김정은 시대 당-군 관계 연구

안찬일 ( Ahn Chan-il ),주승현 ( Joo Seung-hyeon ) 한국군사학회 2017 군사논단 Vol.91 No.-

This study examined changes in party-military relationship through power structure and succession process of the Kim Ilseong, Kim Jeongil and Kim Jeongeun regime, in order to clarify how Kim Jeongeun in North Korea has dominated and taken advantage of the party and the military, to seize and solidify his regime for the last six years, especially how status and roles of the party and the military have been transformed in the process. On the basis of the Manchrian party as a political foundation, Kim Ilseong established the North Korean Military before he took over the leadership, then the cult of personality around Kim Ilseong was emphasized within the Korean People's Army. He strengthened party register control for the military through the political committee system during the Korean War, and then, he eliminated counterforce by purging hard-liners and military authorities on the occasion of the factionalist incident, while maintaining and strengthening Suryeong's monolithic leadership, ‘party-state regime’ around Suryeong. Kim Jeongil as a successor gradually seized the party and the military based on the ‘Ten Principles for Party's Monolithic Ideological System’, through his fathers' power and authority. Above all, main consultative bodies and organizations which had played key roles in decision makings in ‘party-state regime’ could not properly function any more, whereas the power of Kim Jeongil was intensified and Military-First-Policy was institutionalized through decision-makings around the National Defense Committee. The party's function was restored by Kim Jeonguen in 2012, after the death of Kim Jeongil, but also the party register control for the military was strengthened, indicating that various measures were tried to institutionalize another type of ‘party-state regime’ by containing the Military-First-Policy'. After acceding to the ‘Chairman of the Labour Party’, the highest position of North Korea at the 7th convention of the party in June, 2016, Kim Jeongeun nominally and virtually restored the ‘Suryeong-directed regime’ or the party-based ‘party-state regime’, as he reorganized national organizations and became the ‘leader of state ministers’. However, it may be somewhat clumsy judgement that the restoration of party-military relationship led to stability of the regime or normalization of party-military relationship. First, the Military-First-Policy as a governing ideology during the era of Kim Jeongil, which aimed to overcome crises home and aborad was rooted in and complementary to the self-reliance ideology, rather than replaced it. Although military authorities's status and influences were reinforced and enlarged, compared to those of the party, chronic and serious degeneration of conventional military strength or economic problems in North Korea could not resolved even by the Military-First-Policy. Second, it was not certain that the military authorities whose roles and status were strengthened and enlarged by the Military-First-Policy kept their spontaneous loyalty for Kim Jeongeun's style of the reign of terror based on purges and elimination. The military authorities and their elites have experienced serious loss of their power and benefits, as the General Politburo and the Military State Security Agency monitored, controled and brutally purged them, especially their material basis including various interests and earning foreign currency was transferred ,and only the specific department responsible for nuclear weapons has been supported and resources have been concentrated on enhancement of people's life and economic construction, since the parallel pursuit of both economy and nuclear weapons was announced and conventional military strength was weakened, suggesting that it is difficult to ascertain if the military can secure normalization of party-military relationship and stability of the regime as before.

