조선후기 철화백자와 회화에 나타난 화조문양의 조형성 연구

박현주 한국도자학회 2019 한국도자학연구 Vol.16 No.2

White porcelains are a kind of ceramics that existed and prevailed through the early part of the Joseon Dynasty to its later part since its initial production in the 10th Century during the Goryeo Dynasty. In the 15th Century, hard porcelains were produced by the influence of white and blue porcelains of the Ming Dynasty of China. However, in the 17th Century, historic events of Japanese Invasion of Korea and Second Manchu Invasion made the purchase of expensive Chinese white and blue pigments no further available and, as a result, iron oxide porcelains (鐵 畵白磁porcelain made using iron oxide pigment) became hugely popular owing to their good accessibility of pigments everywhere in the country. Along the way, in step with wide distribution of porcelains to the countryside, local porcelain kilns were actively operated. The origin of iron oxide porcelains was from the 11th Century during the Goryeo Dynasty, and the 17th Century when iron oxide porcelains started to get popular in full fashion was their heydays. Iron oxide technique was a decoration method using pigment of ruddle mostly composed of iron oxide. This pigment tends to spread so quickly on the surface once contacting the water that producers must draw the picture in an extremely fast way, but they can express it freely. Iron oxide porcelains, in particular, expressed a diverse range of patterns such as birds and flowers, flowering plants, clouds & dragons and four gracious plants with a bold and picturesque stroke. This study, which conducted comparative research with bird-and-flower paintings during the Joseon Dynasty drawn in a similar period with bird-and-flower patterns out of a number of patterns of ceramics, sought to introduce unique pictorial expressions of iron oxide porcelains as shown at bird-and-flower patterns. For this, Chapter Ⅰ discussed the purpose and methodology of the study, while Chapter Ⅱ examined background of emergence of iron oxide porcelains and characteristics by each period to introduce iron oxide porcelains that expressed the sentiments of the Joseon society in a unique way. Chapter Ⅲ analyzed classification of bird-and-flower paintings and symbolism as appeared in paintings during the Joseon period and examined examples of work connected to the latter part of the Joseon period. Chapter Ⅳconducted comparative research with bird-and-flower paintings shown at folk paintings which were drawn in the similar period with bird-and-flower patterns of iron oxide porcelains that attempted diverse pictorial expressions out of diverse porcelains. And it found bird-and-flower patterns were drawn frequently not only in paintings but on ceramics because of their symbolism of good auspice. Along the way, Chapter Ⅴ attempted to vividly represent the feelings of patterns by linking old patterns of ceramics with today's 3D technique. This treatise was a follow-up of the researcher's previous comparative research with paintings regarding iron oxide patterns in grayish-blue-powdered celadon at A Study on Pictorial Expression Shown at Patterns of Grayish-blue-powdered Celadon: Focused on fish patterns at Gyeryongsan celadon. And it sought a comparative research between the patterns on paintings and those on porcelains. And the study suggested two works of 3D as an example in search for a fresh and unique method and the researcher would like to use them in ceramic creation and treatises in a path towards extending ceramics in the pictorial point of view in the future studies. 백자는 고려시대 10세기 이후 제작되기 시작하여 조선 전기에 걸쳐 말기까지 지속된 자기의일종이다. 15세기에는 중국 명대의 청화백자의 영향으로 경질백자가 제작되었고 17세기에는 임진왜란과 병자호란으로 인해 중국에 의존하여 구입했던 값비싼 청화안료가 더 이상 수급이 어려워지자 국내 어디서나 안료를 쉽게 구할 수 있는 철화백자가 크게 유행하였다. 또한 백자의보급이 지방으로까지 널리 확대되어 지방 백자 가마들이 활발하게 운영되었다. 철화백자의 기원은 고려시대 11세기경부터이며 본격적으로 유행하기 시작하는 17세기는 철화백자의 전성기이다. 철화기법은 석간주(石間硃)라는 산화철이 주성분인 안료를 이용하여 그림을 그린 장식기법을 말한다. 이 안료는 물에 닿으면 빨리 퍼지므로 아주 빠른 필치로 그려야하므로 그림을 자유롭게 그려 표현할 수 있다. 특히 철화백자는 대담하고 회화적 느낌의 선으로화조(花鳥)·화훼(花卉)를 비롯해 운룡(雲龍), 사군자류 등 다양한 문양을 표현했다. 본 연구는 백자의 여러 문양 중 화조문양과 비슷한 시기에 그려진 조선시대 화조도(花鳥圖)를 비교 연구함으로서 화조 문양을 통해 나타난 철화백자만의 특별한 회화적 표현을 소개하고자한다. 이를 위해 Ⅰ장에서는 연구의 목적과 방법을 논하고, Ⅱ장에서는 철화백자의 발생배경과시기별 특징을 고찰하여 조선사회의 감성을 특유의 방법으로 보이고 있는 철화백자를 소개한다. Ⅲ장에서는 조선시대 회화에서 등장하고 있는 화조도의 분류와 상징성에 대해 분석하고 조선시대 후기로 이어진 작품사례를 살펴보았다. Ⅳ장에서는 백자 중에서도 회화적 표현이 다채롭게 시도된 철화백자의 화조문양과 비슷한 시기의 그려진 민화에 나타난 화조도를 비교연구하였으며 화조문양은 길상적 의미의 상징성 때문에 회화뿐 아니라 도자기에서도 많이 그려진것으로 분석하였다. 또한 Ⅴ장에서는 도자기의 옛 문양을 오늘 날의 기술인 3D와 접목하여 문양의 느낌을 실감나게 재현하고자 하였다. 본 논문은 앞서 본인이 연구했던 박현주(2018).「분청사기 문양에 나타난 회화적 표현 연구: 계룡산 철화분청사기의 물고기문양을 중심으로」『한국도자학연구』Vol.15 No.2 2018. 에서 분청사기에서의 철화문양에 대해서 회화와 함께 비교연구 하였던 사례에 이어 후속으로 백자에서의 철화문양에 대해서 회화와 함께 비교연구 하고자 하였다. 아울러 본 논문에 좀 더 색다른방법을 모색하기위해 시범적으로 3D 두 작품을 제시하였고 이를 바탕으로 향후 이어지는 본인의 연구에서 도자기를 회화적 관점으로 확장하는 도자작품 창출과 대논문에 활용하고자 한다.

