated, and gas production, including methane and fermentation characteristics, were observed in vitro. Organic acids appeared to affect the rumen protozoan community. The rumen protozoal popuation decreased with the addition of aspartic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, and malic acid. In particular, the methane emission was reduced by addition of lactic acid. The concentration of propionate with all organic acids that were added appeared to be higher than that of the control at 12 h incubation. Addition of organic acids significantly affected rumen bacteria and microbial growth. The bacteria in added fumaric acid and malic acid was significantly higher (p<0.05) and protozoa was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of the control. Microbial growth with the addition of organic acids was greater than the control after 48 h incubation.

Protected Organic Acid Blends as an Alternative to Antibiotics in Finishing Pigs

Upadhaya, S.D.,Lee, K.Y.,Kim, In Ho Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.11

A total of 120 finishing pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of $49.72{\pm}1.72kg$ were used in 12-wk trial to evaluate the effects of protected organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal micro flora, meat quality and fecal gas emission. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (10 replication pens with 4 pigs per pen) in a randomly complete block design based on their initial BW. Each dietary treatment consisted of: Control (CON/basal diet), OA1 (basal diet+0.1% organic acids) and OA2 (basal diet+0.2% organic acids). Dietary treatment with protected organic acid blends linearly improved (p<0.001) average daily gain during 0 to 6 week, 6 to 12 week as well as overall with the increase in their inclusion level in the diet. The dry matter, N, and energy digestibility was higher (linear effect, p<0.001) with the increase in the dose of protected organic acid blends during 12 week. During week 6, a decrease (linear effect, p = 0.01) in fecal ammonia contents was observed with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends on d 3 and d 5 of fermentation. Moreover, acetic acid emission decreased linearly (p = 0.02) on d7 of fermentation with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends. During 12 weeks, linear decrease (p<0.001) in fecal ammonia on d 3 and d 5 and acetic acid content on d 5 of fermentation was observed with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends. Supplementation of protected organic acid blends linearly increased the longissimus muscle area with the increasing concentration of organic acids. Moreover, color of meat increased (linear effect, quadratic effect, p<0.001, p<0.002 respectively) and firmness of meat showed quadratic effect (p = 0.003) with the inclusion of increasing level of protected organic acid in the diet. During the 6 week, increment in the level of protected organic acid blends decreased (linear effect, p = 0.01) Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts and increased (linear effect, p = 0.004) Lactobacillus counts. During 12-wk of experimental trial, feces from pigs fed diet supplemented with organic acid blends showed linear reduction (p<0.001) of E. coli counts and the tendency of linear increase (p = 0.06) in Lactobacillus count with the increase in the level of organic acid blends. In conclusion, 0.2% protected organic acids blends positively affected growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal gas emission and meat quality in finishing pigs without any adverse effects on blood parameters.

Organic Acids Derived from Saliva-amalgamated Betel Quid Filtrate Are Predicted as a Ten-eleven Translocation-2 Inhibitor

Bhatkar Devyani,Ananda Nistha,Lokhande Kiran Bharat,Khunteta Kratika,Jain Priyadarshini,Hebale Ameya,Sarode Sachin C.,Sharma Nilesh Kumar 대한암예방학회 2023 Journal of cancer prevention Vol.28 No.3

There is a lack of evidence regarding the use of betel quid (BQ) and its potential contribution to oral cancer. Limited attention has been directed towards investigating the involvement of BQ-derived organic acids in the modulation of metabolic-epigenomic pathways associated with oral cancer initiation and progression. We employed novel protocol for preparing saliva-amalgamated BQ filtrate (SABFI) that mimics the oral cavity environment. SABFI and saliva control were further purified by an in-house developed vertical tube gel electrophoresis tool. The purified SABFI was then subjected to liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis to identify the presence of organic acids. Profiling of SABFI showed a pool of prominent organic acids such as citric acid. malic acid, fumaric acid, 2-methylcitric acid, 2-hydroxyglutarate, cis-aconitic acid, succinic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid lactone, tartaric acid and β-ketoglutaric acid. SABFI showed anti-proliferative and early apoptosis effects in oral cancer cells. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations predicted that SABFI-derived organic acids as potential inhibitors of the epigenetic demethylase enzyme, Ten-Eleven Translocation-2 (TET2). By binding to the active site of α-ketoglutarate, a known substrate of TET2, these organic acids are likely to act as competitive inhibitors. This study reports a novel approach to study SABFI-derived organic acids that could mimic the chemical composition of BQ in the oral cavity. These SABFI-derived organic acids projected as inhibitors of TET2 and could be explored for their role oral cancer

