외세 지배하의 유고슬라비아에 대한 연구 : 오스만 터키 지배 지역을 중심으로

김철민(Kim, Chul-Min) 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 동유럽·발칸연구소 2005 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.15 No.1

15세기 오스만 터키가 발칸유럽을 장악한 이후 유고슬라비아 지역내 남슬라브 민족들은 1878년 독립하기 이전까지 약 400여 년간을 오스만 터키의 지배와 그 영향을 받아야만 했다. 이후로 오스만 터키가 이 지역에 남긴 사회, 문화, 정치, 경제적 여러 잔재들과 유산은 아직까지도 유고슬라비아내 각 민족들에게 잔존하고 있으며, 그 영향력이 크다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 중세부터 근대까지 이어지는 외세 지배 시기와 대상 지역중 ‘오스만 터키 지배하의 유고슬라비아 지역’을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 여기서는 오스만 터키의 유고슬라비아 지역정복 과정과 그 의미를 소개함과 동시에, 오스만 터키 지배 기간중 이 지역내 남슬라브 민족이 경험해야 했던 주요 사회 체계와 경제, 문화적 특징 그리고 남슬라브족의 정신적 구심체 역할을 하여왔던 종교의 역할과 구전문학을 통한 문화적 특정들을 연구하고자 했다. After that Ottoman Turkey occupied Balkan Europe about 15C, South Slav in Yugoslavia was under the influence and control of Ottoman Turkey for about 400 years. So, social, cultural, political and economic remnants of the Ottoman Turkey remains in nations in Yugoslavia to the present. With this view point, in this paper, I analyze about the characteristic and situation of the Yugoslavia which was under Foreign Power, especially with focused on Ottoman Turkey’s territory. In the chapter II, I analyze how Ottoman Turkey conquered Yugoslavia, and what is that’s meaning. In the chapter III, I study main social system of Ottoman Turkey, especially ‘millet’and ‘ devsirme ’. In the chapter IV, I study how effect Religion(Orthodox) in Serbia, and I, at the same time, study cultural characteristic of the phrase literature during that’s period. In the chapter V, I analyze economic system of Ottoman Turkey, especially with focused on ‘timar’ and 'ciftlik’ Finally, in the chapter VI, I summarize once more how much had an effect Ottoman Turkey’s conquer in South Slav in Yugoslavia, and which meaning have this study in study about history of Yugoslavia.

한국과 터키의 상호 인식 -한국과 터키 사회과 교과서 내 양국에 대한 서술을 중심으로-

정재윤 ( Jae Yun Jeong ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2012 지중해지역연구 Vol.14 No.1

This paper compares the contents of Korean and Turkish social studies textbooks on both countries to examine how the perceptions of two countries on each other are represented in the textbooks. Textbooks are closely related to the political and power structures of a country. In this sense, textbooks are social narratives. As such, the country narratives about Turkey found in the textbooks of Korea are one of the official ways Korea perceives Turkey and the country narratives about Korea found in the Turkish textbooks play an important role in how Turkey understands Korea. In Korean textbooks, Turkey is introduced as part of the non-Western world in the dualistic world view between the West and the non-West. They describe the history of Turkey from the time of the Seljuk dynasty, to the Ottoman Empire, and to the Republic of Turkey and the current affairs of contemporary Turkish society in detail. However, they do not consider the historical significance of Turkey from a world history perspective. Turkey is an Islamic country with historical and cultural traditions of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires and is currently being considered to join the European Union. Therefore, being on the border, Turkey has features of both the West and the non-West and it is difficult to understand Turkey from the perspective of only one-side. On the other hand, the Korean War is the most often mentioned topic about Korea in the Turkish textbooks. In general, they describe the Korean War as an international historical event paying attentions to the cause, the unfolding of the war, and the aftermath. However, they tend to emphasize the Turkish contribution to the Korean War. The Turkish textbooks explain that the Korean War was an attempt to stop the spread of Communism and to keep peace. Therefore, the textbooks explain that Turkey`s participation was not only part of the Turkish history but also an attempt to realize the ideals of the Republic of Turkey. Accordingly, the level of perception found in the textbooks of Korea and Turkey on each other is uneven. This is because textbooks are social products reflecting the understanding of power, politics, social ideas and values of the society. While textbooks reflect the official understanding of the society they continuously reflect the changes of perception at the same time.

