나말려초 금석문에 나타난 불교사원과 승려의 교류와 소통

한준수 한국중세사학회 2016 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.47

Introduced in ancient society, Buddhism in Korea flourished throughout its history. As the country entered the era of Three Kingdoms, the Buddhist society expanded in terms of organization, function and form, as sects like Hwaeom and Beopsang emerged. But, the Goryeo Dynasty showed different aspects of society comparing with that of previous kingdoms, and this can be confirmed by policies on Buddhism by King Taejo(太祖, 877~943) and activities by high priests. It is because founders of Goreyo learned a lesson from the Silla Dynasty’s fixation on exclusive political order, called “Bone Ranking System(骨品制)” leading to its limit in political dominance and exclusivity of the non-Zen sect(敎宗) leading to its limit in ideological dominance, which resulted in the downfall of the dynasty. As disputes over the throne among the Silla kings of the later period aggravated to weaken the central government’s control over local governments, local powers began to cut a figure along with their influence, not only military but also ideological and cultural. Thus, by birth, Zen priests at the time were fundamentally closer to provincial than the central government. That gateways of the Zen temples were open in provinces and they grew from the support by local powers was not a coincidence. Since they were intrinsically inclined to return to province, relationship with the Silla royal court was not absolute. King Taejo settled the chaos of the late Silla Dynasty, united changes of local powers and the religious society and established a new order of dominance. His policy of unification manifested in many aspects, and his policies for Buddhism went beyond simple unification. This was confirmed by activities of the Great Buddhist Masters of “Four Fearlessness” (“four vaisaradya”)-Venerable Gyeongyu (慶猷), Hyeongmi (逈微), Yeoeom (麗嚴) and Ieom (利嚴)-who were highly revered during the time between the late Silla Dynasty and the early Goryeo Dynasty. They were monks who studied abroad and took Master Ungeo Doeung (雲居道膺) as their teacher. Together they differentiated themselves from the seven gateways of the Zen sect. That the Great Masters of Four Fearlessness took Doeung as their teacher was their choice, but their ideological position which was as high as the Great Masters of Four Fearlessness was most likely the result of Buddhist policies embedded with King Taejo’s political intention. There seemed to be a strong political intention in that other monks who were related to King Taejo, such as Gyeongbo, Geungyang, Chanyu and Haengjeok, were all followers of Master Haengsa (行思). Affiliation of monks and foundation of temples by King Taejo induced coexistence between religious sects and orders as he had a purpose to attain ideological balance. It was balanced coexistence than uniform unification. King Taejo made efforts to stabilize local societies by making the Four Masters of Four Fearlessness station in major temples, and they played an important role by wielding absolute educative power to stabilize local societies and gather local powers. Temples they stayed were geographically convenient with transportation, thus showing the origin of the “Yeonkwon (驛院),” or transit inns of the much later Joseon Dynasty. By going beyond geographical limits, temples and monks played an important role as a window to unite local societies and took various form to influence various fields from ideology to economy to culture.

클라우제비츠의『전쟁론』에서 ‘군사적 천재’의 의미

임익순(Im, Ik-Soon) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2016 군사 Vol.- No.99

The purpose of this paper is research that how to Clausewitz figure out the concept of ‘Military Genius’ in On War through analyzing for the nature of war and developing the war theory, and that what is the ‘Military Genius’, and that which meaning and implication is for today. Clausewitz’s perspective in developing for war and ‘Military Genius’ was searching for nature factors in variety and complicated phenomena of war by Montesquieu’s analysis - synthesis method for searching of type of a political structure in The Spirit of Laws. In the flow of history, Clausewitz spread out the logic that borrowing the thought and format from Kant and Hegel through core value of Enlightenment - reason, empiricism, science, universalism, freedom, simplicity of human nature. The concept of ‘Military Genius’ is the outcome that Clausewitz developed the logic about correlation between the appeared genius in war phenomena and unique traits of genius and artist in Kant’s Critique of Judgment. Clausewitz accepted the thought of Kant’s Theory of Genius and Theory of Art and A. Gerard’s opinion. But, Clausewitz explained the mental capacity in his own ward re-interpreting unique trait for Military Genius in war phenomenon that distinguish Kant’s genius in the Theory of Art. The Meaning of Military Genius in On War is that he is the existence of playing a main part for maintaining maximum freedom and balance to element of trinity as the arbitrating exist. And that he play a center part for developing the victorious strategy thinking over all physical and mental elements, passing through the total phenomenon world in war. And he has to dominate the uncertainty through the courage as private mental capacity and a piercing eye(coup d’oeil), determination, equanimity, the power of self-control, sense of topography as supreme commander. And he has to play a center part for victory and implementing the strategy through fostered the total force’s team spirits and demonstrating the fearlessness. Given the implicature for us today by Clausewitz’s On War and ‘Military Genius’ is that we can control and overcome the uncertainty because the uncertainty can’t be eliminated forever. And to the soldier, in commanding war, private mental capacity is the highest value in any war. Furthermore, it’s also very important for military’s team spirit and commander’s fearlessness in war. In addition, it’s very important value today that we have to right understand trinity as the harmony of nature element in war.