Effects of Organic Acids Mix and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Storage Quality of Sliced Bacon

Muhlisin,강선문,최원희,이근택,정성희,이성기 한국축산식품학회 2011 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.31 No.5

The effects of organic acids mix (0.4%) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the storage quality of sliced bacon were investigated. Pork bellies were treated with or without organic acids at the curing stage. The organic acids mix comprised 35% sodium acetate, 25% salt, 15% calcium lactate, 11% trisodium citrate, 7% ascorbate, and 7% citric acid. The cured pork bellies were smoked and packaged with 50% CO_2 + 50% N_2 (50% CO_2-MAP) and 100% N_2 (100% N_2-MAP), and stored at 5℃ for 14 d. The 50% CO_2-MAP showed a higher pH value (p<0.05) up to 10 d, a lower protein deterioration (p<0.05) as measured by volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) from 6 to 14 d, and a higher color value of lightness (CIE L^*) compared to 100% N_2-MAP. The development of lipid oxidation measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS)values seemed to be effectively controlled throughout the storage period in both 50% CO_2-MAP and 100% N_2-MAP regardless of the application of organic acids. The 50% CO_2-MAP inhibited the growth of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (p<0.05) both in non-added and bacon added with organic acids mix. The 50% CO_2-MAP alone seemed to be effective in delaying the growth of bacteria since the use of organic acids mix gave no additional effects. The addition of organic acids mix lowered the pH value (p<0.05), effectively retarded the protein deterioration (p<0.05), and showed a higher color value of lightness (CIE L^*) value (p<0.05) and lower color value of redness (CIE a^*) value (p<0.05). In conclusion, 50% CO_2-MAP showed better quality and self-life of sliced bacon during storage. However, the beneficial effect of organic acids mix was not noticed in the concentration used in this experiment.

Effects of Organic Acids Mix and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Storage Quality of Sliced Bacon

Muhlisin, Muhlisin,Kang, Sun-Moon,Choi, Won-Hee,Lee, Keun-Taik,Cheong, Sung-Hee,Lee, Sung-Ki Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resource 2011 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.31 No.5

The effects of organic acids mix (0.4%) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the storage quality of sliced bacon were investigated. Pork bellies were treated with or without organic acids at the curing stage. The organic acids mix comprised 35% sodium acetate, 25% salt, 15% calcium lactate, 11% trisodium citrate, 7% ascorbate, and 7% citric acid. The cured pork bellies were smoked and packaged with 50% $CO_2$ + 50% $N_2$ (50% $CO_2$-MAP) and 100% $N_2$ (100% $N_2$-MAP), and stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 14 d. The 50% $CO_2$-MAP showed a higher pH value (p<0.05) up to 10 d, a lower protein deterioration (p<0.05) as measured by volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) from 6 to 14 d, and a higher color value of lightness (CIE $L^*$) compared to 100% $N_2$-MAP. The development of lipid oxidation measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values seemed to be effectively controlled throughout the storage period in both 50% $CO_2$-MAP and 100% $N_2$-MAP regardless of the application of organic acids. The 50% $CO_2$-MAP inhibited the growth of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (p<0.05) both in non-added and bacon added with organic acids mix. The 50% $CO_2$-MAP alone seemed to be effective in delaying the growth of bacteria since the use of organic acids mix gave no additional effects. The addition of organic acids mix lowered the pH value (p<0.05), effectively retarded the protein deterioration (p<0.05), and showed a higher color value of lightness (CIE $L^*$) value (p<0.05) and lower color value of redness (CIE $a^*$) value (p<0.05). In conclusion, 50% $CO^2$-MAP showed better quality and self-life of sliced bacon during storage. However, the beneficial effect of organic acids mix was not noticed in the concentration used in this experiment.