Integrative comparison of cadmium and iron oxide as yellow pigment in terms of cellular stress and genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo

Kim Hyun Soo,Lee Hyun Jin,Jung Won-Young,원종일,신동엽,Jang Yujin,서영록,Koedrith Preeyaporn 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2021 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.17 No.2

Backgrounds Heavy metals cadmium has been used as a yellow pigment due to its bright and lasting color. Considering the toxicity of cadmium, yellow iron oxide has been suggested as a substitute due to its cost-effectiveness. However, cellular and molecular safety information of yellow iron oxide is not fully understood. Methods Metal-mediated cellular stress indicated by metallothionein 1 expression were measured by western blotting and qRT-PCR in cadmium- or iron oxide-treated HepG2 cells. Genotoxicity were detected using comet assay and micronuclei assay in HepG2 cells and rat liver tissue. Observed toxicological effects were quantified and scored on a scale bar for integrated analysis. Results Yellow iron oxide showed significantly low metallothionein 1 expression and genotoxicity in all results. This result indicates high potential of iron oxide as an alternative to cadmium. Conclusion We demonstrated the comparative toxicity of the cadmium and yellow iron oxide in terms of stress-responsive biomarker expression and genotoxicity in HepG2 cells and rat liver tissue. Our study with the integrated strategy suggests usefulness of the yellow iron oxide as a substitute material in cadmium-containing products and reports useful tool to comprehensively assess the toxicity of suspected toxicants or newly developed materials. Backgrounds Heavy metals cadmium has been used as a yellow pigment due to its bright and lasting color. Considering the toxicity of cadmium, yellow iron oxide has been suggested as a substitute due to its cost-effectiveness. However, cellular and molecular safety information of yellow iron oxide is not fully understood. Methods Metal-mediated cellular stress indicated by metallothionein 1 expression were measured by western blotting and qRT-PCR in cadmium- or iron oxide-treated HepG2 cells. Genotoxicity were detected using comet assay and micronuclei assay in HepG2 cells and rat liver tissue. Observed toxicological effects were quantified and scored on a scale bar for integrated analysis. Results Yellow iron oxide showed significantly low metallothionein 1 expression and genotoxicity in all results. This result indicates high potential of iron oxide as an alternative to cadmium. Conclusion We demonstrated the comparative toxicity of the cadmium and yellow iron oxide in terms of stress-responsive biomarker expression and genotoxicity in HepG2 cells and rat liver tissue. Our study with the integrated strategy suggests usefulness of the yellow iron oxide as a substitute material in cadmium-containing products and reports useful tool to comprehensively assess the toxicity of suspected toxicants or newly developed materials.

