Gender Empowerment in South Korean Development : Lessons for Foreign Aid

KIM, EUN MEE,LEE, JAE EUN 이화여자대학교 국제통상협력연구소 2011 Asian International Studies Review Vol.12 No.1

South Korea's rapid economic development in the 20th century had in its core women's employment in labor-intensive export industries. This paper examines South Korea's economic development through the lens of women's employment and gender empowerment. Although women's empowerment was not part of a goal of South Korea's development, large mobilization of women in the exporting light manufacturing sector eventually led to women's empowerment. Using OECD/DAC's guidelines on gender mainstreaming and gender equality, the paper examines how the South Korean experience can provide an alternative to women's empowerment in developing countries. We conclude that there has to be greater sensitivity to address gender-related issues including gender-mainstreaming and gender-sensitive budgets in order to help women attain economic as well as political empowerment in development cooperation.

개발원조기구의 성 주류화 정책 경험에 대한 비판적 고찰

남영숙 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 2009 여성학논집 Vol.26 No.2

1995년 북경 세계여성회의 이후 성 주류화는 성 평등을 달성하기 위한 핵심 전략으로서 국제사회의 지배적인 정책 틀이 되어왔다. 본 논문은 성 주류화를 적극적으로 추진해온 대표적인 기구로서 개발원조기구의 성 주류화 정책 경험을 비판적으로 고찰하고 향후 개발원조의 성 주류화가 나아갈 방향을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 국제적·국가별 개발원조기구의 성 주류화 활동은 크게 정책의 개발, 성 주류화를 이행하기 위한 제도적 변화, 다양한 도구의 개발과 전파로 분류할 수 있다. 전반적으로 개발 원조기구는 조직과 절차의 변화, 도구의 개발 등 제도적인 차원의 성 주류화에서는 상당한 성과를 보였으나, 정책을 실제로 이행하고 개발원조 프로그램을 통해 수원국의 성 평등에 기여하는 실질적인 성과를 이끌어내는 데 있어서는 아직 진전이 더딘상황이라고 할 수 있다. 개발원조의 성 주류화 과정에서 나타난 문제점 또는 과제로는 개발 이슈에 젠더 관점이 체계적으로 통합되지 못하고 있는 점, 정책이 실제 이행 단계에 가서 실종되거나 부분적으로만 이행되는 현상, 실무직원과 수원국 파트너의 성평등에 대한 주인의식의 결여가 제시되었다. 이와 더불어 국제사회의 개발원조 패러다임과 환경의 변화에 따라 경쟁적인 아젠다가 등장한 점도 성 평등의 초점을 유지하는 데 어려움을 줄 수 있다. OECD DAC의 회원국으로서 향후 성 인지적 개발원조정책을 적극적으로 추진해야 하는 우리나라는 이러한 국제적인 경험과 교훈을 바탕으로 체계적인 정책개발과 제도적 기반 마련을 통해 저개발국의 성 평등에 실질적으로 기여할 수 있도록 노력해야 할 것이다 Since the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995, gender mainstreaming has been accepted as the main strategy to achieve the goal of gender equality. In the field of development cooperation, a wide range of gender mainstreaming policies have been put in place by international development organizations as well as national development assistance agencies around the world. This study aims to provide a critical review and assessment of the experiences of gender mainstreaming in international and national development assistance agencies as well as the difficulties or challenges they might have faced. Three major types of gender mainstreaming activities have been carried out by development assistance agencies. These are: mainstreaming gender into development assistance policies; reforming institutional structures; and devising and adopting various tools and techniques for gender mainstreaming. While much progress has been made in terms of promoting institutional changes within development assistance agencies, limited success has been reported when it comes to making changes in parter countries through policy implementation and operational activities. Development assistance agencies have also faced a number of difficulties and challenges. First, integrating gender perspective into development agenda has proved to be a difficult task, except in the area of education and health. Second, while gender mainstreaming policies have been in place at the national level, the ‘evaporation’ of such policies at the lower levels has been a problem. Third, the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals in 2000 and the emergence of the new aid paradigm and modalities have brought about competing agenda, with the potential impact of reduced commitment to gender equality. Fourth, the operational staff as well as those in partner countries often lack internalized ownership over gender equality issues, further contributing to poor policy implementation. As Korea embarks on gender-sensitive development assistance policies as a new OECD DAC member, these problems will need to be effectively addressed in order for Korea to make a genuinely sustainable contribution to achieving the eventual goal of equality between women and men.