HPLC를 이용한 잎담배 중 유기산 함량 분석

민혜정,장석수,김익중,신준원,김용하,민영근,Min, Hye-Jeong,Jang, Seok-Su,Kim, Ick-Joong,Shin, Jun-Won,Kim, Yong-Ha,Min, Young-Keun 한국연초학회 2006 한국연초학회지 Vol.28 No.2

This study was carried out to improve the analytical methods for determination of organic acids in tobacco leaf by HPLC. The samples for HPLC analysis were pre-treated by means of SPE. The calibration curve for each acid was linear and $R^2$ values ranged from 0.9990 to 1.0000. The limit of detection were obtained from the calibration curves and their values were between 1.39 to $4.87{\mu}g/mL$. Recovery rates of organic acids were between 88.6 % to 98.5 %. The concentrations of organic acids among the various tobacco leaves were compared to the concentration of organic acids, were in the order oriental, burley, flue-cured tobacco. In the case of flue-cured and oriental tobacco leaves, the order of concentration of organic acids was malic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid. But in the case of burley tobacco leaves, the order of concentration of organic acids was citric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid.

유기산 종류와 pH의 차이에 따른 국산밀가루의 페이스팅 특성과 반죽 특성 및 제면 적성

왕 샤오,문유진,권미라 한국식품조리과학회 2019 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.35 No.6

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of different pHs and organic acids on the activation of endogenous amylase in flour, the pasting property of flour and dough rheological property, and the noodle making performance. Methods: Korean domestic wheat flour was analyzed for activity of endogenous amylase, and the starch pasting property using a rapid visco analyzer (RVA) and the dough property using a mixograph at different pHs (3.0, 4.0, and 5.0) with various organic acids (citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid and acetic acid). In addition, the textural properties of cooked noodles made at those pHs with those organic acids were analyzed using a texture analyzer. Results: The amylase activity assay showed the decrease in the hydrolyzed starch content with the decreasing pH of organic acid solution. Further, different extents of the decrease were observed depending on the types of employed organic acids. The RVA pasting results showed significant relationships of pHs with the peak, breakdown, final and setback viscosities as well as the peak time and pasting temperature. The mixograph results also showed a noticeable change in the dough rheological property, which exhibited a more distinct peak pattern and narrower band width with decreasing pH. Firmness and chewiness of cooked noodles made with pH 5.0 of organic acid solution were higher than those of the noodles made with distilled water. Conclusion: The type and pH of organic acids significantly affected activation of the endogenous amylase in flour, starch pasting and the mixing property of flour, and also the textural property of cooked noodles. In particular, the combined effects of starch pasting and gluten development changed according to the pHs of organic acids were also significantly related to their performance in noodle making. This information can be applied to modify the texture of noodles.

구름송편버섯 자실체의 열수와 메탄올 추출물의 아미노산 성분

최병용 ( Byeong Yong Choi ),이형환 ( Hyung H. Lee ) 한국자연치유학회 2017 Journal of Naturopathy Vol.6 No.1-2