고분자 분산제 주입을 통한 철산화물(Magnetite, Fe3O4) 입자의 분산 안정성 향상

송근동 ( Geun Dong Song ),김문환 ( Mun Hwan Kim ),이용택 ( Yong Taek Lee ),맹완영 ( Wan Young Maeng ) 한국공업화학회 2013 공업화학 Vol.24 No.6

The iron oxide (Fe3O4) particles in the coolant of the secondary system of a nuclear power plant reduce the heat transfer performance or induce corrosion on the surface of the heat transfer tube. To prevent these problems, we conducted a study to improve the dispersion stability of iron oxide using polymeric dispersant injection in simulated secondary system water. The three kinds of anionic polymers containing carboxyl groups were selected. The dispersion characteristics of the iron oxide particles with the polymeric dispersants were evaluated by performing a settling test and measuring the transmission, the zeta potential, and the hydrodynamic particle size of the colloid solutions. Polymeric dispersants had a significant impact on the iron oxide dispersion stability in an aqueous solution. While the dispersant injection tended to improve the dispersion stability, the dispersion stability of iron oxide did not increase linearly with an increase in the dispersant concentration. This non-linearity is due to the agglomerations between the iron oxide particles above a critical dispersant concentration. The effect of the dispersant on the dispersion stability improvement was significant when the dispersant concentration ratio (ppm, dispersant/ magnetite) was in the range of 0.1 to 0.01. This suggests that the optimization of dispersant concentration is required to maximize the iron oxide removal effect with the dispersant injection considering the applied environments, the iron oxide concentration and the concentration ratio of dispersant to iron oxide.

Fabrication and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticle coated magnetic iron oxide: Effect of S-layers adsorption on surface of oxide

Neda Habibi,Bahareh Karimi 한국공업화학회 2014 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.20 No.5

Mixed zinc oxide nanoparticle coated magnetic iron oxide has been prepared by a sol–gel and coprecipitation routes. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation of ferric and ferrous ions with ammonia, and then zinc oxide was coated onto the surface of magnetic iron oxide by hydrolysis of zinc precursors. As a result, zinc oxide coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with an average size of 68 nm were obtained. The crystalline bacterial cell surface layer)S-layer (used in this study was isolated from Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 12046. The S-layer was adsorbed onto the surface of zinc oxide nanoparticle coated magnetic iron oxide. The nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to characterize the structural and the chemical features of the nanocomposites. The infrared spectra indicate that the S-layer-nanoparticle interaction occurs. This novel nanoparticle showed admirable potential in adsorption of S-layers on the surface of oxides for drug delivery.

Nanocomposite of iron oxide and carbon modified by organic ligands for high-performance lithium ion battery

정요한,손희상 한국공업화학회 2020 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2020 No.-

A composite of iron oxide and carbon, together with an organic ligand (L-iron oxide), was prepared for the purpose of application in high-performance lithium-ion batteries. The prepared L-iron oxide-carbon had a structure in which several nanometers of iron oxide nanoparticles were embedded in the carbon. Organic ligand used in the synthesis process effectively inhibited iron precursor agglomeration and growth. Furthermore, organic ligand induced the formation of pores via decomposition. Pores generated in this way can effectively help with electrolyte penetration and lithium-ion diffusion. A comparison of electrochemical performances of composites of iron oxide and carbon with and without organic ligands (i.e., L-iron oxide-carbon vs. iron oxide-carbon) revealed that L-iron oxide-carbon exhibited more stable cycle performance up to the 100th cycle at a current density of 1 A/g.

