개인정보의 현지화에 관한 연구

박훤일 경희대학교 법학연구소 2017 경희법학 Vol.52 No.4

Data localization requires personal data of citizens or residents be processed and stored within the border of the country. When such data are transferred overseas, they are required to meet local privacy or data protection laws. After revelations by Edward Snowden regarding United States global surveillance programs in 2013, an increasing number of countries have introduced data localization laws and data export restrictions. In this Age of IoT and big data, data localization laws worldwide are threatening digital globalization and inhibiting cloud computing’s adoption despite acknowledged benefits. There are various motivations for nations to adhere to data localization and restrict the transfer of personal data to a third country. Those restrictions are implemented for the purpose of national security, prevention of cybercrime, or protection of privacy of citizens, in particular, of the EU Member States. In some countries, it is to prevent the global IT Giants like Google and Facebook from evading local taxes on the huge advertisement profits in those countries by requiring the presence of local data centers. As such, local IT businesses are complaining of reverse discrimination from foreign providers of identical services. Other countries believe data localization offers a quick way to force high-tech economic activity to take place within their borders. It is also true that data localization and other barriers to data flows impose significant costs: reducing GDP by 0.7 to 1.7 percent in China, EU, Indonesia, South Korea, and Vietnam, which have all either proposed or enacted data localization policies. Statutory grounds in the above countries are found at: - China : Cybersecurity Law, the People's Bank of China Notice on Urging Financial Institutions to Protect Clients' Personal Financial Information (2011), and Measures for Administration of Population Health Information (2014) - Vietnam : Decree of Information Technology Services and OTT Circular -Indonesia : Organization of Electronic Systems and Transactions Regulation (82/2012) and Regulation No. 27 of 2015 regarding Technical Requirement of Equipment and/or Telecommunication Devices in LTE Technology Basis -European Union : Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC) and GDPR effective May 2018 -Russia : Federal Law 242-FZ -Korea : Act on the Establishment, Management, etc. of Spatial Data. There seem to be diverse rationales, one of which is national security or surveillance concerns. The Korean government is afraid of the detailed Google maps would be utilized by the belligerent North Koreans who have already developed long range missiles and unmanned aircraft systems. However, such mapping data are indispensable to local retail vendors, logistics and tourism enterprises and the operation of unmanned vehicles and drones in the near future. The so-called Internet balkanization and any barrier to free flows of data would hinder such burgeoning high-tech services. Therefore, the derogations of the primary aim of the Internet as an open network should be subject to strict scrutiny even for the compelling government interest such as national security. 개인정보의 현지화(data localization)란 개인정보를 보관․처리하는 서버를 반드시 국내에 설치해야 하는 것을 말한다. 미 정보기관의 전세계적인 정보수집 활동이 드러남에 따라 많은 나라가 개인정보보호, 국가안보, 자국산업의 육성 등의 구실로 소스코드 공개를 요구하거나 데이터의 현지 보관 등 규제를 강화하는 경향을 보이고 있다. IoT, 빅데이터 시대에 정보의 자유로운 유통으로 경제 활성화를 기대할 수 있는 반면 많은 나라가 국가안보와 국익보호목적으로, 특히 EU의 경우 개인정보의 보호수준이 낮은 제3국으로의 정보이전을 불허하고 미국의 IT기업들이 플랫폼을 장악하는 것에 대한 경계심이 고조되고 있다. 일부 국가는 다국적 IT기업들이 엄청난 광고 수입을 올리면서도 세금을 거의 내지 않는 것을 막기 위해 국내에 데이터 센터를 두도록 유도하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 데이터 현지화는 관련업계의 클라우드 서비스의 이용이 늘어나는 추세에 역행할 뿐만 아니라 정보유통의 장벽이 되어 외국인투자 감소로 이어질 경우 GDP가 줄어들지 모른다. 주요국 현황을 보면 중국은 핵심 정보통신 기반시설 운영자에 대한 엄격한 책임과 의무를 부과한 네트워크 안전법에서 개인정보와 중요 데이터는 현지 서버에 저장하도록 의무화했다. 베트남도 OTT통달, 정령 72호에 의해 국내에 1개 이상의 호스트 서버를 설치하도록 요구하였다. 인도네시아는 공공서비스 전자시스템 관리자의 데이터 센터 국내 설치를 의무화하였고, 러시아는 개인정보는 국내에 있는 데이터베이스로 관리하고, 데이터 센터의 소재를 당국에 신고하도록 했다. 인터넷 시대에 데이터 현지화를 요구하는 법제는 나름대로 명분이 있어 보인다. 우리나라가 구글에 대한 공간정보 반출을 불허한 것도 북한이 장거리 미사일, 무인기를 날리고 있는 상황에서 부득이했던 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 공간정보는 유통․관광산업 및 자율주행차․드론의 이용에 없어서는 안 될 인프라이다. 인터넷의 발칸화 현상은 결코 바람직하지 않으며 국경간 정보유통에 대한 확고한 신념을 가져야 한다. 그 예외 사유는 안보 목적이든 무엇이든 엄격하게 해석하는 것이 타당하다.

