대구광역시 앞산공원 산림식생의 조성 및 구조 변화

오정학,김준수,김학윤,조현제,Oh, Jeong Hak,Kim, Jun-Soo,Kim, Hak Yun,Cho, Hyun Je 한국산림과학회 2019 한국산림과학회지 Vol.108 No.2

대구광역시의 대표적 도시숲인 앞산공원을 대상으로 1997년과 2016년에 식물사회학적 방법으로 식생조사를 실시하고 상관 우점종에 의한 정밀식생도를 작성하여 산림식생의 조성, 구조 및 공간적 분포 변화 경향을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 식생유형의 개수는 1997년과 2016년 모두 22개로 동일하였으나 그 구성 종류에 있어서는 2개 유형이 증가하고 2개 유형은 감소하였다. 산림식생 구성종의 단위면적당($/100m^2$) 총피도는 1997년 약 163%에서 2016년 약 182%로 약 11%가 증가하였으며, 자연식생이 인공식생에 비하여 두 배 이상 높은 경향이었다. 평균 출현종수는 1997년 약 25종에서 2016년 약 18종으로 7종이 감소하였다. 종다양도(H')는 1997년 1.654에서 2016년 1.680으로 미미하게 증가하였으나, 종우점도(D)는 1997년 0.304에서 2016년 0.276으로 약 9%가 감소하였다. 전체 산림식생의 구성적 유사도는 약 78%로 종구성적 특성이 거의 동일한 것으로 나타났으며, 생활형 조성은 1997년 '$G-R_5-D_4-e$'에서 2016년 '$MM-R_5-D_4-e$'로 휴면형의 중심형이 과거 지중식물(G)에서 대형지상식물(MM)로 변화된 경향이었다. 산림식생의 공간 분포 면적은 인공식생이 자연식생에 비해 약 4배 이상 높은 감소율을 보였다. 산림경관 요소(패치)의 개수는 1997년 269개에서 2016년 294개로 약 9%가 증가한 반면, 그 평균 크기는 1997년 5.8 ha에서 2016년 5.1 ha로 약 12%가 감소된 경향이었다. The aim of our study was to identify the changing trends in the composition, structure, and spatial distribution of forest vegetation in Apsan Park, a representative urban forest in Daegu, South Korea. A vegetation survey was conducted in 1997 and 2016 using phytosociological methods, and a detailed vegetation map was created using the physiognomic dominant species. There were 22 vegetation types in both 1997 and 2016, but two of those types increased and two decreased. The total coverage per unit area ($100m^2$) of the component vegetation species increased from 163% in 1997 to 182% in 2016, and natural vegetation tended to be more than twice that of artificial vegetation. The average number of species decreased by seven from 25 in 1997 to 18 in 2016. Species diversity (H') increased only slightly from 1,654 in 1997 to 1,680 in 2016, while species dominance (D) decreased by 9% from 0.304 in 1997 to 0.276 in 2016. The similarity in the composition of the forest vegetation was about 78%, which was nearly the same. The life form spectrums of vascular plants changed from '$G-R_5-D_4-e$' in 1997 to '$MM-R_5-D_4-e$' in 2016 and the central dormancy type changed from geophytes (G) to megaphanerophytes (MM). The spatial distribution of the forest vegetation was reduced by approximately four times that of artificial vegetation. The number of forest landscape elements (patches) increased from 269 in 1997 to 294 in 2016, while the average area decreased by 12% from 5.8 ha in 1997 to 5.1 ha in 2016.