정기종의 장편 『운명』과 김정은 시대의 국가서사

유임하(Yoo, Im Ha),미야모토 타카노부(Miyamoto Takanobu) 동악어문학회 2019 동악어문학 Vol.77 No.-

북한사회에서 ‘총서 불멸의 력사’는 단순한 국가서사가 아니다. 체제선전과 사회주의적 인간 교양을 지향하며 사회의 집단심성을 단일화하기 위한 대표적인 문학정전이다. 이 글에서는 ‘총서 불멸의 력사’ 중 하나인 정기종의 『운명』이 배경으로 삼은 ‘1960년대’와 ‘수령형상’의 문학적 함의를 검토하였다. 이 작품은 총서에 속한 다른 작품과 마찬가지로 ‘김일성 주석의 영도(領導)’를 다룬 국가서사이나 ‘김일성-김정일주의’를 표방하고 있다는 점에서 김정은 시대의 서사라는 특징을 단적으로 보여준다. 또한, 이 소설 텍스트는 ‘국방경제병진정책’의 기원을 환기할 뿐만 아니라 90년대 이후 지속되어온 핵위기의 연원을 다루고 있어서 김정은시대를 이해하는 단서가 되는 작품이다. 작품을 관류하는 서사의 방향과 초점은 ‘지금, 김정은 시대의 관점’에서 60년대의 현실을 환기하는 효과에 맞추어져 있다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 이런 측면에서 운명은 표면적으로 김일성의 영도와 김정일의 지도자로 부상하는 면모를 담아내는 한편, 당대 북한의 대외적 위기 속에서 1960년대에 채택된 국방경제병진노선을 호명함으로써 3대세습의 정당성을 제고하려는 환유의 특성을 지닌 텍스트이다. The indestructibility series of history is not simple national history in North Korea. It aims propaganda system and human refinement of socialism and also this literature represents to unify group mentality in society. This study reviewed the literary implication of ‘1960’s’ and ‘chief form’ which were background for Jeong Kijong’s Novel UnMyong[운명] in this literature. Although this literature is about the leading of Kim Ilsung like other works, it shows specially the history of Kim Jeongeun Era regarding ‘Ism of Kim Ilsung and Kim Jeongil’ [김일성-김정일주의] In addition, the context of novel gives the clue to understand Kim Jeongeun Era that is not only reconsider the origin of keeping defense & economy national policy [국방경제 병진정책] but also include nuclear crisis since 90’s. The point and direction to observe this literature is to review 60’s reality from the perspective of Kim Jeongeun Era. From this perspective, UnMyong is about the leading of Kim Ilsung and also rising leader for Kim Jeongeun. However, the context has metonymy meaning to reconsider the legitimacy of hereditary three generations by claiming keeping defense & economy national policy in 1960’s of foreign crisis in North Korea.

김정은 단독 통치 시기 문화예술의 특징

김정수 ( Jeong Soo Kim ) 단국대학교 한국문화기술연구소 2013 한국문화기술 Vol.15 No.-

The purpose of this study is to examine the trends of North Korean culture and art in 2012, which is the Kim Jeong-eun’s sole dominion period, and to discuss its outlook for the future. When North Korean culture and art in 2012 are closely examined in discourses and works, Kim Jeong-eun’s aspiration, at the beginning of the year, of making his country a military-first ‘socialist civilized country’ is considered successful to a certain extent. Kim Jeong-eun kept on practicing his New Year aspiration through the idolization of Kim Jeong-il, putting women in front, and interchanges with the outside world while having military-first discourses continue. What is noteworthy is that the performing arts that emphasize spectacles are freed from the obsession of the military-first or socialist ideological implications. Acrobatic Chunhyangjeon is only a public performance in which superior abilities of actors and actresses and colorful spectacles are prominent. Moranbong Band’s playing of the theme song of Rocky is only a performance. Of course, North Korea clothes Chunhyangjeon and Moranbong Band’s performance with political rhetoric. But rhetoric is only rhetoric and it is confirmed that the performance has nothing to do with rhetoric Then, in what direction will North Korea’s culture and art develop in the future「Roughly two directions are predicted. The first direction is, as can be easily guessed, the idolization phenomena. As North Korea’s Rodong Sinmun newspaper showed in 2012, after the death of Kim Jeong-il, the enactment of Gwnagmyeongseong Holiday, the publication of completed works of Kim Jeong-il, the organization of Kim Jeong-il achievements become the preview of the direction of future North Korean culture and art circles. The second direction is the attention payed to house wives and the outside world. What was particularly noticeable in 2012 was that the leading characters of dramas, movies, and novels which North Korea evaluated as success were all women. Particularly, the fact that middle-aged women, rather than young women, were placed in front is noteworthy. At the same time, North Korea is paying attention to the outside world. The performing of Chinese and Russian works has been practiced since 2009, but broadcasting Lion King, whose prototype is Shakespeare’s Hamlet, is certainly a new phenomenon. North Korea is actively paying attention to the West. It is most probable for Kim Jeong-eun who has to stand alone to perform the works like Lion King in order to obtain emotional supports from the people and to interact with the West. North Korea’s paying attention to women and the outside world will continue for some time to come.