최적 IT 환경제어를 위한 데이터센터의 냉각(열원)시스템 선정에 관한 연구

조진균(Cho Jin-Kyun),정차수(Jeong Cha-Su),김병선(Kim Byung-Seon) 대한건축학회 2008 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.24 No.12

Today's data centers require precise, stable environments for sensitive IT equipments to operate optimally. As the latest computing equipment becomes smaller and uses the same or even more electricity than the equipment it replaced, more heat is being generated in data centers. There are 4 basic ways to collect and transport heat from the IT environment to the outdoor environment such as air cooled systems, glycol cooled systems, water cooled systems and chilled water systems. Each method uses the refrigeration cycle to transport or pump heat. When designing or selecting cooling system of data center, the existing facility infrastructure, the total power level of the installation, the geographical location, the physical constraints of the building and initial installation/operating costs should also be considered. In this research, the design parameters and economical aspects of cooling system were studied with the largest multi-megawatt data center that is recently completed in Korea. Energy simulation analysis was carried out in order to compare the energy consumption combined with four basic cooling systems by TRNSYS simulation program and energy saving effects of water-side economizer systems are reviewed. A method for planning and design of the appropriate cooling system was described. IT professionals versed in precision cooling mechanisms, components and configurations can work more effectively with HVAC/cooling engineers to ensure the specification and design of optimized cooling solutions.

데이터센터 냉각방식의 추이와 테스트 베드 개념 설계

백종국,최환영 한국실천공학교육학회 2023 실천공학교육논문지 Vol.15 No.2

Recently, demand for smart factories is increasing in response to the era of the 4th industrial revolution. Smart factory is basicallya manufacturing industry based on massive data, which requires IT services for processing a lot of data, which is accelerating theconstruction of data centers. Data center computing equipment requires a different approach from the cooling technology of generalfacilities in terms of heat load and usage time. This study investigates the factors to be reviewed in the recent data center coolingsystem design and technological change trends, compares and reviews various technological methods for facility configuration ofcase companies, derives the design decision process, and draws up a conceptual design corresponding to the conclusion.

최적 IT 환경제어를 위한 데이터센터의 공기분배(공조)시스템 선정에 관한 연구

조진균(Cho Jin-Kyun),정차수(Jeong Cha-Su),김병선(Kim Byung-Seon) 대한건축학회 2009 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.25 No.3

A critical goal of a data center cooling system is to separate the equipment exhaust air from the equipment intake air in order to prevent equipment from overheating. This separation also significantly increases the efficiency and capacity of the cooling system. When equipment power density increases, the corresponding increase in exhaust air volume and intake air volume makes it more difficult to prevent equipment from drawing exhaust air from itself or neighboring equipment into its intake. Cooling systems for data centers are primarily differentiated in the way they distribute air. Air supply systems have 4, and air return systems have 3 different configurations which can be combined to create 12 basic types of cooling systems. But the 6 combinations of flooded and locally ducted distribution make up the vast majority of all installations except fully ducted air distribution methods. Once the air distribution system is selected, there are other elements that must be integrated into the system design. These include layout of racks in alternating rows, location of CRAC/CRAH units, quantity and location of vents, sizing of ductwork and proper internal configuration of racks. In this research, the design parameters and IT environmental aspects of cooling system were studied with a multi-megawatt data center. CFD simulation analysis was carried out in order to compare the heat removal efficiency combined with six types of air distribution systems by Star-CD simulation program. And IT environment of actual operating data center is surveyed. A method for planning and design of the appropriate air distribution system was described. IT professionals versed in precision air distribution mechanisms, components and configurations can work more effectively with HVAC/cooling engineers to ensure the specification and design of optimized cooling solutions.

최적 IT 환경제어를 위한 데이터센터 내 전산발열 경향 및 기준산정에 관한 연구

조진균,김병선,정차수 대한건축학회 2006 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.22 No.9

The primary purpose of a computer room of data center and associated infrastructure is to support the operation of critical IT equipment. Over the years, IT is advancing at a rapid pace, resulting in relatively short product cycles and an the power density of IT equipment has been steadily increasing. All electrical equipment produces heat, which must be removed to prevent the equipment temperature from rising to an unacceptable level. High-density servers present a significant cooling changes. And there need to find best estimates of heat release for fully configured IT systems and a power density road map as well as work toward standardizing power and cooling of the equipment for seamless integration into the data center. This study presents two method for estimating power and cooling requirements and provides guidelines for determining the total heat load.