구름송편버섯 자실체를 열수(hot water)와 메탄올(methanol)에서 추출하여 추출물의 수율 및 유리 아미노산류와 유기산류의 함량을 조사 분석하였다. 구름송편버섯 자실체 열수 추출물 수율은 0.495 g, 메탄올 추출물은 0.246 g이었으며, 수율은 열수추출이 메탄올 추출보다 약 2배 높았다. 열수추출물에 함유된 유리 아미노산은 총 15종(총 13.59 mg/g)이었고, 이중 leu(2.1 mg/g)이 가장 높았고, arg(1.83 mg/g), ile(1.17 mg/g), tyr(0.03 mg/g) 순이었다. 필수아미노산 함량은 열수 추출물이 메탄올 추출물의 함량보다 약 41배 높았으나, lys은 존재하지 않았다. 메탄올 추출물의 유리 아미노산은 총 6종(총 0.33 mg/g)이었고, 이중 glu이 0.12 mg/g으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 메탄올 추출물에서는 필수아미노산 함량이 총 0.12 mg/g이었다. 유기산 물질의 열수추출은 7종(총 1.26 mg/g)이었고, 이중 γ-aminobutyric acid가 0.63 mg/g, phosphoserine이 0.21 mg/g 이었다. 메탄올 추출물에서의 유기물은 phosphoserine과 β-amino-isobutyric acid의 2종이 확인되었으며, 총 0.09 mg/g이었다. 이중 β-amino-isobutyric acid는 열수 추출물에는 존재하지 않았으나, 메탄올 추출물에서는 확인이 되었다. 구름송편버섯 자실체 열수와 메탄올 추출물에는 여러 종류의 아미노산과 유기산이 추출되어서 단백질의 아미노산 기능과 유기산 등의 기능이 다양한 영양학적 또는 기능성 원료로서의 활용 가능성이 있는 것으로 사료된다. This study was to analyze, using HPLC method, the quantity and types of L-amino acids and organic compounds found in Coriolus versicolor fruitbody extracts in hot water and methanol. The total quantity of the C. versicolor extracts was 0.495 g in the hot water, the methanol extract appeared to 0.246 g, the water extracts showed about two times higher than the content of methanol extract. Fifteen types of L-amino acids and seven kinds of organic acids were found in the both extracts. The total quantity of the free amino acids were 13.59 mg/g in the hot water extracts, and the amounts of leu was highest with 2.1 mg/g, and the rest ranged from arg(1.83 mg/g), ile(1.17 mg/g) and tyr(0.03 mg/g). The total quantity of the free amino acids were 0.33 mg/g and six types of amino acids in methanol extracts, and the amounts of glu was highest with 0.12 mg/g, and the rest ranged from arg(1.83 mg/g), ile(1.17 mg/g) and tyr(0.03 mg/g). Amounts of essential amino acids were 41 times more presented in the hot extracts than the methanol extracts, however lys was not in the hot extract. The hot extracts contained seven types of organic acids and total quantity was 1.26 mg/g; ?-aminobutyric acid was 0.63 mg/g, phosphoserine was 0.21 mg/g. The methanol extract contained phosphoserine and β-amino-isobutyric acid and total amounts was 0.09 mg/g. β-amino-isobutyric acid was in the hot water. The finding supports that C. versicolor fruitbody extracts from hot water and methanol are useful to basic information in nutritional and functional materials.

Green process development for apple-peel pectin production by organic acid extraction

Cho, Eun-Hi,Jung, Ho-Tak,Lee, Byung-Hoo,Kim, Hyun-Seok,Rhee, Jin-Kyu,Yoo, Sang-Ho Elsevier 2019 Carbohydrate Polymers Vol.204 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To extract pectin in food industry, HCl is generally used as the major extracting solvent for releasing the pectin from the plant tissues, however it has an environmental issue to use. In this study, food-grade tartaric-, malic, and citric acids were used to produce apple peel pectin as an eco-friendly protocol instead of HCl. Finely-ground lyophilized apple peel was applied as the raw material, and the pectin was extracted by organic acids at 85 °C. The pectin extracted with citric acid displayed greater molecular weight and apparent viscosity compared to other organic acid treatments. Analysis of degree of methyl esterification revealed that the pectins extracted with organic acids were highly methoxylated. From these results, it was suggested that organic acids could be utilized to extract apple peel pectin effectively as a green process. Especially, the extraction process with citric acid as the solvent showed great potential to produce high-viscosity apple peel pectin.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Pectin was extracted by organic acid as an eco-friendly protocol to replace HCl. </LI> <LI> Organic acid-extracted pectin has higher molecular weight and viscosity. </LI> <LI> Citric acid-extracted apple peel pectin has high amount of methoxyl groups. </LI> <LI> Apple peel pectin extraction by organic acid has a potential to reduce and recycle apple waste. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Effect of Temperature on the Production of Free Organic Acids during Kimchi Fermentation

PARK, YOUNG-SIK,KO, CHANG-YOUNG,HA, DUK-MO 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 1993 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.3 No.4

The production of free non-volatile and volatile organic acids in Kimchi during fermentations at 30, 20 and 5℃, were determined by gas chromatography. The order in the amount of non-volatile organic acid, soon after preparation, was malic, citric, tartaric, pyroglutamic, oxalic, lactic, succinic and α-ketoglutaric acids. The major non-volatile acids at the optimum ripening time were malic, tartaric, citric and lactic acids, and as the temperature was lowered, the amount of lactic, succinic, oxalic, pyroglutamic and fumaric acids increased, while that of malic and tartaric acids decreased. The order in the amount of volatile acids at the beginning was acetic, butyric, propionic and formic acids. Among these acids, acetic acid was significantly increased in its amount during fermentation and the Kimchi fermented at low temperature produced more acetic acid than that fermented at high temperature.