화강풍화토의 열전도도 산전에 대한 연구

박현구(Park Hyunku),박한솔(Park Hansol),이승래(Lee Seung-Rae),고규현(Go Gyu-Hyun) 대한토목학회 2012 대한토목학회논문집 C Vol.32 No.2

일반적으로 지열 에너지파일 및 수평형 지열교환기는 기존의 연직형 지열히트펌프에 비하여 지표면에서 가까운 깊이에 설치되며, 이 경우 지열교환기의 열 교환 거동은 토사층에서의 열전도도에 많은 영향을 받게 된다. 기존의 연구에 따르면 지하수위 상부에 놓인 흙의 열전도도는 에너지파일의 열 교환 성능에 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 이는 부분적으로 포화된 흙의 열전도도는 함수비에 큰 영향을 받기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 국내에 널리 분포하고 있는 황강풍화토의 열전도도 예측에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 5개 지역에서 채취한 화강풍화통 시료의 간극율과 포화도를 바꾸어가며 탐침법 기반 열전도도 측정시험을 수행하였고, 기존의 열전도도 추정 모델들의 적합성을 평가하였다. 마지막으로 국내 화강풍화토에 적합한 경험적 예측식을 제안하고 이를 토대로 실험자료를 분석해 보았으며 기존 문헌에 실린 실험결과에 적용하여 그 적절성을 살펴보았다. In general, geothermal energy pile and horizontal ground heat exchangers are installed in shallower depths than conventional vertical ground coupled heat pomps. Consequently their heat exchange performance is strongly governed by thermal conductivity of soil layer. Previous studies have shown that the thermal conductivity of soil above ground water table significantly affects the heat exchange rate because of partially saturated condition in soil and consequent variation of soil thermal conductivity. This paper presents a study result on the prediction of thermal conductivity of weathered granite soils. For weathered granite soils sampled from 5 locations, thermal conductivity tests were conducted with varying porosity and degree of saturation. The existing thermal conductivity models in literatures appeared inappropriate to the weathered granite soils. Hence, an empirical equation was proposed in this paper and its validity was examined by applying it to thermal conductivity test results obtained for weathered granite soils in this study and from literatures.

Laboratory Investigation on Excavation Performance of Foam-conditioned Weathered Granite Soil for EPB Shield Tunnelling

이효범,오재현,신영진,원종묵 대한토목학회 2023 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.27 No.12

As weathered granite soils are extensively distributed in the Korean Peninsula, determining the optimal foam conditioning parameters for weathered granite soils can provide a high workability, low permeability, and high compressibility of weathered granite soils for successful operation of an earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunnel boring machine (TBM). In this study, a laboratory-scale excavation apparatus was developed to conduct various laboratory excavation simulations for measuring the excavation-induced torque and the abrasivity of cutter bits. In addition, slump values, compressibility, and permeability were measured to evaluate the workability of foam-conditioned weathered granite soils. From the experimental results, the optimal foaming conditions for the weathered granite soil was obtained at foam injection ratios (FIRs) of 60 – 70%, foam expansion ratios (FERs) of 15 – 18, and foaming agent concentrations (Cf) of 3 – 4%. The experimental results presented in this study can provide the rheological, mechanical, and hydraulic behavior of foam-conditioned weathered granite soils for successful EPB TBM operation.

국내 화강풍화토의 불포화 특성에 관한 연구

이형규(Lee HyoungKyu),이인(Lee In) 한국지반환경공학회 2009 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.10 No.3