Synergistic effects of the combination of oxalate and ascorbate on arsenic extraction from contaminated soils

Lee, Jae-Cheol,Kim, Eun Jung,Baek, Kitae Elsevier 2017 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.168 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Arsenic is often associated with iron oxides in soils due to its high affinity with iron oxides and the abundance of iron oxides in the environment. Dissolution of iron oxides can subsequently release arsenic associated with them into the environment, which results in the increase of arsenic mobility in the soil environment. In this study, arsenic extraction from soils via the dissolution of iron oxides was investigated using oxalate, ascorbate, and their combination in order to effectively remediate arsenic-contaminated soils. Oxalate mainly extracted iron from soils via a ligand-promoted reaction, while ascorbate extracted iron mainly via a reductive reaction. Arsenic extractions from soils by oxalate and ascorbate were shown to behave similarly to iron extractions, indicating the concurrent release of arsenic adsorbed on iron oxides upon the dissolution of iron oxides. The combination of oxalate and ascorbate greatly increased arsenic extraction, indicating the synergistic effects of the combination of oxalate and ascorbate on iron and arsenic extraction from soils. Oxalate and ascorbate are naturally-occurring organic reagents that have chelating and reducing capacity. Therefore, the use of oxalate and ascorbate is environmentally friendly and effective for the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Arsenic extraction from soils via the dissolution of iron oxides was investigated. </LI> <LI> Oxalate extracted arsenic and iron from soils via ligand-promoted reaction. </LI> <LI> Ascorbate extracted arsenic and iron from soils via reductive reaction. </LI> <LI> Synergistic reaction greatly enhanced arsenic extraction from soils. </LI> </UL> </P>

Feasibility study of the use of by-product iron oxide and industrial off-gas for application to chemical looping hydrogen production

Cho, Won Chul,Lee, Doyeon,Kim, Chang Hee,Cho, Hyun Suk,Kim, Sang Done Elsevier 2018 APPLIED ENERGY Vol.216 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The chemical looping strategy for hydrogen production (CLH<SUB>2</SUB>) offers a potentially viable option for efficient fuel conversion to hydrogen with the simultaneous capture of CO<SUB>2</SUB>. Typically, this process uses an iron-based composite as an oxygen carrier and syngas or methane as a fuel. The environmental and economic concerns motivate the use of abundant by-product iron oxide and the industrial off-gas for CLH<SUB>2</SUB>. Here we showed that H<SUB>2</SUB> could be simply recovered from the industrial off-gas in a circulating fluidized bed with a mixture of the inexpensive raw material of by-product iron oxide and sand particle. The fluidization of the by-product iron oxide powder, which showed poor fluidization behavior, is improved by adding 60 vol% of sand particle. The industrial off-gas was completely converted to CO<SUB>2</SUB> and H<SUB>2</SUB>O in a two-stage fluidized mode with a solid reactant of Fe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> of the binary particles<SUB>,</SUB> and then H<SUB>2</SUB> was produced by oxidizing the reduced by-product iron oxide powder with steam. The binary particles showed consistent catalytic activity under multiple redox cycles by providing macropores with a size of ∼5 μm which facilitated gas diffusion. These findings provided valuable information for the future development of CLH<SUB>2</SUB> based on by-products.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Industrial off-gas is upgraded to H<SUB>2</SUB> using iron oxide in chemical looping process. </LI> <LI> By-product iron oxide exhibits good fluidization behavior by addition of sand. </LI> <LI> Industrial off-gas is completely oxidized in 2-stage fluidized bed. </LI> <LI> Recycled by-product iron oxide shows good cyclibility by providing porous structure. </LI> <LI> H<SUB>2</SUB> and CO<SUB>2</SUB>-rich gas can be produced in separate streams of 3-step cycle. </LI> </UL> </P>

The comparative effects of intravenous iron on oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease and iron deficiency: a randomized controlled pilot study