Green data center with IoT sensing and cloud-assisted smart temperature control system

Liu, Q.,Ma, Y.,Alhussein, M.,Zhang, Y.,Peng, L. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. 2016 Computer networks Vol.101 No.-

With the growing shortage of energy around the world, energy efficiency is one of the most important considerations for a data center. In this paper, we propose a green data center air conditioning system assisted by cloud techniques, which consists of two subsystems: a data center air conditioning system and a cloud management platform. The data center air conditioning system includes environment monitoring, air conditioning, ventilation and temperature control, whereas the cloud platform provides data storage and analysis to support upper-layer applications. Moreover, the detailed design and implementation are presented, including the dispatch algorithm for the temperature control, topological structure of the sensor network, and framework for the environment monitoring node. A feasibility evaluation is used to verify that the proposed system can significantly reduce the data center energy consumption without degradation in the cooling performance.

Performance Characteristics of Internet Data Center Cooling System Utilizing Water Source

Nicholas Lamptey Boafo,Selorm Kwaku Anka,Jong Min Choi 대한설비공학회 2022 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.6

Internet data centers have grown significantly in recent years as a result of the extensive use of telecommunication and internet systems, and they are already causing energy and environmental challenges. Conventional data centers are usually cooled by air-source vapor compression systems which require an uninterrupted electricity supply all year round. The energy consumption of the space cooling system has been in charge by 30-50% of the total energy delivered to a typical data center. There is rare literature on the use of dam water as a potential heat source for IDC cooling systems. This paper presents a cooling system utilizing deep dam water as a heat source. The basic performance characteristics of the system were experimentally analyzed according to operational methods with emphasis on the variation of entering water temperature. It is observed that the capacity for the two modes increases significantly as the OD EWT falls. Overall system COP in the free cooling mode increased greatly rather than it in the forced cooling mode.

최적 IT 환경제어를 위한 데이터센터의 냉각시스템 및 공기분배시스템 계획에 관한 연구

조진균(Cho Jin-Kyun),김병선(Kim Byung-Seon) 대한건축학회 2008 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.24 No.2

Internet Data Center (IDC) heat removal is one of the most essential yet least understood of all critical IT environment processes. The cooling of data centers has emerged as a significant challenge as the density of computing equipment increases. All cooling systems use a Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) and or a Computer Room Air Handling (CRAH) unit of some kind, which come in various capacities and remove the heat energy from the room. However, the primary distinctions that affect the capability of cooling systems are rooted in the distribution system. There are five heat removal methods and two common physical equipment arrangements that can be combined to create ten basic types of cooling systems. Air supply and air return systems each have three and four different configurations which can be combined to create thirteen basic types. An understanding of the many types of cooling/air distribution systems and their attributes can be used to develop guidelines for when each type should be used, and such guidelines are provided in this study for both raised floor and hard floor applications. In this research, cooling and air distribution system aspects of design criteria were analyzed by quantitative data, acquired by surveyed 36 domestic and overseas multi-megawatt data centers. And this paper provides the best configurations and design criteria for different IT environments and common practices and equipment options that may increase cooling system availability. The information presented here is a foundation allowing IT professionals to successfully manage the specification, installation, and operation of IT environment cooling systems.

Performance Characteristics of Internet Data Center Cooling System Utilizing Water Source

Nicholas Lamptey Boafo,Selorm Kwaku Anka,Jong Min Choi 대한설비공학회 2022 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.6

Internet data centers have grown significantly in recent years as a result of the extensive use of telecommunication and internet systems, and they are already causing energy and environmental challenges. Conventional data centers are usually cooled by air-source vapor compression systems which require an uninterrupted electricity supply all year round. The energy consumption of the space cooling system has been in charge by 30-50% of the total energy delivered to a typical data center. There is rare literature on the use of dam water as a potential heat source for IDC cooling systems. This paper presents a cooling system utilizing deep dam water as a heat source. The basic performance characteristics of the system were experimentally analyzed according to operational methods with emphasis on the variation of entering water temperature. It is observed that the capacity for the two modes increases significantly as the OD EWT falls. Overall system COP in the free cooling mode increased greatly rather than it in the forced cooling mode.

Performance Assessment of Refrigeration Systems for Internet Data Centers

Kwesi Mensah,Selorm Kwaku Anka,Jong Min Choi 대한설비공학회 2020 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2020 No.6

A significant amount of the total energy consumption in internet data centers is associated with the cooling systems being used in these facilities. One major reason for the high energy consumption of cooling systems for data centers is the 365 day continual operation of such units despite the annual weather and seasonal changes. Minimizing the cooling system’s energy consumption by the introduction of new mechanical energy efficient technologies, as well as redesigning of conventional system components coupled with advanced controls are just a few of research focuses for engineers, designers and researchers in this field of study. In this study, a cooling system that employs indirectly, the concept of utilizing the low temperature ambient air for cooling during low outdoor temperature seasons is introduced. The performance of the designed cooling system is investigated under varying operating conditions and the result is compared with that of a conventional cooling system for internet data centers. The experimental results indicates that the newly proposed system can save large amount of the seasonal and annual cooling energy as compared with the conventional system operating at the same conditions.