토지이용변화와 식생피복지수(FVC)의 상관관계에 관한 연구 - 부산광역시를 대상으로 -

마캉,김용석 (사)한국정원디자인학회 2023 한국정원디자인학회지 Vol.9 No.2

Vegetation plays an important role in the environmental and ecological construction of a region, so the change of vegetation coverage (Fractional Vegetation Cover; FVC) is an important research field of urban geographical environment change. Land cover is also used in various fields in urban expansion and development. In this paper, Landsat Multi-temporal Satellite Image data (1999, 2010, and 2019) were used to analyze the effect of land use changes on the vegetation cover index (FVC) centering on Busan. ENVI 5.6 was used for satellite image processing and normalization vegetation index (NDVI) analysis, and ArcGIS was used for time series land use change analysis. As a result, the average vegetation cover index was 0.571, 0.568, and 0.542, respectively, and a correlation between each factor was derived to objectively analyze the presented FVC value and land use change data. As a result of the study, it was found that the FVC in Busan decreased gradually from 1999 to 2010, but the rate of decline in FVC values from 2010 to 2019 accelerated, consistent with the increase in urbanized areas due to urbanization. The FVC value in Busan fell by about 5.1% over the past 20 years, of which urban construction sites increased the most to 15.6%, and forest increased by 4.5%. Although the increase between the two factors is large, it can be seen that the effect on FVC change due to conservation of vegetation in the urban development process is relatively low. 식생은 한 지역의 환경 및 생태 건설에 중요한 역할을 하므로 식생 커버리지의 변화(Fractional Vegetation Cover; FVC)는 도시 지리적 환경 변화의 중요한 연구 분야이다. 토지피복도는 도시의 확장과 개발에 있어 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 부산시를 중심으로 토지이용변화가 식생피복지수(FVC)에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 다시기(1999년, 2010년, 2019년) Landsat 위성영상 자료를 이용하였다. 위성영상 처리와 정규화식생지수(NDVI) 분석은 ENVI 5.6을 이용하였으며, 시계열적 토지이용변화 분석은 ArcGIS를 사용하였다. 그 결과, 평균 식생피복지수는 각각 0.571, 0.568, 0.542로 나타났으며, 제시된 FVC값과 토지이용변화 자료를 객관적으로 분석하기 위하여 각 인자 간의 상관관계를 도출하였다. 연구결과, 1999∼2010년까지 부산시의 FVC는 완만하게 감소하였지만, 2010∼2019년의 FVC 값의 하락 속도가 가속화되어 도시화 과정에서 도시건설로 인한 시가화 건조지역의 증가와 일치함을 알 수 있었다. 부산시의 FVC값은 20년 동안 전체적으로 약 5.1% 하락했으며, 이 중 도시건설 용지가 15.6%로 가장 많이 증가하였고, 임야는 4.5% 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 두 인자 간의 증가 폭은 크지만, 도시개발과정에서 식생의 보존 등으로 인하여 FVC 변화에 미치는 영향이 상대적으로 낮음을 알 수 있었다.

환경 조건 차이에 의한 경안천 토양의 유기물 분해속도와 온실가스 발생 변화

최인영,강민경,최정현 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2013 생태와 환경 Vol.46 No.1

This study investigated the effects of organic matter decomposition on the emission of greenhouse gas under the influence of environmental factors such as change of climate condition (CO2 concentration and temperature), vegetation, and N concentration in the soil of Gyeongan stream in the laboratory. The experimental results showed that organic matter decomposition and CH4, CO2 flux were influenced by changes of complex environmental conditions. Organic matter decomposition rate was affected by changes of climate condition with N concentration and climate condition with vegetation. Through the results of CH4, CO2 flux, CH4 flux was affected by change of climate condition with N concentration and climate condition with vegetation and affected by the presence of vegetation and N concentration. CO2 flux was affected by change of climate condition with vegetation and vegetation with N concentration. According to results of the study, change of (1) climate conditions, (2) vegetation, and (3) N concentration, each have an effect on organic decomposition rate, that also influences emission of greenhouse gas. It is known that climate change is related to an increase in greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere However, additional study will be needed whether vegetation could remove positive effect of nitrogen addition in soil since this study shows opposite results of organic matter decomposition in response to the nitrogen addition.

북한산국립공원의 현존식생과 잠재자연식생

이은복 한국생태학회 1997 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.20 No.6

The potential natural vegtation of the Pukhansan National Park area, mid-western Korea, was inferred from the actual vegetation. With the phytosociological classification and field surveys, the actual vegetation map of the park area was made on a scale of 1:25, 000, including fourteen communities. By the analyses of the species diversity, the age structure, the human interferences and various informations on vegetation changes, two pathways of late stage succession from Pinus densiflora forests to the climatic climax were suggested. One is from Quercus serrata forests to Q. mongolica forests throughout the mountain and the other, from Q. variabilis or Q. acutissima forests to Carpinus laxiflora forests in lower parts. Considering the vegetation changes, the potential natural vegetation of the park area mainly composed of Q. mongolica, C. laxiflora, P. densiflora and Zelkova serrata forest as the climatic and/or edaphic climax was inferred.