( Xenophon Kassianides ),( Andrew Gordon ),( Roger Sturmey ),( Sunil Bhandari ) 대한신장학회 2021 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.40 No.1

Background: Concerns exist regarding the pro-oxidant and inflammatory potential of intravenous (IV) iron due to labile plasma iron (LPI) generation. This IRON-CKD trial compared the effects of different IV irons on oxidative stress and inflammation. Methods: In this randomized open-label explorative single-center study in the United Kingdom, non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with iron deficiency were randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive a single infusion of 200 mg iron dextran, or 200 mg iron sucrose (IS), or 200 mg or 1,000 mg ferric derisomaltose (FDI) and were followed up for 3 months. The primary outcomes measured were induction of oxidative stress and inflammation. Secondarily, efficacy, vascular function, quality of life, and safety were monitored. Results: Forty patients were enrolled. No significant rise in oxidative stress existed, regardless of preparation or dose. There was a significant rise in LPI with 1,000 mg FDI at 2 hours that normalized within a week, not impacting oxidative stress or inflammation. A delayed rise in C-reactive protein was noted with IS. High-dose FDI produced a sustained serum ferritin increase (mean ± standard error of the mean of predose: 69.1 ± 18.4 μg/L, 3 months: 271.0 ± 83.3 μg/L; p = 0.007). Hemoglobin remained stable throughout. No adverse drug reactions were recorded during the study. Conclusion: A single dose of IV iron in CKD patients does not trigger oxidative stress or inflammation biomarkers. Third-generation IV irons have a reassuring safety profile, and high-dose FDI produced a sustained serum ferritin rise and more efficient iron repletion, with no significant pro-oxidant or inflammatory signals when compared to a lower dose and other IV irons.

Recovery of Iron Reactivity for Removal of Cr(Ⅵ) Using Iron-Reducing Consortium

Taeyoon Lee,Jae-Woo Park 대한토목학회 2006 KSCE journal of civil engineering Vol.10 No.3

Iron particles, oxidized by Cr(Ⅵ), were not effective for additional Cr(Ⅵ) removal, but the removal rates of Cr(Ⅵ) dramatically increased when iron-reducing consortium were added to the oxidized iron. The elevated removal rate was even greater than that for iron particles. Addition of iron-reducing consortium to the oxidized iron generated ferrous ions, indicating recovery in the reactivity of iron particles as the ferrous ions could reduce additional hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium, which is less toxic and immobile compared to hexavalent chromium. The iron-reducing consortium itself could also remove hexavalent chromium via reduction reaction as modest amount of Bacillus sp., which are known hexavalent chromium-reducing bacteria, were found. Combined effects of bacillus sp. and ferrous ions accelerated the removal rate of Cr(Ⅵ). Waste leaves were used as alternative substrate in this research and they supported the activity of iron-reducing consortium in the presence of the oxidized iron. Although the activity of iron-reducing consortium supported by waste leaves was lower (approximately one order of magnitude) than that supported by nutrients, the removal rate of Cr(Ⅵ) was sufficiently high indicating waste leaves could be used as a nutrient source for iron-reducing consortium.

철산화물의 합성 및 이를 이용한 비소의 흡착제거

김연정 ( Youn Jung Kim ),최식영 ( Sik Young Choi ),김영훈 ( Young-hun Kim ) 한국환경과학회 2019 한국환경과학회지 Vol.28 No.1

Arsenic is among the heavy metals commonly found in aqueous environments. Iron oxide is known as an efficient adsorbent for the arsenic. A new synthetic method was applied to provide iron oxide giving a large specific surface area. The mixing method affects the formation of iron oxide. Ultrasonic waves assisted the formation of very fine iron oxide in an organic phase. The synthesized iron oxide is amorphous type with a high surface area of more than 181.3 m²/g. Sorption capacity of the synthesized adsorbent was relatively very high for arsenic and varied depending on the oxidation state of arsenic: a higher capacity was obtained with As(V). Lower solution pH provided a higher sorption capacity for As(V). The competitive effect of co-exist anions such as chloride, nitrate, and sulfate was minimal in sorption capacity of the iron oxide for arsenic.