인물 젠더 구성을 통한 소설 읽기 교육의 이론적 고찰

최수현 ( Choi Suhyeon ) 서울대학교 국어교육과 2023 선청어문 Vol.52 No.-

The purpose of this study is to clarify the concept and process of novel reading education through gender construction of a character and to present specific educational plans by paying attention to the gender of character in novel reading. In particular, this study identifies the gender of a character as an essential factor influencing the understanding of the character. It aims to devise novel reading education through gender construction of character, focusing on the ambiguity inherent in the gender. Character is a critical element in the interpretation of novels, and even within literature education, novel education centered on characters has been discussed a lot. However, understanding a person is mainly based on the character’s personality, and gender has no more meaning than one piece of information in understanding the character. However, even if the reader is not aware of it, the gender of the character has a significant influence on the interpretation of the character, which is essentially not transparent. Therefore, the gender of the character is not simply treated as a matter of fact judgment but needs to be an object of inquiry. This study, citing Judith Butler’s discussion, identified gender as uncertainty constructed of several signs. In addition, referring to Wolfgang Iser’s concept of blank, tried to discover a gender of character as a blank that has not functioned as such so far. The blank in text is an uncertain place in the novel that needs to be discovered and filled by the reader during the reading process. The blank also plays a role in strengthening the interaction between the text and the reader. Therefore, discovering the gender of a character as a blank makes it possible for the reader to interact more actively with the text filling the blank of “gender” and using the gender as a resource for text interpretation. In the end, “reading a novel through gender construction of character” can be defined as a reading that discovers new meanings of the text by finding the gender of the character as blank in the novel and filling it out. In particular, this study attempted to find the possibility of such gender construction through queer characters because queer characters whose gender is vague reveal the contradictions in the gender of character more directly. Through these queer characters, the learning reader will reflect again on gender that has been accepted as a fact without doubt and further, recognize the meanings newly discovered through gender construction for standard novels. Specifically, this study sets the process of reading novels through the gender construction of character as 1) perception of ambiguity of gender of character 2) gender construction of character 3) appropriation of the text through gender construction of character. This study is significant because it has expanded the scope of character interpretation and diversified the method of reading novels by using gender of character as a new resource for character interpretation. It is also meaningful in that it proposed a new educational plan called gender construction to promote the active reading of learning readers, as it newly discovers the gender of character as a blank. Through this, learning readers will broaden their human understanding and have a new opportunity to appropriate novels, which will provide meaningful literary experiences to themselves.