최근까지 사면, 제방, 댐 등의 안정해석에는 흙의 포화도를 고려하지 않고 포화상태의 시료에서 얻어진 강도정수를 사용하여 왔다. 이는 포화지반의 개념으로 구조물을 설계하는 것이 이론적 접근이 용이하고 안전측 설계가 가능하기 때문이었으며, 불포화토를 연구하기 위해 소요되는 실험적 비용과 시간 등의 어려움이 많았기 때문이다. 하지만 고전적인 포화토질역학의 개념과 원리로는 실제의 불포화 지반에서 발생하는 현상과 거동이 합리적으로 해석되지 않는 많은 공학적 문제들이 인식되면서 최근 들어 지반의 공학 연구 분야에 불포화토에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 최근 들어 많은 연구자들은 흙 구조물을 보다 합리적으로 해석하기 위하여 구조체의 포화도를 고려하는 해석의 필요성을 제기하고 있다. 불포화토의 역학적 성질을 규명하기 위한 가장 기본적인 요소중의 하나가 바로 ‘함수특성곡선(SWCC)’이다. 흙은 불포화상태로 갈수록, 즉 함수비가 감소할수록, 흙 내부에 음의 간극수압이 작용되는데 이 음의 간극수압인 모관흡수력(suction)과 체적 함수비(volumetric water content)간의 상관관계를 나타내는 곡선이 함수특성곡선이다. 본 연구에서는 실무에 편리하게 쓰일 수 있도록 국내 화강풍화토에 대한 지역별 자료를 제시하며, 이에 대한 검증을 위하여 이론적 고찰과 검증, 실험적 검증을 하였다. 함수특성곡선의 추정에는 Soil Vision Ltd.의 Soil Vision이 사용되었으며, 추정된 함수특성곡선과 실험적인 방법과 이론적인 방법로 얻어진 함수특성곡선을 비교, 검증하였다. Generally, soil is regarded as fully saturated in Geotechnical Engineering and under ground structure design. Because it is in convenience and safety. But soils treated in field are almost in unsaturated state. Design in unsaturated state is difficult comparing with saturated soil. In unsaturated soil mechanics, parameters are usually not constant unlike saturated soil mechanics. Additionally lab or field tests in unsaturated soil mechanics are required more cost, time and theoretical difficulty. One of essential requisites for examination about unsaturated soil is Soil-Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC). It show the relation between soil suction and soil water content. Through many studies in and out of country, computation and testing methods for SWCC were introduced. But in this the country, most soil is granite soil that is widely spread in Korea. And the studies for granite soil's SWCC are not enough yet. In this paper, through studying for existing proposal methods about computation SWCC and collection data for domestic granite soils, It was determined the suitable method for domestic granite soils, and computed each granite soil’s SWCC. The purpose of this paper is establishing database for domestic granite soil’s SWCC as each region to convenience for applying to actual affairs. For this, studying about existing proposal methods for SWCC was performed and a computer program Soil-Vision is used. Furthermore for verification theoretical and testing methods were also performed.

동결융해에 의한 화강풍화토의 강도저하에 관한 연구

김용수(Kim Yong-Soo),정수정(Jung Soo-Jung) 한국토목섬유학회 2007 한국지반신소재학회 논문집 Vol.6 No.3

풍화토의 특성은 다양한 풍화환경, 풍화도 및 영향인자에 따른 거동의 특이성 때문에 정밀한 접근에 있어서 한계를 가진다. 특히 국내·외의 연구는 퇴적토에 집중되어 있고 풍화토의 역학적 거동을 퇴적토의 관점에서 분석하려 하기 때문에 이러한 결과가 풍화토의 실제 거동과 일치하는지 판단하는데 무리가 있다. 본 연구에서는 인공적으로 풍화도를 변화시키는 실험의 초보단계로서 온도 변화에 따른 강도변화 특성을 규명하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 동결·융해 반복작용 후의 시료를 대상으로 실내시험을 실시하여 풍화도에 대한 화강풍화토의 모암별, 지역별, 특성변화를 살펴보았다. The property of weathered soil cannot but have a possibility of having a limit when its precise approaching due to the various weathering environment, and the peculiarity of its conduct affected by the weathering degree and effect factors. Especially most domestic or international researches are concentrated on the sedimentary soil, trying to analyze the mechanical behavior of weathered soil from the viewpoint of sedimentary soil. Therefore, it’s difficult to judge if those results meet the actual conduct of weathered soil. This study suggested a way of weathering degree changing experiment as an early stage in an experiment of artificially changing weathering degree. In order to find out the property of strength change by the change of weathering degree, indoor mechanical experiment was made using soil sample after freezing and thawing. Under the weathering degree, characteristic change is watched by country rock and region of weathered granite soil.

기술논문(技術論文) : 화강풍화토 흙깎기 비탈면 녹화공법 선정 방안 연구

김남춘 ( Nam Choon Kim ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2016 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.19 No.2

The present study is an analysis of the monitoring results of the four areas that underwent the experimental construction of Straw-net+seedspray, Vegetation media spray method(t=2cm), and Vegetation media spray method(t=3cm), with the purpose of selecting the adequate revegetation of cutting slopes in weathered granite soil. Cutting slopes are mostly designed in the Straw-net+seedspray method, but since weathered granite soil slopes tend to have an infertile soil quality that runs down, it is difficult for seed germination and growth. It is difficult to apply Straw-net+seedspray to weathered granite soil slopes considering the germination rate and coverage rate of the Straw-net+seedspray method, which accompanies erosion and scouring. The final conclusions are summarized as follows. First, Straw-net+seedspray has difficulty recruiting plants to infertile weathered granite soil, which results in a lower coverage rate and fewer species, so it is not adequate construction method. Second, Vegetation spraying methods with wet media are more advantageous in early revegetation. The wet construction methods are faster than the dry construction methods in terms of early germination and its early growth are more excellent. Third, when constructing Vegetation spray methods with dry media, it were more advantageous if the thickness was thicker. When the soil-media is thicker, the soil is resilient to droughts, so the thickness must be flexibly applied according to the soil quality and slant of the weathered granite soil slope. The present study is a monitoring result for some areas of Gangwon-do, so its results may differ from other areas.