자살사고와 죽음에 대한 두려움 부재의 관계: 불안의 조절효과

서장원 한국건강심리학회 2023 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.28 No.3

The Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS) posits that suicide ideation is not correlated with fearlessness about death. However, there has been an increasing number of studies reporting a positive correlation between these two variables. To investigate this discrepancy, anxiety was examined as a potential moderator of the relationship between suicide ideation and fearlessness about death, as exposure effects may vary depending on the level of anxiety. This study included 300 adults, and suicide ideation, fearlessness about death, and anxiety were measured. The moderating effect of anxiety on the relationship between suicide ideation and fearlessness about death was tested using regression analysis, slope analysis, and the Johnson-Neyman technique. The results confirmed that anxiety moderates the relationship between suicide ideation and fearlessness about death. Specifically, it was found that when anxiety levels are high, the positive correlation between suicide ideation and fearlessness about death increases. These findings suggest that the extent to which the experience of suicide ideation reduces fear of death may vary depending on the level of anxiety. Theoretical explanations for the relationship between suicide ideation and fearlessness about death should therefore be reconsidered and retested. 자살의 대인관계 이론에서는 자살사고와 죽음에 대한 두려움 부재가 서로 독립적인 관계를 맺고 있는 것으로 가정한다. 그러나 이러한 가정과 다르게, 두 개념이 서로 정적인 상관관계를 맺고 있는 것으로 보고하는 연구들이 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 불일치가 나타나는 이유를 파악하기 위해 두 개념의 관계를 조절하는 변인을 탐색하였다. 특히 불안수준에 따라 자살사고의 노출효과가 달라질 가능성이 있어 두 개념의 관계에서 불안의 조절효과를 검증하였다. 성인 300명을 대상으로 자살사고와 죽음에 대한 두려움 부재, 불안을 측정하였으며, 회귀분석과 기울기 분석, Johnson-Neyman 기법을 이용하여 불안의 조절효과를 검증하였다. 연구결과, 불안은 자살사고와 죽음에 대한 두려움 부재의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 확인되었다. 보다 구체적으로 말하면, 불안 수준이 높을 때 자살사고와 죽음에 대한 두려움의 부재 간의 정적 상관관계가 강해지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 불안 수준에 따라 자살사고 경험이 죽음에 대한 두려움을 감소시키는 정도가 달라질 수 있음을 의미하며, 자살사고와 죽음에 대한 두려움 부재의 관계에 대한 이론적 보완과 추가 검증이 필요함을 시사한다.

죽음에 대한 두려움 부재 척도(ACSS-FAD) 타당화 연구: 노인을 대상으로

양소현,서장원 한국건강심리학회 2023 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.28 No.5