터키의 대외정책 변화 : 아랍의 봄 이후를 중심으로

박승규(Park, Seung-Kyu),김은비(Kim, Eun-Bee) 명지대학교 중동문제연구소 2021 중동문제연구 Vol.20 No.3

본고는 아랍의 봄 이후 두드러지게 나타나는 터키의 대외정책 변화를 분석한다. 2003년 에르도안 대통령과 정의개발당의 집권 이후 터키 대외정책의 기조는 친(親)서구적인 경향에서 과거 오스만 제국 세력권에 대한 지향으로 변화했으며, 이는 신 오스만주의(Neo-Ottomanism)라고 불리고 있다. 이에 따라 터키는 중동과 중앙아시아 지역의 여러 사안들에 적극적으로 개입했다. 그런데 아랍의 봄 이후 터키는 주변국에 대한 영향력의 확대를 넘어 지역 패권을 추구하는 모습을 보이고 있다. 이는 미어샤이머(Mearsheimer)가 주장한 공격적 현실주의(offensive realism)에서 말하는 ‘생존을 위해 지역 패권을 추구하는’ 모습을 연상시킨다. 이에 본고에서는 리비아 내전, 시리아 내전, 아르메니아-아제르바이잔 전쟁에서 나타나는 터키의 행보를 분석하였다. 이를 통해 터키가 아랍의 봄 이후 신 오스만주의 기조 아래 공격적으로 팽창하고 있으며, 그 목적이 지역 패권의 달성임을 주장한다. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the shift in Turkey’s foreign policy, particularly after the Arab Spring. Since president Erdogan and AKP came to power in 2003, the major message of Turkey s foreign policy has shifted from pro-Western tendency toward the former Ottoman empire’s sphere of influence, which was called ‘Neo-Ottomanism.’ Based on this point, Turkey has been actively involved in issues concerning the Middle East and Central Asia. But since the Arab Spring, Turkey has sought regional hegemony, beyond an expansion of influence. According to Mearsheimer’s offensive realism theory, the great powers have no choice but to seek regional hegemony in order to survive. By analyzing the Libyan Civil War, the Syrian Civil War, and the Armenian-Azerbaijan War, this paper argues that Turkey has been aggressively expanding herself under ‘Neo-Ottomanism’ since the Arab Spring, and its purpose is to achieve regional hegemony.

지식 수집가의 터키 읽기 -조지 샌디스의 1610년에 시작된 여행 이야기-

김윤경 ( Youn Kyung Kim ) 서울대학교 인문학연구원 2013 人文論叢 Vol.69 No.-

A Relation of a Journey begun An. Dom. 1610 by George Sandys shows the flexibility of early modern travelogues and the 17 th century British literary class`s attitude toward Ottoman Turkey. Though Ottoman Turkey, then a powerful empire, emerged as an important trade partner, Sandys`s contemporary British people sometimes failed to overcome age-old cultural, religious prejudices against the empire and its people. In his comprehensive travelogue Sandys, on the other hand, appreciates Turkish culture and landscape from his unique humanist point of view, without denying the Ottoman Empire at that time; he himself was not free from those prejudices, but he was greatly influenced by the humanist tradition and fairly interested in religious tolerance. In order to read the past and present Turkey more in depth within his rather limited frame, Sandys meticulously utilizes the excerpts from classical texts and makes his representation of Turkey multi-layered. While he suppresses his own authorial voice in the text, he enhances his experience and knowledge of Turkey with detailed analyses and meditation and presents general, universal messages.