한반도 식생의 녹색화에 대한 시계열적 분석

Lv, Guan Ting,ZHUYONGYAN,Liu, Wei Qi,Huang, Xiao,Li, Cheng Lei,Cui, Gui Shan 한국기후변화학회 2019 한국기후변화학회지 Vol.10 No.4

The vegetation is feedback on environmental change due to global warming. Also, the growth status of vegetation and the coverage area of vegetation are greatly affected by the environmental changes. The quantitative change of vegetation growth status is the primary task of vegetation response to environmental changes. In this study, the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and CRU climate data are used to analyze the spatio‐temporal characteristics of vegetation greening evolution and its response to climate change from 1982 to 2015 in the Korean Peninsula by applying the partial correlation and trend analysis. The results show that the average NDVI value of the Korean Peninsula in the period 1982‐2015 was 0.68, among which the average NDVI in North Korea and South Korea was 0.69 and 0.67, respectively. The NDVI of the Korean Peninsula between 1982 and 2015 increased by 0.6x10‐3 year‐1. The increasing trend prior to and after 1998 was 2.5×10‐3 year‐1 and 0.9×10‐3 year‐1, respectively. During the 1982‐2015 years, the NDVI of DPRK and South Korea have grown mainly with the trend of 0.2×10‐3 year‐1 and 1.1×10‐3 year‐1, respectively. According to the analysis of NDVI and climatic factors, the distribution of NDVI in the three‐time series of Korean Peninsula is consistent in spatial distribution. According to the results of partial correlation analysis of climate factor and NDVI distribution in Korean Peninsula, the region has significant partial correlation with temperature change. The climate factor of temperature is the main driver of NDVI change, which plays a key role in controlling NDVI change accumulation.

기후변화에 따른 가거도 상록활엽수림의 식생 구조, 종 다양성, 생활형의 변화 예측

이성제 ( Sung Je Lee ),안영희 ( Young Hee Ahn ) 한국환경과학회 2013 한국환경과학회지 Vol.22 No.8

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the vegetation structure, the correlation between a vegetation and an environment, a species diversity and a life-form of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest(EBLF) located in Gageo-do Island. It is also the objective that the estimation of vegetation change founded on the species composition and characteristics. The vegetation of EBLF was classified into three forests or four community units as Machilus thunbergii forest (Polystichum polyblepharon-M. thunbergii community and Phaenosperma globosum-M. thunbergii community), Ilex integra-Castanopsis sieboldii community, Quercus acuta community and Neolitsea sericea stand. The ordination analysis by DCA is analogous with the vegetation structure analysis. As a result of the correlation (Pearson`s correlation coefficient) with environmental conditions, the Altitude has the significance with the distribution of communities. The total vegetation change by progress of succession will not be wandered away from the present vegetation structure practically, and the vegetation on the underlayers will be a little changed.