풍화에 따른 풍화토의 특성 변화

권오순,정충기 한국지반공학회 1998 지반 : 한국지반공학회지 Vol.14 No.5

풍화토는 암석이 풍화되어 생성되기 때문에 모암과 풍화과정에 따라 그 특성이 결정된다. 따라서, 풍화토의 특성을 고찰하기 위해서는 먼저 모암에 대한 고찰과 풍화과정을 지배하는 풍화환경에 대한 고찰이 이루어져야 한다. 이번 연구에서는 모암과 풍화정도에 따른 풍화의 특성을 고찰하기 위해 화강암 풍화토와 편마암 풍과토를 불교란 또는 교란상태로 채취한 후. 기본 물성시험, 암석학적 시험 그리고 다양한 전단시험을 실시하였다. 여러 가지 시험의 결과에서 암석의 풍화는 모암의 조암광물 분포 및 생성특성과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 화강암 풍화토의 경우 모암의 비방향적인 성격 때문에 현장응력 상태화 전단특성이 등방적으로 나타났으며, 편마암 풍과토는 그 내부에 존재하는 불연속면이 역학적 거동을 지배하는 방향적 특성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 식영이 장석 또는 운모보다 풍화저항력이 크다는 사실의 확인과 함께 풍화대의 두께가 구성 조암광물에 크게 영향을 받는다는 결론을 얻었다. Since weathered soils are made by weathering process, the characteristics of weathered soils are strongly related to the originated rock and its forming process. Investigations on the originated rock and the weathering environments that decide the forming process are indispensable for the appropriate analysis on weathered soils. In this study, forming process of weathered soil is investigated by geological viewpoint. Test results show that weathering of rock is closely related to the distribution of rock-forming mineral and forming process. Weathered granite soils have the isotropic in-situ stress state and shearing behavior caused by the non-directional characteristics of originated rock. And weathered gneiss soils have the directional characteristics that mechanical behavior is determined by internal discontinuities. It it proved that the weathering resistance of Quarte is greater than that of feldspar and mica, and it is concluded that the thickness of weathered region is greatly influenced by the distribution of rock-forming mineral.

함수특성에 근거한 국내 풍화토의 불포화 투수곡선 추정

김윤기,최경림,이성진,이승래,권형석 한국지반공학회 2010 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.26 No.10

Unsaturated permeability function is an important factor in the design and analysis of various unsaturated soil structures. Generally the permeability characteristics decrease as the matric suction increases and the trend is similar to water retention characteristics of a soil. The permeability of unsaturated soils can be obtained directly by laboratory tests or indirectly by estimation methods from other soil properties. For unsaturated soils sampled from 7 areas in KOREA, SWCCs and unsaturated permeability functions were obtained by experimental tests. The unsaturated permeability results were also compared with the unsaturated permeability functions derived from the SWCCs theoretically. However, the current estimation models of unsaturated permeability function did not express the unsaturated permeability characteristics. Therefore, the FXK-M permeability function was modified to predict more accurate permeability functions for Korean weathered soils using a correction factor that can be calculated from the air-entry value of SWCC. The new estimation model resulted in good agreements for all tested soils.

통계기법에 의한 산사태발생지역 이암 풍화토층의 토질특성 분석

황의순(Eui-Soon Hwang),정대석(Dae-Seouk Chung),김경수(Kyeong-Su Kim),이문세(Moon-Se Lee),송영석(Young-Suk Song) 한국지반신소재학회 2013 한국지반신소재학회 논문집 Vol.12 No.3