탄지마트 이후 이슬람-오스만제국의 근대 성문법 체계도입과 샤리아법원 변화 연구

오은경(OH, Eun-Kyung) 한국이슬람학회 2016 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.26 No.1

This study is focused on the amendment of family-related law which was taken as a last step in the process of large-scale modification of laws and regulations after the modernization reform Tanzimat decree at the end of Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was a great country which had retained the Caliph system to the last. After losing the World War I, the Ottoman Empire had been keeping its national identity as a Sunni Islamic Country until abolition of Caliph system in 1924. Before that, there was no choice but to carry out modernization and westernization of the country in order to restore national sovereignty and build up national power. It was almost a revolution to establish a modern state legal system from the Sharia law which had been the norms stipulating the relationship between God and man. Therefore, it is meaningful to study how the courts and the judicial system had been changed from the Ottoman Empire to Republic of Turkey. In particular, family law was the most controversial issue at the end of the Ottoman Empire. However, the amendment of family-related law and regulations had not been made until the last gasp of the Empire because the religious authorities obsessed with tradition and custom obstinately resisted change. Under such circumstances the enactment of Family Law Act 1917 has a historical significance because it was the first modern statutory law related to families and women in the most conservative religious state like Ottoman Empire. In this article we are analyzing the diverse aspects of the Family Law Act 1917 at a stage of conversion from god-centered and religious Islamic country to modern national state, including its background, details, characteristics, implications, limits as well as its influence on the political, social, cultural and historical change.

Turk Siyasi Devriminde Ataturk`un Onderligi Hakkında Bir CalıSma

( Jong Il Kim ) 한국중동학회 2011 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.31 No.2

This research is about the ``Leadership and Application`` of Kemal Ataturk, the first president of Turkey, who is still engraved in the hearts of many people as the most outstanding leader of the Turkish nation. Starting with the fundamental roots, he changed the nation`s past and determined the future of his country. People followed Ataturk`s ideals and accepted his leadership with firm belief - together succeeding in numerous steps of reformation. The characteristics of Ataturk`s leadership can be shown by the following. First, the change that Ataturk brought and the leadership in his reformation cannot easily be compared to the influence of any other leader from around the world. At the time, the international relations of the Ottoman Empire was decomposing and contradictory, therefore, the nation needed strong development and renewal of society. Proof of Ataturk`s leadership is visible through the meticulous amendments that took place such as the deep-rooted monarchy system altering to a republic society, and the unity of the church and the state no longer prioritized to Islam but reforming to secularism. The qualities that Ataturk lent to the reforms and revolution had a much more fundamental and widespread character. The most important of these lies in the fact that Ataturk was the head of the army during the War of Independence, a particularly difficult period and a dynamic and sincere struggle for the nation. Gaining support from the whole nation, he was regarded as a unique leader, believing change and refomation could only take place by joining together all of the people in the country. Without doubt the basic goal of Ataturk was for his country to become more honorable, more prosperous, and stronger in every way. It was his confidence of absolute success that enabled him to realize his goals and move ahead with all of the difficulties and various struggles. It was a difficult situation that the country had fallen into, mostly caused by the economic, political, and military forms the Turks inherited from the past. Under Ataturk`s leadership, the resulting backwardness and inconsistency disappeared and due to his will power and strong faith the country was rescued from this difficult situation. Turkey quickly moved forward, following the path that the leader had opened. Huge advances in economics, politics, community and culture were the result. The country`s understanding of complete independence developed and the awareness that this could only be safe-guarded by being powerful politically and economically was clearly grasped. As a result, attempts to strengthen the country`s economy was made and to a large degree it was successful. Turkey`s relationship with other countries was formed keeping in mind the nation`s desire for complete independence. Foreign relations were developed with this as a foundation. The formation and change in terms of the community structure has kept pace with the other developments and has reached the level of developed countries. Ataturk`s leadership has positively influenced the Turkish nation to this very day, continually being a moral, and leaving a role model for the future generation.