나에서 우리로, 젠더에서 인간으로: 주디스 버틀러의 『젠더 트러블』과 『젠더 허물기』 비교 연구

조현준 한국여성문학학회 2017 여성문학연구 Vol.40 No.-

This essay aims to study the turn of Butler’s 'feminist and gender theory' to 'ethics for the others' combined with politics sustaining the same genealogical viewpoints, comparing Gender Trouble and Undoing Gender: 1) the turn from ‘I’ to ‘we’ based on the constitutional heteronomy; 2) the turn from ‘gender’ to ‘human’ mainly based on becoming human of transsex or intersex people; 3) the turn from ‘you inside of me’ to ‘you before me’ focused on the priority of others from ethical points of view. As Butler said in Undoing Gender, we are undone by each other because nobody can’t always stay static, and my body is not solely mine in the social world dominated by cultural norms. The turn from Gender Trouble to Undoing Gender can be explained in three points: 1) to enlarge the ontological epistemology from me to us; 2) to transform from the sophisticated theoretical positions to ethical and political practice to consider social minorities; 3) to place more emphasis on cultural translation practice as a politically correct way to accept the challenge of differences than colaitional politics in the era of this multicultural period. While Gender Trouble participated in theorizing indecisive, unstable and free floating sex, gender, sexuality as an effect of regulatory power and disciplinary discourse in non-identity politics with the famous statement of “sex is always already gender,” Undoing Gender keenly recognizes the practical phases of ethical and political life of minorities like LGBTQI. At this point, the significance of cultural translation practice appears to accept the differences of queers without discrimination to live a livable and viable life. Last but not least, the genealogical viewpoints last consistently to stay skeptical to the fundamental assumptions such as a origin or a cause and also to reveal its historical context and discursive effects of the power regime. It requires permanent provisionality about gender possibilities and in particular about what it means to be human. 이 논문은 주디스 버틀러의 『젠더 트러블』과 『젠더 허물기』를 중심으로 버틀러의 전기 페미니즘과 젠더 정치학과 후기 타자의 윤리학의 차이를 살피는 한편 그럼에도 불구하고 계속 유지되는 계보학적 관점에도 주목하려 한다. 구성적 타율과 관계적 감성을 중심으로 ‘나’에서 ‘우리’로의 전환을, 젠더의 소수성 때문에 인간과 미인간의 경계에 있는 트랜스나 인터섹스의 인간되기의 가능성을, 마지막으로 ‘내 안의 너’에서 ‘내 앞의 너’로의 이론적 변화를 중심으로 살피고자 한다. 『젠더 트러블』과 『젠더 허물기』로의 전환은 크게 첫째는 나에서 우리로 존재적 인식론을 확대한 점이고, 둘째는 이론적 정교함에서 현실적 정치성으로 선회해 사회 소수자에 대한 정치 윤리적 성찰을 전개한 점이며, 세 번째는 다문화 시대에 차이를 수용하는 올바른 방식으로서 문화 번역 실천을 제안한다는 점이다. 다시 말해 과거의 『젠더 트러블』이 ‘나’의 불안정하고 비결정적인 젠더 모호성을 옹호하면서 하나의 범주로 고정되지 않는 비정체성의 젠더 이론을 형성하고자 했다면, 『젠더 허물기』는 여성이면서도 사회적 소수자로, 또 성적 소수자로 살아가는 공동체인 ‘우리’앞에 놓인 현실적 사회 문화 역사 지역적 관계 속에서 소통하고 말하고 느끼는 현실의 정치 윤리적 삶을 논의한다는 점에서 전 후기 이론의 차이를 보여주고 있다. 그러나 여전히 원인이라고 생각되는 근본적 전제에 대한 역사적 해석과 권력의 담론 작용 효과를 놓치지 않는 계보학적 관점은 전후기를 관통해 유지되고 있다.

노년기 젠더관계와 심리적 복지감

김영혜(Young-Hye Kim) 한국인구학회 2004 한국인구학 Vol.27 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 노년기 젠더관계가 노인의 심리적 복지감(psychological well-being)에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이다. 노인부부의 젠더관계를 규명하기 위해 성역할태도와 가사노동분담을 측정하였고, 노인의 심리적 복지감은 우울도와 행복감으로 측정되었다. 연구의 대상은 부산광역시에 거주하는 배우자와 동거하고, 자녀와는 동거하지 않으며, 부부 모두 직업에서 은퇴한, 65세 이상의 남녀노인 476명이다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다: 1) 여성노인이 남성노인에 비해 보다 평등적인 성역할태도를 지니고 있으며, 노인부부의 가사노동 수행에 있어 성별 분절현상이 나타난다. 2) 여성노인이 남성노인에 비해 성역할태도와 가사노동분담 수준이 불일치하는 경우가 더 많았으며, 남녀 노인 모두 성역할태도와 가사노동분담 수준이 일치할수록 심리적 복지감이 높았다. 3) 남녀노인의 성역할태도는 심리적 복지감에 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 4) 여성노인의 가사노동분담은 심리적 복지감에 별다른 영향을 미치지 못하고 있으며, 남성노인의 가사노동분담은 오히려 그들의 심리적 복지감을 낮게 한다. The purpose of this study is to investigate (1) the relationship between gender-role attitude and psychological well-being related to the division of household labor and (2) the effect of congruency between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor on psychological well-being for the elderly. In this study, independent variable is gender-role attitude, mediating variable is the division of household labor and dependent variable is psychological well-being. Psychological well-being consists of depression and happiness. The hypotheses of this study are as follows: 1) Gender-role attitude affects psychological well-being of the elderly. The more egalitarian gender-role attitude, the higher degree of psychological well-being, whereas the more traditional gender-role attitude, the lower degree of psychological well-being. 2) The division of household labor influences psychological well-being of the elderly. The higher degree of division of household labor is likely to show the higher degree of psychological well-being. 3) The congruency between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor affects psychological well-being. As the relationship between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor is more congruent. psychological well-being increases. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1) There is no relation between gender-role attitude and psychological well-being for the elderly. 2) The division of household labor affects psychological well-being for husband. The higher degree of division of household labor, the higher degree of psychological well-being. The result shows that husbands are involved in household labor involuntarily. 3) Congruency between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor affects psychological well-being. As the relationship between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor is more congruent, the degree of depression decreases. 4) Wives participate in most of household labor. Gender segregation in household labor is found in elderly family. 5) Health, income, network of children or sibling, and community network affect psychological well-being. The healthier, higher income and stronger network are likely to show the higher degree of psychological well-being.