‘육자배기’ 감상 교수․학습 방안

윤원아,정미영 한국국악교육연구학회 2020 국악교육연구 Vol.14 No.2

Yukjabaegi literally means ‘six beats’ and is classified as Namdo jabga[雜歌]. It started as a local folk song of Namdo, but went beyond its regional favor and became popular nationwide for long. However, it has now become music only for majors and professionals and is hardly covered in the educational filed. Thus, this study aimed to design teaching and learning contents for music appreciation in high schools centered on Yukjabaegi. The contents and findings of the study are as follows. Firstly, after reviewing the area of appreciation under the 2015 revised music curriculum, the standard and guidelines for the current school education, the study extracted teaching and learning elements for the appreciation of Yukjabaegi based on the contents structure and the achievement standards. Secondly, to further subdivide the teaching and learning elements, it extracted three to six teaching and learning contents for each teaching and learning element by referring to the table of music elements and concepts and the teaching and learning methods and the advisory note in the curriculum. Thirdly, to utilize the extracted teaching and learning contents in the real educational site, it organized detailed specifics centered on ‘nae jeongeun’ in Yukjabaegi. In this process, each teaching and learning content was categorized and specified into <examples>, and the lyric notation and the melodic contour notation were designed. Fourthly, based on its previous findings, the study presented what was applied to real classroom targeting in the first year of high schools. During three class times in total, music appreciation-centered learning and performance assessment were implemented. Instructional plans, progress and process, and teaching materials for this lesson, and students’ outcomes were included. It is by no means an easy task to apply Yukjabaegi, a slow hanbae, to education. However, if one understands and appreciates the musical traits and structure of Yukjabaegi, one can perceive it as well-organized art music than feeling that it is difficult and slow. This study focused on music appreciation education, but it is expected that it leads to multifaceted studies on the education of Yukjabaegi. 육자배기는 말 그대로 ‘여섯 박’이라는 뜻으로 남도 잡가로 분류되는 갈래이다. 남도의 향토 민요에서 출발하여 오랫동안 특정 지역을 넘어 전국적으로 인기를 얻었다. 그러나 지금은 전공자들만의 음악이 되었으며 교육현장에서도 거의 다루어지지 않고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 육자배기를 중심으로 고등학교 감상 교수‧학습 내용을 구성하는 데 목적을 두었다. 연구의 내용 및 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현행 학교 교육의 기준이자 지침이 되는 2015 개정 음악과 교육과정 중 감상 영역을 검토한 후 내용 체계와 성취기준을 중심으로 육자배기 감상 교수․학습 요소를 추출하였다. 둘째, 교수․학습 요소를 보다 세분화하기 위해 교육과정의 음악 요소와 개념 체계표와 교수․학습 방법 및 유의점의 내용을 참고하여 각 교수․학습 요소별로 3~6가지의 교수․학습 내용을 추출하였다. 셋째, 추출한 교수․학습 내용을 실제 교육현장에 활용할 수 있도록 육자배기 중 ‘내 정은’을 중심으로 상세 내용을 구성하였다. 이 과정에서 각 교수․학습 내용에 따라 구체적인 예시를 제시하였고, 사설 악보와 가락선 악보 등을 구안하였다. 넷째, 앞서 연구한 내용을 토대로 고등학교 1학년을 대상으로 실제 수업에 적용한 사례를 제시하였다. 총 3차시의 감상 중심 수업과 수행평가를 실시하였으며 이를 위한 수업 과정 및 내용과 관련 자료를 포함하여 학생들의 결과물을 수록하였다. 한배가 느린 육자배기를 교육에 적용하기는 결코 쉬운 일이 아니다. 하지만 육자배기의 음악적 특징과 구조 등을 이해하여 감상한다면 어렵고 느리다는 느낌보다는 짜임새가 있는 예술 음악으로 인식할 수 있다. 본 연구는 감상교육에 중점을 두었지만 이를 계기로 육자배기 교육에 관한 다각적인 연구가 이어지기 기대한다.