해안사구 식생의 침입종에 의한 종조성 변화에 관한 연구 - 진도ㆍ완도ㆍ해남을 중심으로-

최영은 한국도서(섬)학회 2019 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.31 No.4

해안사구는 토양 내 수분이 충분하지 않아 건조한 상태를 유지하는 환경적 특성으로 인해 전형적인 사구식생이 존재한다. 그러나 우리나라의 많은 사구들은 해수욕장, 레저시설, 방파제 등의 인위적 교란으로 인해 훼손되어 전형적인 해안사구 식생의 특징을 형성하지 않고 식생의 변화를 야기한다. 특히 물리적 환경변화로 인한 침입종의 군락 내 침입은 해안사구 식생의 변화를 일으키는 주요 원인 중 하나이다. 따라서 본 연구는 해안사구에 서식하는 식생의 특성 및 침입종에 의한 영향을 분석하기 위해 전라남도 진도, 완도, 해남의 연구대상지를 중심으로 2019년 5월과 9월에 현장 조사를 실시하였다. 해안사구식생의 식물군락은 총 24개 군락으로 구분되어졌으며, 5월에 비해 9월 조사에서 군락, 우점도, 종조성의 변화가 있었다. 주요 해안사구 식물군락은 좀보리사초군락, 쥐보리-좀보리사초군락, 갯메꽃군락, 갯메꽃-쥐보리군락, 갯보리사초군락, 갯지치군락, 순비기나무군락, 천일사초군락, 갈대군락, 띠군락, 순비기나무군락, 갯완두군락, 통보리사초군락, 갯잔디군락, 갯질경군락 등이다. 군락의 우점도 변화는 해안사구 식생의 전형적 구성종인 좀보리사초, 통보리사초, 갯메꽃, 갯완두, 갯보리사초군락 등은 변화가 없었으나, 귀화식물과 침입종인 쥐보리, 큰김의털, 애기달맞이꽃, 달맞이꽃, 칡 등은 우점도 변화를 일으킨 것으로 보인다. 그러나 해안 바닷가와 근접해서 서식하는 갈대, 갯질경, 갯잔디 등은 우점도 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 해안사구의 전형적인 군락의 변화는 일어나지 않았으며, 주로 군락 내 침입종의 변화가 일어났다. 이것은 개발로 인한 침입종들이 해안사구에 유입된 결과이다. 따라서 본 연구 대상지의 사구식생의 분포에 영향을 미친 주요 요인은 모래침식과 퇴적에 의하여 1차적으로 결정된 것으로 보이며, 2차적으로는 인간 간섭에 의한 계절별 외래침입종의 변화가 반복되면서 식생의 종구성을 변화시켜 사구식생의 전체적인 종조성 변화를 가져온 것으로 보인다. 본 연구의 결과는 진도, 완도, 해남 일대 해안사구의 식생군락 특성 및 침입종에 의한 영향을 분석하였으며 이를 통해 국내 해안사구에 대한 향후 관리 전략 수립 및 방향을 설정하는데 도움이 될 것이다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the change of vegetation and species composition in the coastal sand dunes between May and September, 2019. By implementing the Braun-Blanquet method, 24 plant communities were recognized as follows: Carex pumila community, Lolium multiflorum-Carex pumila community, Calystegia soldanella community, Calystegia soldanella-Lolium multiflorum community, Carex laticeps community, Mertensia asiatica community, Vitex rotundifolia community, Vitex rotundifolia-Lolium multiflorum community, Lathyrus japonicus community, Lathyrus japonicus-Lolium multiflorum community, Carex kobomugi community, Carex laticeps-Lolium multiflorum community, Carex laticeps-Lolium multiflorum community, Carex scabrifolia community, Zoysia sinica community, Limonium tetragonum community, Phragmites communis community, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community, Cynodon dactylon community, Lolium multiflorum-Bromus secalinus community, Artemisia princeps community, Oenothera odorata community, and the Conyza canadensis community. The typical communities of coastal dune vegetation were 13 communities in the study area. There were changes to the dominance index and species compositions in community between May and September, 2019. With regard to change in the dominance index of plants, Carex pumila, Carex kobomugi, Calystegia soldanella, Lathyrus japonicus, Carex laticeps, typical components of the coastal sand dune vegetation, has not changed while Lolium multiflorum, Festuca arundinacea, Oenothera laciniata, Oenothera odorata, Pueraria lobata, which are naturalized plants and invasive species have increased. The findings of this research demonstrate that frequent anthropogenic disturbances from the change of land-use adjacent to the coastal sand dunes caused an alteration in the dominance index of such species. This seemed to be because the most invasive species of the coastal sand dune area are much less tolerant of salinity that intrusion into the areas affected by the seawater has not actually allowed dune vegetation- it has decreased while Rosa wichuraiana and Vitex rotundifolia, which are naturalized plants and woody invasive species have increased.