성평등입법과 Gender-Mainstreaming

김선욱 이화여자대학교 법학연구소 2007 법학논집 Vol.12 No.1

Korea has tried to amend discriminatory laws and improve unequal realities between women and men since 1980. As the results of legislative efforts, legal and institutional equality was achieved somewhat but gender-based inequality still remains in every areas of society. Gender-Mainstreaming, emphasized in 4th World Conference on Women, Beijing 1995, is recently adopted into policies in Korea. In this article, I analyse legislative changes that promote to transform Gender-Mainstreaming in only women-policies into Gender-Mainstreaming in all national public policies. And I focus on Gender Impact Assessment System(Women Development Act, 2002), Gender-Budget System(National Finance Act, 2006), Gender-Statistics System(Statistics Act, 2007) and the Review Standard of Legislation(2006) in the Ministry of Government Legislation. In conclusion, our task is to actualize Gender-Mainstreaming in the lawmaking process by adapting to gender perspective in government public policies. 한국은 1980년대 이후 성차별적인 법의 개정과 성불평등한 현실을 개선하기 위한 입법적 노력을 꾸준히 시도해왔다. 그러나 이러한 입법적 노력의 성과로 법과 제도상의 평등은 어느 정도 이루어졌으나 사회 각 부문에서의 현실에는 아직도 많은 불평등이 남아 있다, 몇 가지 주요 지표를 보면 여성의 경제활동참가율은 아직 50.3%이고, 직종별로 살펴보면 사무직, 판매직, 서비스직에 편중되어있으며, 전문가 및 고위관리직의 비율은 여전히 낮다. 또한 여성근로자의 평균임금은 남성의 63.4%이다. 이러한 여성의 상황은 UNDP에서 매년 발표하는 여성권한척도(GEM : Gender Empowerment Measure)에서 잘 나타나고 있는데, 2006년 현재 우리나라는 세계 75개국 중 53위에 머물고 있다. 이러한 문제인식 하에 1995년 제4차 북경 세계여성회의 이후 강조되고 있는 Gebder-Mainstreaming(성주류화)은 우리나라에서도 최근 정책적으로 구체화되고 있다. 따라서 이 글은 그동안의 성평등입법을 개관해보고 Gender-Meainstreaming으로의 변화를 촉진할 수 있는 최근의 몇 가지 입법적 변화를 분석하고 이들의 Gender-Meainstreaming의 효과를 다룬다. 즉, 여성발전기본법 개정(2002)으로 도입된 성별영향제도, 국가재정법 개정(2006)으로 도입된 성인지예산제도, 통계법 개정(2007)으로 도입될 성별통계생산, 그리고 법제처 법령입안심사기준(2006)의 성인지 법령심사를 다루면서 이러한 새로운 제도가 효과적으로 되기 위한 입법에서의 성주류화 과제를 생각해보고자 한다.