김정은 체제 북한 TV드라마의 욕망

강민정(Kang, Min Jung) 건국대학교 인문학연구원 2014 통일인문학 Vol.60 No.-

It has been three years since Jeongil, Kim died and Jeongeun, Kim’s government was constituted. The current North Korean society seems stable in spite of various crises. North Korea is still establishing basic characteristic and nature of Joengeun, Kim’s government. This paper analyzes television dramas(North Korean Television Geuk), aired by Korean central television, public TV, and investigates desire of Jeongeun, Kim, reflected in it. It is identified that current TV dramas also follow North Korea’s unique artistic characteristic, censored by the government and used as a tool for propagating the system. Further, TV dramas, recently aired, also reflects the ambition of Jeongeun, Kim. Through this, the national vision of the government, different from that of Jeongil, Kim, is investigated. As TV drama is one of the popular arts and should appeal to the public, North Korean TV dramas are also no exception whether it is for propagating the system and improving cohesion or not. Thus, the reality of the society, roughly dealt with in the TV dramas for ambition of Jeongeun, Kim’s system, is classified. Through this, contrariety, where national ambition is inconsistent with the reality, is discovered and future outlook on North Korea is also discussed. ?Father, waiting for? tries to formulate new myth for social stability and also suggests the contrariety, the nation aims for world power and socialist civilized state but its reality is considered as a special case, and shows how to resolve the contradiction. ?Inquirers? is the story, the past is extremely stitched up by the future. It shows how elderly people should be dealt with, who had been in a tough history of Ilsung, Kim and Jongil, Kim. Finally, ?Small playground of primary school?(2014) points out the limitation of Jongeun Kim’s system, insisting success with personal competence and without national support. As it is one of the most popular dramas, among recently aired ones, it reflects actual problems of the people of various status.

고통에서 벗어나는 언어행위

박신영(Park, Shinyoung) 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2017 한국학논집 Vol.0 No.69

탈냉전기 북한 대남도발의 전략적 의도와 행태

한관수(Han Kwan-Soo) 한국전략문제연구소 2012 전략연구 Vol.54 No.-

본 논문은 탈냉전기에도 계속되는 북한 대남도발의 전략적 의도와 행태를 북한의 시각에 기초하여 환경적 요인, 의사결정체계, 도발수단으로 범주화 하여 도발사례를 분석하고 향후 도발양상을 전망하였다. 연구결과 북한의 도발은 미국요인과 한국 및 북한 내부 요인이 의사 결정체계에 복합적으로 작용하여 군사적, 비군사적 수단에 의해 자행되었고, 대남도발은 근본적으로 ‘전 한반도의 공산화 통일’이라는 북한의 국가전략체계의 영향을 받기 때문에 공세적으로 지속될 수밖에 없음을 알 수 있었다. 향후 북한은 단기적으로는 비군사적 수단을 이용한 공세가 이어질 것이지만 장기적으로는 비타협적 군사모험주의 노선을 강도 높게 구사할 가능성이 높다. 따라서 우리는 북한의 예상되는 각종 도발에 전방위적으로 대응태세를 유지하면서 특히 가능성이 높은 서해 도발과 사이버전에 대비해야 되는 필요성이 높아진다. 이를 위해 북한의 국가전략에 기초한 대응책 수립, 도발시 강력한 응징, 주도권 확보를 위한 남북대화 전략 모색, 한미연합작전체제 강화, 중국과의 전략적 협력체제 구축이 요구되고 있다. The purpose of this paper is to analyze North Korean (NK) strategic intentions and provocation against South Korea (SK) in the post-Cold War era in order to forecast future provocations. This analysis is done through the perspective of NK. This analysis is performed via the environment, decision making system, and the delivery system method. The results show that three factors contribute in North Korean decisions to provoke SK: U.S. policy toward NK, SK environment, and NK domestic environments. The NK intentions are influenced by their national strategy, ‘communization over the Korean peninsula’ and its recent shift in focus on the Northern Limited Line (NLL) and Cyber War. In the short term, it is expected that North Korea will keep calling for the talks with South Korea and United Nations. However, in the longer term, their intentions seem provocative without compromise. Therefore, SK must prepare for these provocations and be flexible in response to a wide-range threats. It is especially necessary to be prepared for predictable attacks, such as from the West Sea as well as through Cyber War. To this end, SK should prepare counter measures against such possible attacks. SK must respond decisively and with commitment. Equally important is to strengthen a coalition with U.S. and China to further deter NK provocations.