이 연구는 집중호우로 인해 산사태가 집중적으로 발생한 포항지역 이암 풍화토층을 대상으로 산사태와 관련한 토질특성을 분석하였다. 산사태발생지역과 미발생지역으로 구분한 토층시료에 대해 토질시험을 실시하고 제반 토질특성을 파악하였다. 그리고 통계적 기법으로 토질특성과 산사태 간의 상관성을 분석하여 산사태와 상관성이 있는 토질인자를 추출하였다. 또한, 이들 토질인자를 적용하여 산사태에 유의한 영향요소인 투수계수를 쉽게 산정할 수 있는 상관식을 제안하였다. 연구결과, 산사태발생지역의 토층은 미발생지역에 비해서 간극률이 크고 밀도는 작은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 입도가 불량하고 느슨한 토층지반은 특징적으로 큰 간극과 작은 밀도를 지님으로써 산사태에 더 취약한 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 산사태발생지역의 토층이 미발생지역에 비해 다소 큰 투수성지반인 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 상관성분석 결과 유효경, 간극비, 포화단위중량, 및 세립함유량이 투수계수에 유의한 영향인자인 것으로 평가됨으로써 이들 토질인자는 이암 풍화토층의 투수계수산정시 고려되어야 할 토질인자인 것으로 평가되었다. In this study, the properties of mudstone weathered soils related to landslides were analyzed at the area of landslide induced by heavy rainfall in Pohang. The soil tests were carried out to the soils obtained from landslide and non landslide sites, and the soil properties were investigated. The correlation between soil properties and landslides were analyzed using statistical technique, and then the soil factors were extracted from the correlation analysis. The correlation equation which can calculate the coefficient of permeability influenced on landslides was proposed using the soil factors. As the result of analysis, the porosity and unit weight of soils from the landslide area is smaller than those of soils from the non landslide area. The soils with poor grain size distribution and loose unit weight are prone to landslides because the soils have a large void ratio and a low unit weight. The permeability of soils from the landslide area is larger than that of soils from the non landslide area. According to the result of correlation analysis, the effective grain size, the saturated unit weight and silt and clay contents are evaluated as the influence factors. These factors were considered to estimate the coefficient of permeability of mudstone weathered soils.

풍화계열 사면의 불포화 함수특성곡선 이력이 강우 침투에 미치는 영향

신길호,박성완 한국지반공학회 2006 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.22 No.7

Shallow failures of slopes in weathered soils are caused by infiltration caused by prolonged rainfall. These failures are mainly triggered by the deepening of the wetting band accompanied by a decrease in suction induced by the water infiltration. In this paper, hysteresis on soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) of granite and gneiss weathered soils is investigated using transient flow analysis respectively. Each case was subjected to artificial rainfall intensities and time duration depending on the laboratory-based drying and wetting processes. The results show that the unsaturated seepage on weathered slopes are very much affected by the initial suction of soils and unsaturated permeability of the soils. In addition, a granite weathered soil has a lower air-entry value, residual matric suction, and wetting front suction and less hysteresis loop than a gneiss weathered soil.

순환잔골재 혼합토의 전단강도 특성

임월숙(Im Weulsook),권정훈(Kwon Jeunghoon),김민욱(Kim Minwook),김영묵(Kim Youngmuk) 한국지반환경공학회 2010 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.11 No.6

화강풍화토와 상용화된 순환잔골재를 활용하여 정해진 혼합비율별로 제작한 혼합토에 대하여 물성 특성, 다짐특성 및 전단특성을 위한 시험을 행하였으며, 시험결과를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. A다짐시험 결과 화강풍화토에 비해 순환잔골재는 다짐효과가 낮은 것으로 나타났으나 화강풍화토와 순환잔골재를 혼합한 혼합토의 경우에는 화강풍화토보다도 다짐효과가 높게 나타났으며, 화강풍화토와 순환잔골재의 혼합비율을 중량비 70:30으로 한 경우 최대의 다짐효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 직접전단강도시험 결과 점착력은 모든 함수비에서 화강풍화토의 혼합비율이 커질수록 증가하는 경향이 나타났다. 화강풍화토는 최적함수비근처에서 최대점착력을 보인 반면 혼합토는 전반적으로 최적함수비의 습윤측에서 상대적으로 점착력이 크게 나타났는데, 이러한 경향은 순환잔골재에 잔류하고 있는 시멘트 성분의 영향으로 판단된다. 내부마찰각은 화강풍화토에서 최적함수비 근처에서 최대로 나타난 반면, 순환잔골재 및 혼합토에서는 건조측에서 오히려 크게 나타나는 경향을 보이고 있다. 또한, 순환잔골재의 혼합비율이 높아질수록 내부마찰각은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. The recycled fine aggregates were mixed with weathered granite soils typically used for fill materials and tested engineering properties, physical properties, and compaction characteristics according to the mixing ratio of the mixed soils. The results of this study were as follows. For the results of A-type compaction test, the recycled fine aggregates showed low effects compared to the weathered soils, but the mixed soils which were mixed with the weathered granite soils and the recycled fine aggregates showed good compaction effects. Especially, the mixing ratio of 70:30 by weight showed for maximum compaction result. From the results of the direct shear test, the cohesion was ince csed according to proportion of the weathered granite soils. The weathered granite soils neared the optimum moisture content showed for maximum shear strength paramcoers, while the cohesion of the mixed soil was relatively ince csed in the wet side of the optimum moisture content. This trend was seemed to remained cence composition in the recycled fine aggregates. The internal friction angle of the recycled fine aggregates and the mixed soils showed maximum value near dry side of the optimum moisture contents. And the internal friction angles of the mixed soils were increased according to higher proportion of the recycled fine aggregates.