르완다 종족갈등 이후의 성평등체제 구축과정

유숙란 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성문제연구소 2006 아시아여성연구 Vol.45 No.1

르완다의 종족갈등은 후투족과 투치족 남성간의 폭력만은 아니었다. 투치족 여성은 투치족이면서 아울러 여성이기 때문에 인종학살의 표적이 되었고, 인종학살의 영향을 가장 크게 받았다. 종족갈등의 주 희생자였던 여성은 갈등 이후 재건과정에서 화해와 재건의 중심세력이 되었다. 인종갈등의 희생자이며 목격자인 여성문제의 해결이 재건과정의 주요내용이 되어야 했다. 즉 재건과정에 젠더가 고려되지 않고는 재건의 의미가 무의미하며 불가능한 상황이 되었기 때문이다. 종족갈등은 성평등 체제가 구축될 수 있었던 대내적인 계기가 되었다. 'RPF(Rwanda Patriotic Front) 정권'과 '여성운동의 삼각 동맹' 및 '국제사회의 규범'은 과도정부의 성평등 체제형성에 관여한 주요 행위자이다. 이 세 행위자의 이해관계에 의해 여성은 르완다 재건의 중심세력으로 부상할 수 있었으며, 보다 적극적으로 성평등 체제를 형성할 수 있었고, 그 결과 단기적으로 가장 신속하게 여성의 정치세력화를 이루어냈다. 르완다의 1994년 인종학살 이후 2003년 새 헌법이 채택되기까지의 과도기간을 성평등 체제의 재편 기회로 보고, 성평등 체제의 개편에 기여한 주요 행위자를 중심으로 성인지 헌법(gender sensitive constitution)과 성 할당제가 도입되어 성평등 체제가 구축되는 과정을 살펴보았다. 헌법상 할당제를 도입함으로써 2003년 최초의 의회선거에서 여성은 단 한번에 48.8%를 확보함으로써 여성의원비율 세계 1위를 기록하면서 양적인 성평등 체제를 구축하였다. The ethnic conflict of Rwanda changed the traditional gender relation and made women participate in the reconstruction and reconciliation after the genocide of 1994. The conflict was gendered in the perspective that women were not only the victims of genocide but also perpetrators in the genocide. So Gender should be accounted in the process of the reconstruction and reconciliation. Without considering gender, the reconstruction will be impossible. The ethnic conflict of 1994 was a momentum for introducing a gender equality system with gender-sensitive constitution and gender quotas. The period from the year of 1994 genocide to the year of 2003 which inaugurated new republic with the new constitution is an opportunity for women in Rwanda to correct the patriarchal society and introduce gender equality system. The major actors are the triangle of Women's movement, RPF regime and international norms of gender equality including CEDAW and Beijing Action Plan. The triangle of women emerged as a pivotal actor in the process of constitution making and adopting gender quotas with the support of the RDF and the international norms. With adopting gender sensitive constitution and gender quotas, the ratio of female representatives in the parliament of Rwanda was 48.8 percent in the election of 2003. The election made the Rwanda the first country in the world in the perspective of ratio of Women's representative in the parliaments.

중학생의 성별과 양성평등의식 유형에 따른 기술·가정교과에대한 태도 차이

김은정,이윤정 대한가정학회 2018 Human Ecology Research(HER) Vol.56 No.1

Technology and Home Economics are associated with gender-related roles. In this respect, students’ attitude toward these subjects may be influenced by gender equity awareness with attitudes that may perpetuate gender-biased images of subjects. This study examined the influence of gender equity awareness of middle school students on attitudes toward Technology and Home Economics. Data were collected through a survey to 442 students from eight purposively sampled middle schools in Seoul. Three gender equity awareness groups were identified through a cluster analysis: Equity in house work group (n=163), Traditional gender role group (n=102), and Equity in all areas group (n=152). The analyses of variances enabled an examination of the effects of gender and gender equity awareness. Differences were found among gender and gender equity awareness groups on attitudes toward Home Economics, but not toward Technology. Girls showed higher preference, higher perceived usefulness than boys, but with a lower importance for career preparation for Home Economics. Traditional gender role group scored the lowest on usefulness and importance for everyday life, yet highest on importance for career preparation. Equity in all areas group perceived lowest importance of Home Economics for career preparation. The results show that Home Economics is more strongly gender-typed than Technology, and that effort is needed to change the gender-biased image of the subject.