죽음에 대한 두려움 부재 척도(Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale-Fearlessness About Death: ACSS-FAD)는 자살의 대인관계 이론에서 자살실행력의 구성요소인 죽음에 대한 두려움 부재를 측정하는 척도이다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국판 죽음에 대한 두려움 부재 척도(ACSS-FAD)를 노인 450명에게 실시하여 ACSS-FAD의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 노인 450명을 대상으로 ACSS-FAD 척도의 내적 일치도를 확인하고, 확인적 요인분석을 실시하여 ACSS-FAD 척도의 요인구조를 살펴보았다. 또한 ACSS-FAD 척도의 성별에 따른 측정동일성을 검증하기 위해 다집단 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 마지막으로 자살에 대한 공포, 통증 불안, 신체적 염려, 우울과의 상관 분석을 통해 수렴타당도와 변별타당도를 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, ACSS-FAD 척도의 내적 일치도는 적절한 수준으로 나타났으며, 확인적 요인분석은 원척도와 동일하게 1 요인 구조가 적합한 것으로 확인되었다. 성별에 따른 측정동일성을 확인한 결과, 측정동일성 또한 유지되는 것으로 나타났다. 수렴타당도를 확인하기 위해 여러 변인들과의 상관을 분석한 결과, ACSS-FAD 척도는 자살에 대한 공포와 통증 불안, 신체적 염려와 유의한 상관을 보였다. 그러나 변별타당도를 살펴보았던 우울과는 유의하지만 약한 부적 상관을 보였다. 이러한 결과들을 바탕으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점을 제시하였다. The Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale-Fearlessness About Death(ACSS-FAD) is a measure that assesses the absence of fear of death, which is a component of acquired capability for suicide in the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide. The aim of this study was to validate the Korean version of the ACSS-FAD with a sample of 450 elderly individuals. The study examined the reliability and validity of the ACSS-FAD by assessing its internal consistency and conducting confirmatory factor analysis to explore its factor structure in the elderly population. Furthermore, a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the measurement invariance of the ACSS-FAD across genders. Finally, convergent and discriminant validity were examined by correlating the ACSS-FAD with measures of fear of suicide, pain anxiety, physical concern, and depression. Based on the results, the ACSS-FAD demonstrated adequate internal consistency, and the confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor structure consistent with the original scale. Measurement invariance across genders was also confirmed, indicating that the scale measures the same construct in both male and female participants. For convergent validity, the ACSS-FAD showed significant correlations with fear of suicide, pain anxiety, and physical concern. However, for discriminant validity, it exhibited a significant but weak correlation with depression. Based on these findings, the significance and limitations of the study were discussed.

죽음이 두렵지 않은 사람들의 유형 분류: 잠재프로파일 분석을 이용하여

서장원 한국건강심리학회 2022 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.27 No.6

자살의 대인관계 이론에 따르면, 자살욕구와 죽음에 대한 두려움은 서로 독립적으로 작동하여 자살행동 실행여부를 결정한다. 하지만 최근 연구들은 두 변인 간 상관관계가 예상과 달리 유의한 것으로 보고하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 죽음에 대한 두려움 부재와 자살욕구의 관계를 개인 수준에서 분석하고자 하였으며, 이를 위해 성인 601명을 대상으로 잠재프로파일분석을 실시하였다. 죽음에 대한 두려움 부재와 자살사고, 대인관계 관련 자살욕구 특성, 우울, 불안, 정서적 고통 감내력 수준을 측정하여 분석을 진행하였으며, 분석 결과 총 5개의 집단이 도출되었다. 이 중 세 집단은 죽음에 대한 두려움이 보통에서 높은 수준으로 나타났으며, 두 집단은 죽음에 대한 두려움이 낮은 수준으로 확인되었다. 죽음에 대한 두려움이 낮은 두 집단은 다시 자살욕구가 강한 집단과 약한 집단으로 구분되었다. 전자는 우울과 불안 수준이 높고 정서적 고통을 견디는 능력 또한 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 후자는 우울과 불안 수준이 상대적으로 낮으며 정서적 고통을 견디는 능력은 평균 수준인 것으로 확인되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 자살의 대인관계 이론이 가정한 바와 대체로 일치하는 것이다. 다만 죽음에 대한 두려움이 낮고 자살욕구 수준 또한 높은 사람들이 예상보다 많은 비중을 차지하고 있었으며, 자살욕구 수준이 높으면서 죽음에 대한 두려움이 강한 집단은 나타나지 않아 후속 연구가 필요한 것으로 확인되었다.

아드와이따 베단따의 죽음 이해

박효엽(Hyo Yeop Park) 한국종교학회 2013 宗敎硏究 Vol.72 No.-

In Adv?ita Vedanta, like other philosophical and religious schools of India, death is basically looked upon as a rite of passage and as something to be overcome, since they accept the theory of karma and sams?ra i.e., the succession of deaths and that of moksa as well. For them death may have two significances: First, it is nothing else than a transformation of condition, occurred by changing soul`s vehicle from gross body to subtle body. Second, it is a settlement of accounts for present life in connection with afterlife and rebirth. A clue to the Advaita Ved?ntic view of death is the concepts of bhaya (fear) and abhaya (fearlessness) exposed in Upani?ads. This dichotomy of Upani?ads, freely interchangeable with ‘mortality and immortality’ and ‘suffering and bliss’, enables them to establish a typical soteriology and brings forth a great victory of ‘the power of Brahman’ over ‘the power of death’. In order to make death to be null and void or to rise above death, Advaita Ved?ntins have an interest in ‘death of profane things’ (death of the individual) rather than ‘death of the body’. Death of profane things, or so called ‘death as a metaphor’, is a method to overcome ‘death of the body’ through the attainment of ‘Liberation-in-life’, a result of the attitude change of life by an individual self. And this method can be accomplished under the overwhelming viewpoint on the succession of perishable things, by means of self-realization on the Absolute located beyond the overwhelming perishability.