Türk Siyasi Devriminde Atatürk’ün Önderliği Hakkında Bir Çalışma

김종일(Kim, Jong-Il) 한국중동학회 2010 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.31 No.2

This research is about the ‘Leadership and Application’ of Kemal Atatürk, the first president of Turkey, who is still engraved in the hearts of many people as the most outstanding leader of the Turkish nation. Starting with the fundamental roots, he changed the nation’s past and determined the future of his country. People followed Atatürk’s ideals and accepted his leadership with firm belief - together succeeding in numerous steps of reformation. The characteristics of Atatürk’s leadership can be shown by the following. First, the change that Atatürk brought and the leadership in his reformation cannot easily be compared to the influence of any other leader from around the world. At the time, the international relations of the Ottoman Empire was decomposing and contradictory, therefore, the nation needed strong development and renewal of society. Proof of Atatürk’s leadership is visible through the meticulous amendments that took place such as the deep-rooted monarchy system altering to a republic society, and the unity of the church and the state no longer prioritized to Islam but reforming to secularism. The qualities that Atatürk lent to the reforms and revolution had a much more fundamental and widespread character. The most important of these lies in the fact that Atatürk was the head of the army during the War of Independence, a particularly difficult period and a dynamic and sincere struggle for the nation. Gaining support from the whole nation, he was regarded as a unique leader, believing change and refomation could only take place by joining together all of the people in the country. Without doubt the basic goal of Atatürk was for his country to become more honorable, more prosperous, and stronger in every way. It was his confidence of absolute success that enabled him to realize his goals and move ahead with all of the difficulties and various struggles. It was a difficult situation that the country had fallen into, mostly caused by the economic, political, and military forms the Turks inherited from the past. Under Atatürk’s leadership, the resulting backwardness and inconsistency disappeared and due to his will power and strong faith the country was rescued from this difficult situation. Turkey quickly moved forward, following the path that the leader had opened. Huge advances in economics, politics, community and culture were the result. The country’s understanding of complete independence developed and the awareness that this could only be safe-guarded by being powerful politically and economically was clearly grasped. As a result, attempts to strengthen the country’s economy was made and to a large degree it was successful. Turkey’s relationship with other countries was formed keeping in mind the nation’s desire for complete independence. Foreign relations were developed with this as a foundation. The formation and change in terms of the community structure has kept pace with the other developments and has reached the level of developed countries. Atatürk’s leadership has positively influenced the Turkish nation to this very day, continually being a moral, and leaving a role model for the future generation.

오르한 파묵의 작품에 나타난 다문화적 요소

이난아 ( Nan A Lee ) 한국이슬람학회 2012 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.22 No.1