Simulated Long-Term Vegetation–Climate Feedbacks in the Tibetan Plateau

Wei Hua,Zouxin Lin,Donglin Guo,Guangzhou Fan,Yongli Zhang,Kaiqin Yang,Qin Hu,Lihua Zhu 한국기상학회 2019 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.55 No.1

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is an important region of land–atmosphere interactions with high climate variability. In this study, an atmosphere–vegetation interaction model was applied to explore the possible responses of vegetation to climate warming, and to assess the impacts of land cover change on the land surface physical processes across the TP. Results showed that long-term warming over the TP could influence vegetation growth via different mechanisms. Most likely, increased temperature would enhance the physiological activity in most high cold areas on the TP, whereas high temperature would inhibit vegetation growth by increasing respiration in areas with favorable water and temperature conditions. In addition, for areas where the climate is warmer but not wetter, higher temperature could influence photosynthesis via the moisture condition of the vegetation rather than by modulating respiration. Numerical simulations demonstrated that vegetation could control the land surface–atmosphere energy balance effectively. The change of land cover from vegetated land to desert steppe decreased the net radiation absorbed by the surface, weakening the surface thermal effects, and reducing sensible and latent heat fluxes. Furthermore, sensitivity simulations also revealed that global warming would likely accelerate vegetation growth in most areas of the TP, resulting in increased surface heat flux.