자살 실행력에 대한 네트워크 분석

서장원 한국건강심리학회 2019 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.24 No.3

The capability for suicide (CS) is the capacity to engage in lethal suicide attempts. According to the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide (IPTS), CS is enhanced by painful and provocative experiences(PPE). However, most of the empirical literature on CS suggested that the relationship between PPE and CS is not as strong as expected and other variables that could affect CS should be examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among CS and other variables including PPE using network analysis. Network analysis has been used in many studies when examining relationships among variables that are closely related to each other. Two-hundred ninety-nine college students participated in this study and responded to measures assessing fearlessness about death, pain tolerance, PPE, suicide ideation, depression, anxiety, loneliness, emotional distress tolerance, interpersonal needs, meaning in life, and attitudes toward life. The results showed that the relationship between PPE and CS was mostly not significant when effects of other variables on CS were considered. Suicide ideation was related to CS and emotional variables such as anxiety and emotional distress tolerance were also associated with CS. Also, cognitive variables such as meaning in life and attitudes toward life were related to CS. These relationships are markedly different between males and females. These results suggested that IPTS should consider modifications of concepts and principles related to CS. Several directions for future research are discussed. 자살 실행력이란 치명적인 자살행동을 실제로 취할 수 있는 능력을 의미한다. 이 개념을 처음 제안한 자살의 대인관계 이론에서는 자극적이고 고통스러운 경험을 많이 할수록 자살 실행력이 높아진다고 가정했다. 하지만 해당 가설을 검증한 연구들은 예상만큼 고통스럽고 자극적인 경험의 영향이 강하지 않다는 것을 확인했으며, 다른 변인들의 영향 또한 고려해야 함을 제안했다. 이에 본 연구에서는 상호 연관성이 강하고 복잡한 변인들의 관계를 파악하는 기법인 네트워크 분석을 이용하여 자살 실행력과 관련 변인들의 관계를 분석하고자 했다. 총 299명의 대학생이 연구에 참여하였으며, 죽음에 대한 두려움 부재와 통증 감내력, 고통스럽고 자극적인 경험, 자살사고, 우울, 불안, 외로움, 정서적 고통 감내력, 대인관계 욕구, 삶의 의미, 삶에 대한 태도 등을 측정하여 네트워크 분석을 실시했다. 연구결과, 고통스럽고 자극적인 경험은 다른 변인들과의 관계를 고려했을 때 죽음에 대한 두려움이나 통증 감내력과 대체로 무관한 것으로 나타났다. 한편 자살사고와 자살 실행력의 관계가 유의한 것으로 확인되었으며, 불안이나 고통 감내력과 같은 정서적 변인과 삶의 의미와 삶에 대한 태도 등의 인지적 변인들 또한 자살 실행력과 관련이 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 변인들의 관계는 성별에 따라 상이한 양상을 나타내어, 자살 실행력과 관련된 기존 이론을 수정할 필요가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 분석결과의 의미와 앞으로의 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