Most communities these days claim to support and accept multiculturalism and the multicultural reality is one of the main public concern. However, the term "multiculturalism" is not just a term of simple interest but is a term related to many social, political, and philosophical discourses. Multiculturalism is no different from the concept of accepting and recognizing various forms of different cultures and surrounding cultures such as non-mainstream groups and minority groups. We are now at a level where we think that we must comprehensively perceive the necessity of recognizing and developing each native culture rather than integrating all diverse cultures into one. Samuel Huntington once claimed in his book The Clash of Civilization that the difference between each culture, religion, and custom would lead to war in the near future. However, his opinion was ignored by the multiculturalists and liberal globalist democrats as being racist and mono-cultural, and was criticized for taking a suppressive approach. The Turkish community considers itself a great advantage because various kinds of civilization are embedded in its community. This idea is based on the premise that one community can be formed only from the diversity within people. Thus, diversity is a necessary requirement to make a complete entity. In other words, since all human beings are all unique, diversity is an inevitable factor for someone to be perfect. In Turkey, the conflicts and coexistence between the Islam and Christian culture, and between the different races and people have been one of the biggest public concern after Turkey had started to westernize. However, as a country between the boundaries of two cultures, it is not easy for Turkey to seek for a reconciliation point between the two cultures. We took a look at multicultural factors presented within Orhan Pamuk`s literary works, whose literary ability has been globally recognized, in the aspect of conflicts and coexistence. This is no different from the fact that one Turkish intellect tried to evaluate multiculturalism and create and set the value of Turkey by finding their identity in their own culture. He tried to present the discourse appropriate for 21st century where people pursue the society of globalization, multiculturalism, reconciliation, and coexistence by dealing with cultural factors which are as abundant as the races in Turkey. In other words, perhaps by directly presenting the diversity and commonality of cultures in his works, Pamuk have tried to seek appropriate form of coexistence. It is uncertain whether multiculturalism would be an ideology that we should necessarily adapt to or would only remain to be a silent echo of the nonmainstream. However, it is clear that it would play a significant role as a concept that recognizes the universality of human being and cultural pluralism and its characteristics. The research on this field has to be more actively conducted since it is very meaningful for today`s human beings in that it pursues aesthetics of coexistence that contains reconciliation and harmony as a macroscopic term.

‘아타튀르크’, 다시 돌아보는 리더십

이은정(Lee, Eun-jung) 역사비평사 2013 역사비평 Vol.- No.102

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, war-hero turned statesman who defended Turkey during partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and founder of the Republic of Turkey, is the object of possibly the world’s longest-lived personality cult. However, Turkish intellectuals have begun to question the official history, opening up painful debates on topics that have long been closed. Ataturk, whose name means “father of the Turks”, was one of the most important men of the 20th century. His story is well known from the official version that does not examine his weaknesses or his policy failures, in part because his god-like status in Turkey has made it too politically difficult to do so. Ataturk laid the foundations of modern Turkey, an independent republican state based on national sovereignty. He also embarked on a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, secular and European nation-state. But change came slowly and at times his reforms met fierce opposition. Even though Ataturk possessed undoubted leadership skills, he sometimes appeared to be a brutal dictator in his forceful transformation of Turkey from a weak Ottoman Empire to a westernized nation-state. Turkey has a tremendous capacity for denial, such as recognition of the Armenian genocide early last century and a large Kurdish minority whose existence it is only now beginning to acknowledge. Although Ataturk has been used as a shield by those who are intent on blocking discussion on such matters, without re-evaluating their official history and re-examining the negative effects of “Kemalism”, Turkey will be unable to move beyond it.

근대화,케말리즘,여성 : 터키의 경우

우덕찬 ( Duck Chan Woo ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2003 지중해지역연구 Vol.5 No.2

The aim of this study is to examine the modernization of Turkey and the status change of turkish women in the modernization process. The modernization in Turkey has begun in the last period of Ottoman Empire and culminated in the Tanzimat Reform. Owing to the Tanzimat Reform, women problem was formed in Ottoman Empire as a pending problem for the first time. In the last period of Ottoman Empire, Young Ottomans and Young Turks contributed to promoting of the social status of women. The Ataturk regime that replaced the Ottoman rule in Turkey played important roles in modernizing Turkey and is often praised for promoting gender equality and emancipation women. But this study argues that the Ataturk regime was limited in its intentions in regard to the change in women`s social role and gender relations. Although the republican government` policies led to considerable progress in certain areas, they fell short of achieving gender equality. In terms of legal policy framework, unequal treatment of sexes can be found in Criminal and Labor Laws, in addition to the Civil Law. The limited nature of the progress has usually been explained either by the strength of the Islamic tradition which curtailed the intended goals of Kemalism, or by the cautious strategy of the Kemalists who pursued a gradual course of change to avoid further alienation of the traditional groups. Thus, Kemalism intended to equip the Turkish women with education and finer skills, only to improve their contribution to the Republican patriarchy as better wives and mothers.