한국어 신문 읽기에서 성별추론

신효정(Hyojung Shin) 한국영미어문학회 2010 영미어문학 Vol.- No.96

This paper investigated how gender inference is generated in Korean newspaper reading, in which there are no specific gender-markers except for gender stereotyped personal names and occupations. Three experiments were conducted to see how these two factors actually work in gender inference. In experiment 1, to check stereotyped gender information for personal names of native Koreans, I collected 20 personal names from different languages (written in Korean) from daily newspapers and asked participants about the gender they guessed intuitively. While most of the Korean names were distinctively divided into female and male, other foreign names written in Korean showed unstable division. In experiment 2, participants were instructed to read a newspaper article where a gender stereotyped occupation, 'politician(the spoke person of Grand Nation Party)' was included and to recall the gender of the person. The result showed that 68% of the participants recalled the politician as a male even though she was referred with a female name which was assessed as a female name at 98% in experiment 1. It reflected the strong effect of a stereotyped occupation in gender inference. In experiment 3, three foreign names were respectively combined with different occupations and were asked to check the gender. The result indicated that there was no difference between with and without a name in judging gender. It gave me the evidence that personal names are not reliable gender-marker when they comes with a strongly stereotyped occupation which is common in newspaper article, and in the case, gender inference is likely based on the background knowledge about the stereotyped occupations stored in a reader's mental model.

젠더평등원칙 확립을 위한 EU법의 구조와 특징 -젠더 스테레오타입 해소를 중심으로-

채형복 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2022 江原法學 Vol.69 No.-

Gender stereotypes are biased perceptions, preconceived notions or prejudices that people have about sex and sex roles. Sex and sex roles are gender, and biased perceptions, preconceived notions or prejudices about sex or gender are stereotypes. Gender stereotypes based on biased perceptions about sex or gender cause serious problems of discrimination and inequality between individuals and groups. The EU paid attention to the negative effects of gender stereotypes that justify discrimination and reinforce inequality from the beginning of the internal market. If the gender stereotypes are left unresolved, it will have a negative impact that hinders european integration. The establishment of the principle of gender equality eventually activates the function of the internal market and generates positive effects that expand and deepen integration. Considering these effects, the EU has established and implemented the 「Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025」 from March 5, 2020. The Treaty of Lisbon and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU require the guarantee of gender equality in all areas of EU activity. What is the reason that the EU has various provisions to realize a gender-equal Europe in the basic treaties? Because it does achieving gender equality between men and women according to changes in gender relations by eliminating traditional gender stereotypes. To realize the principle of gender equality, the EU has established and is operating the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) as an independent organization. 젠더 스테레오타입이란 성, 성별 및 성역할 등에 대해 사람들이 가지고 있는 편향된 인식, 선입견, 편견 내지는 고정관념이라고 할 수 있다. 성, 성별, 성역할 등은 젠더이고, 성에 대한 편향된 인식, 선입견, 편견 내지는 고정관념은 스테레오타입이다. 성 혹은 젠더에 대한 편향된 고정관념에 바탕을 둔 젠더 스테레오타입은 개인과 개인, 개인과 집단, 집단과 집단 사이에 심각한 차별과 불평등의 문제를 야기한다. EU는 역내시장 초기부터 차별을 정당화하고, 불평등을 강화하는 젠더 스테레오타입이 가진 부정적 효과에 주목하였다. 만일 젠더 스테레오타입 문제를 해결하지 않고 방치하면, 유럽통합을 저해하는 부정적 영향으로 작용한다. 젠더평등원칙의 확립은 결국 역내시장의 기능을 활성화하고, 통합을 확대·심화시키는 긍정적 효과를 발생시킨다. 이 점에 착안한 EU는 2020년 3월 5일부터 「젠더평등전략 2020-2025」을 수립하여 실시하고 있다. 리스본조약과 EU기본권헌장은 EU의 모든 활동 영역에서 남녀평등의 보장을 요구하고 있다. 리스본조약을 비롯한 기본조약에서 EU가 젠더평등유럽을 실현하기 위한 다양한 조항을 두고 있는 이유는 무엇일까? 그것은 바로 전통적인 젠더 고정관념을 철폐함으로써 젠더 관계의 변화에 따라 남성과 여성 간 성 평등을 달성하는 것이 유럽사회의 발전은 물론 미래세대에게 더 많은 혜택을 줄 수 있기 때문이다. 젠더평등원칙을 실현하기 위하여 EU는 독립기구의 하나로 유럽젠더평등연구소를 설립하여 운영하고 있다.