진도 당재봉 일대 토지이용 변화에 따른 해안사구 식생변화

최영은 한국도서(섬)학회 2019 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.31 No.3

The purpose of this study is to analyze the changesinvegetation andflora in the coastal sand dunes and rocks following land-use transformation between 2013 and 2019. The study area is located on Dangjae-bong(hill) on Jin-do island, South Korea andthe area has been developed from aforest area to a resort complex overthe last 3 years. It has been confirmed thatchanges in flora, with 5 species added in the year 2019,have occurred whencompared to the year 2013. Of the five species investigated, four were naturalized plants and one was a terrestrial plant. All of the five species were identified as invasive species, which were caused by the transformationin land-use. There was no change in the specific floristic species, but the number of changed naturalized plants increased from 3 to 7 species. The increase of naturalized plants instead of native plants seems to be the result of invasive species introduced into the coastal sand dunes due to the development and construction. Among the life forms, 7 types of dormant plants turned out to be distributed in the studied area. In the 2013 survey, the ratio of hemigeophytes (H) was the highest (34.04%), followed by geophytes (G), therophytes (Th) and homomorphic therophytes (Th(w)). However, in the 2019 survey, three out of five species were homomorphic therophytes, the second highest next to hemigeophytes. The costal dune vegetation was classified into 7 communities in the study area. There were changes of the dominance index and species compositions in vegetation between 2013 and 2019. With regard to changes in the abundance of plants, Carex kobomugi, Calystegia soldanella, and Lathyrus japonicus, all of which are the typical components of coastal sand dune vegetation, have decreased while Rosa wichuraiana and Vitex rotundifolia, which are naturalized plants and woody invasive species, have increased. The findings of this research demonstrate that frequent anthropogenic disturbances from the change of land-use in areasadjacent to the coastal sand dunes caused to alter the abundance of such species. However, it was confirmed that there were no changes in abundance of Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda asparagoides, and Zoysia sinica, which are found relatively close to the beach. This is deemed to bebeca use the most invasive species of the coastal sand dune areas are much less tolerant of salinity that intrusion into the areas affected by seawater does not allow their growth. As for the diversity of species, the diversity index ofthe 3 types was higher in 2019 than in 2013, but the gap of the plant species diversity index was very small. The increase in species diversity of dune vegetation is due to the invasion of coastal sand dunes due to land transformation rather than to the stability of vegetation. 본 연구는 사구주변지역의 레저산업단지조성 등과 관련한 토지이용변화에 따른 해안사구식생의 변화를 연구하기 위하여, 전라남도 진도 의신면 당재봉 일대 해안사구에 대한 식물상, 식생, 종다양성의 변화를 분석한 것이다. 전라남도 진도 당재봉 일대 토지이용변화(2016~2019년에 걸친 개발로 산림지역이 리조트 단지로 변화하였음)에 따른 해안사구 와 해안암석 등에 서식하는 식생 및 식물상의 변화를 분석하기 위해 2013년도와 2019년도에 조사를 실시하였다. 식물상의 변화는 2013년도에 비해 2019년 조사에서 5종이 추가 조사되었다. 추가 조사된 5종 중 4종은 귀화식물이며, 1종은 육상식물로서 5종 모두 토지이용 변화에 따른 침입종들로 나타났다. 식물구계학적 특정종의 변화는 일어나지 않았으며, 귀화식물의 변화는 3종에서 7종으로 증가하였다. 자생식물의 증가보다는 귀화식물이 증가한 것은 개발로 인한 침입종들이 해안사구에 유입된 결과로 보인다. 생활형은 7개 유형의 휴면형을 나타내는 식물이 분포하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 2013년 조사에서는 반지중식물(H)이 34.04%로 가장 많았으며, 지중식물(G), 1년생식물(Th), 동형1년생식물(Th(w)) 순으로 많았다. 그러나 2019년 조사에서는 동형 1년생식물이 5종 중 3종으로서 반지중식물(H) 다음으로 분포비율이 높았다. 해안사구식생의 식물군락은 총 7개 군락으로 구분되어졌으며, 2013년도에 비해 2019년 조사에서 우점도와 종조성의 변화가 있었다. 식물의 수도변화는 해안사구 식생의 전형적 구성종인 통보리사초, 갯메꽃, 갯완두 등은 감소하였으나 귀화식물과 목본류 침입종인 돌가시나무와 순비기나무는 증가하여 해안사구 주변의 토지이용 변화에 의한 인위적인 빈번한 간섭이 이들 종의 수도변화를 일으킨 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 비교적 해안 바닷가와 근접해서 서식하는 갯질경, 나문재, 갯잔디 등은 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 이 지역 해안사구 침입종들의 대부분이 염도에 내성이 크지 않기 때문에 바닷물에 영향을 받고 있는 지점으로의 침입이 허용되지 않았기 때문이다. 종다양성은 2013년에 비해 2019년에 3종류의 종다양성 지수가 높게 나타났으나 종다양성 지수의 차이는 매우 작았다. 식생의 종다양성의 증가 현상은 식생의 안정성에 의한 결과 보다는 토지이용 변화에 따른 해안사구현상의 교란이 종 침입의 결과로 나타났기 때문이다. 따라서 본 연구에서 나타난 결과를 보면 이들 침입종은 해안사구 식생의 종구성, 생활형, 수도(abundance), 종다양성의 변화 등을 유발하였으며, 해안사구 식생의 천이진행을 매우 빠르게 유도하여 해안사구식생 종구성의 전형성을 크게 변화 시킬 것으로 예상된다.

Evaluation of a theory-based community intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intakes of women with limited incomes

Chung, Sang-Jin,Hoerr, Sharon L. The Korean Nutrition Society 2007 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.1 No.1

The study objectives were to increase both the stage of readiness to eat fruit and vegetables as well as the intakes of women who participated in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) for families with limited incomes. The intervention was to enhance the currently used curriculum, Eating Right Is Basic III (ERIB3), with stage-specific processes based on the Trans-Theoretical Model of readiness to change. Trained EFNEP community workers taught the enhanced curriculum to 90 mothers in the experimental county and to 53 mothers in the control county. Pre- and post-intervention measures included stages of readiness to eat fruit and vegetables and to intake as assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls and staging questions. Most women recruited into EFNEP were in Action and Preparation Stages (53.5%). Fruit and vegetable intakes showed a linear trend along with the Stage of Change for fruit and vegetable. After intervention, some combination of the ERIB3 and the fruit and vegetables-enhanced ERIB3 resulted in a reported 1/2 servings/day increase in fruits and vegetables in both the control and the experimental counties, although changes were not significant. EFNEP women also moved along the Stage of Change Continuum for fruits and vegetables in both counties. The percentage of people who ate 5 or more servings of fruit and vegetables was significant, however, only in the experimental group. We encourage health professionals to apply lessons learned from this intervention and to continue to pursue theoretically based interventions to change dietary behaviors.