PPI-R 중 대담성과 냉담성이 친사회적 공격성과 희생적 경호활동심리에 미치는 영향

정주섭 한국보안관리학회(구 한국경호경비학회) 2015 시큐리티연구 Vol.- No.44

자살 실행력에 대한 경험적 연구개관

서장원 한국건강심리학회 2018 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.23 No.4

The capability for suicide (CS) is the capacity to conduct lethal suicide attempts. According to the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide (IPTS), lethal suicidal behavior occurs when individuals have both suicidal desires and CS. Most of the empirical literature on CS has supported the major hypothesis that the construct moderates the relationship between suicidal desires and actual suicide attempts. However, there has been increasing evidence that contradicts the main features and roles of CS. This study was aimed to review the studies on CS and address the inconsistency between the IPTS and some of the empirical studies. To this end, studies on the conceptual features and measurement of CS were reviewed. Moreover, studies on the role of CS in the relationship between the suicidal desires and suicide attempts were examined. Finally, studies on the causes of CS were reviewed. The results showed that the moderating role of CS in the relationship between the suicidal desires and suicide attempts are strongly supported by the empirical literature. However, there were several limitations in the measures of CS. There were also concerns on the basic features of the concept and hypothesis on the relationships between painful and provocative experiences and CS. Several means to overcome the limitations of prior studies were suggested in this study. 자살 실행력은 자살행동을 취할 수 있는 능력을 의미한다. 자살의 대인관계 이론에 따르면, 자살욕구와 자살 실행력이 모두 갖추어졌을 때에만 치명적인 자살행동을 할 수 있다. 자살 실행력은 자살욕구와 자살행동의 관계를 조절하는 중요한 변인으로 고려되어 왔으며, 그동안 진행된 여러 연구들은 자살 실행력의 중요성을 지지하는 결과를 보고하였다. 하지만 자살의 대인관계 이론에서 처음 가정했던 자살 실행력의 개념과 특성, 역할을 지지하지 않는 연구결과들도 반복적으로 보고됨에 따라 이러한 불일치가 나타나는 이유에 대한 분석이 요구되고 있는 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 그동안 진행된 자살 실행력 관련 경험적 연구들을 개관하여 기존 연구들의 문제와 한계를 분석하고 향후 연구 방향을 모색하고자 했다. 우선 자살 실행력의 개념과 특성, 측정방법을 다룬 연구들을 분석하였으며, 자살 실행력과 자살시도의 관계를 탐색한 연구들을 검토하고, 마지막으로 자살 실행력에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 다룬 연구들을 개관하였다. 연구 결과, 자살시도에서 자살 실행력의 역할은 비교적 일관된 지지를 얻고 있었으나, 자살 실행력의 측정방법 면에서 몇 가지 한계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 자살 실행력의 기본 구조와 특성, 원인에 대한 기존의 가설들은 수정 및 보완이 필요한 것으로 확인되었다. 분석결과를 고려한 향후 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

K-pop 음원 역주행에 대한 사례 분석 : 브레이브걸스(Brave Girls)의 「롤린(Rollin’)」을 중심으로

정승환(Seung-Hwan Jung) 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 2021 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.15 No.5

본 연구는 K-pop 엔터테인먼트 산업의 역동적 현상인 역주행을 이해하는 것을 목적으로, ‘브레이브걸스’의 「롤린」 역주행 현상을 구체적으로 분석하였다. 먼저 「롤린」의 역주행과 관련된 맥락과 발생과정을 자세하게 기술하였으며, 음원으로서의 성과와 비즈니스적 성과를 설명하였다. 이어서 역주행에 대한 원인으로 ‘특정 가능한 트리거의 존재’, ‘콘텐츠 자체의 매력’, ‘신규 남성 팬층의 유입’, ‘아이돌로서의 약점을 강점으로 전환’, ‘현실 그룹의 스토리에 대한 심리적 공감’, ‘소속사의 발 빠른 대응과 소통’이라는 6가지를 요인을 분석하여 제시하였다’. 역주행의 영향으로 ‘노래 외의 인기와 관심과 확장’, ‘구매력 높은 소비층 형성’의 2가지 변화를 제시하였다. 이를 통해서 K-pop 엔터테인먼트 산업에서의 역주행이 가지는 의미와 역할 및 가능성을 논의하였다. 앞으로도 음악 시장에서의 역주행을 주목할만한 현상으로 인식해야 할 필요가 있을 것이며, 관련된 유튜브와 같은 매체의 활용이나 새로운 아이돌 소비층의 중요성까지 이해할 필요가 있을 것이다. To understand ‘Moving up the charts’ as a dynamic phenomenon in the K-pop entertainment industry, this study specifically analyzed the ‘Moving up the charts’ of 「Rollin’」 sung by ‘Brave Girls’. First, the context and process related to 「Rollin’」 were described in detail, and the performance as a sound source and business were described. Subsequently, six factors were analyzed and presented as causes for ‘Moving up the charts’: ‘Existence of specific possible triggers’, ‘Attractions of content itself’, ‘Inflow of new male fans’, ‘Turning weaknesses into strengths as idol’, ‘Psychological empathy with stories of real group’ and ‘Fast response and communication of agency’. Due to the influence of ‘Moving up the charts’, two changes were presented: ‘Expansion of popularity and interest and expansion beyond songs’ and ‘Forming a consumer group with high purchasing power’. Through this, this study discussed the meaning, role, and possibility of ‘Moving up the charts’ in the K-pop entertainment industry. In the future, it will be necessary to recognize ‘Moving up the charts’ in the music market as a remarkable phenomenon, and to understand the importance of new idol consumer class as well as the use of related media such as YouTube.