미각센서를 이용한 중국산 감초와 우즈베키스탄산 광과감초의 감별

최고야 ( Go Ya Choi ),김영화 ( Young Hwa Kim ),채성욱 ( Sung Wook Chae ),이혜원 ( Hye Won Lee ),고병섭 ( Byoung Seob Ko ),이미영 ( Mi Young Lee ) 대한본초학회 2011 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.26 No.1

Objectives: Genetic analysis and taste pattern were performed to identify species between Glycyrrhiza uralensis and G. glabra which are officially listed in Korean Pharmacopoeia Ⅸ as origin of Gamcho(gancao, licorice root, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma). Methods: Genetic analysis showed that identification between two species was done by comparing base sequence of ITS(intergenic transcribed spacer) and trnH-psbA regions from eleven Gamchoes sold in market. There was different taste pattern using by taste sensor in Glycyrrhiza uralensis and G. glabra. Results: Genetic analysis showed that six Gamchoes from China were identified as Glycyrrhiza uralensis and five Gamchoes from Uzbekistan were G. glabra. From the results of taste pattern, sourness and astringency of Glycyrrhiza uralensis from China were significantly higher than G. glabra from Uzbekistan, and aftertaste of astringency, aftertaste of umami, and saltiness of Glycyrrhiza uralensis were signicantly low as compared to G. glabra. There is no significant difference between two species in terms of bitterness, aftertaste of bitterness, and umami. Conclusions: Taken together, Glycyrrhiza uralensis from China and G. glabra from Uzbekistan were identified by taste sensor, and this technic could be applied to establishment of taste pattern marker for identification of different species located in various regions.

종류별 감초의 라디칼 소거능 및 H2O2에 의한 C6 glial 세포의 산화적 스트레스 개선 효과

김지현 ( Ji Hyun Kim ),조민지 ( Min Ji Cho ),박찬흠 ( Chan Hum Park ),조은주 ( Eun Ju Cho ),김현영 ( Hyun Young Kim ) 한국응용생명화학회(구 한국농화학회) 2020 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.63 No.4

산화적 스트레스는 신경퇴행성 질환 발병의 원인으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 대표적인 감초 종류인 Glycyrrhiza glabra, G. uralensis와 신품종 감초인 신원감(SW)의 in vitro free radical 소거능을 통한 항산화 활성과 H₂O₂ 유도 산화적 스트레스에 대한 C6 glial cell 보호 효능을 확인하고자 하였다. In vitro assay에서 G. uralensis, G. glabra, SW 추출물은 농도유의적으로 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ·OH, O₂^- radical 소거능이 증가하여 in vitro 항산화 활성을 확인하였다. 또한, SW 추출물은 G. uralensis, G. glabra 추출물에 비해 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량이 가장 우수하였다. H₂O₂로 산화적 스트레스를 유도한 C6 glial cell에 3가지 감초 추출물을 각각 처리 시, 농도의존적으로 세포 생존율이 증가와 reactive oxygen species 소거능이 증가하여 3가지 감초 추출물의 산화적 손상에 대한 신경교세포보호 효과를 확인하였다. 특히, SW 추출물은 G. uralensis, G. glabra 추출물에 비해 우수하게 C6 glial cell 보호 효과를 나타내었다. 또한, 3가지 감초 추출물의 신경교세포 보호 메커니즘을 확인하기 위해, 염증 관련 단백질 발현을 측정하였다. 3가지 감초 추출물은 H₂O₂만을 처리한 control군에 비해 inducible nitric oxide synthase 및 cyclooxygenase-2 발현 감소를 통해 염증반응 조절을 통한 신경교세포 보호 작용기전을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 G. uralensis, G. glabra, SW 등 3가지 감초 추출물이 산화적 손상이 유도된 신경교세포 보호에 유용한 소재로써의 가능성이 있는 것으로 사료된다. Oxidative stress is common cause of neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the in vitro free radical scavenging activity and protective effect of three Glycyrrhiza species including Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and a new variety of Glycyrrihza (Shinwongam, SW) against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in C6 glial cells. In vitro assays, radical scavenging activities of G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ·OH, and O₂ ^- increased as concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the SW was found to contain the highest polyphenol and flavonoid contents. The treatment of H₂O₂ to C6 glial cell induced oxidative stress, whereas G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW significantly increased the cell viability as dose-dependent manner. In particular, SW exerted stronger protective effect on H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity, than G. uralensis and G. glabra. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was significantly elevated by H₂O₂ in C6 glial cells. However, treatments of G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW decreased ROS formation. In addition, SW decreased pro-inflammatory related protein expression levels such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, compared to H₂O₂-treated control group. These results indicated that G. uralensis and G. glavra, especially SW, may be useful for preventing from oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage by regulating inflammatory reaction.

Effect of Root Extracts of Medicinal Herb Glycyrrhiza glabra on HSP90 Gene Expression and Apoptosis in the HT-29 Colon Cancer Cell Line

Nourazarian, Seyed Manuchehr,Nourazarian, Alireza,Majidinia, Maryam,Roshaniasl, Elmira Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.18

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common lethal cancer types worldwide. In recent years, widespread and large-scale studies have been done on medicinal plants for anti-cancer effects, including Glycyrrhiza glabra. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an ethanol extract Glycyrrhiza glabra on the expression of HSP90, growth and apoptosis in the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. HT-29 cells were treated with different concentrations of extract (50,100,150, and $200{\mu}g/ml$). For evaluation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, we used MTT assay and flow cytometry technique, respectively. RT-PCR was also carried out to evaluate the expression levels of HSP90 genes. Results showed that Glycyrrhiza glabra inhibited proliferation of the HT-29 cell line at a concentration of $200{\mu}g/ml$ and this was confirmed by the highest rate of cell death as measured by trypan blue and MTT assays. RT-PCR results showed down-regulation of HSP90 gene expression which implied an ability of Glycyrrhiza glabra to induce apoptosis in HT-29 cells and confirmed its anticancer property. Further studies are required to evaluate effects of the extract on other genes and also it is necessary to make an extensive in vivo biological evaluation and subsequently proceed with clinical evaluations.

감초 추출물이 면역 응답에 미치는 영향

심호기,박무희,최청,배만종 한국식품영양학회 1997 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.10 No.4

감초에서 분리한 각각의 추출물(GHE, GME, GAE)을 BALB/c mice에 투여하여 탐식작용, 용혈 반형성, 용혈소 역가 측정 및 rosette 형성 실험을 통해 감초가 면역응답에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 1. 탐식능 측정에서 복강침출세포(PEC)와 비장세포(spleen cells)는 CON군에 비하여 각각의 약물투여군이 Candida parapsilosis에 대한 효과가 다소 높은 경향을 나타내었지만, 유의성은 없었다. 2. 용혈반 형성 및 용혈소 역가측정에서는 CON군에 비하여 GHE, GME 투여군 및 GAE 투여 군이 높게 나타났다. 3. Rosette형성에 대한 측정에서는 CON군에 비하여 GME, GAE 투여군이 높은 유의성을 나타내었다. This study was conduced to investigate on immune response of the hot water extract(PHE), 50% methanol extract(PME) and acetone extract(PAE) from Glycyrrhiza glabra. The experiment was carried out by phagocytosis, plaque forming cell(PEC), hemolysin titration(HY) and rosette forming cell(RFC) assay by using BALB/c mice. The results obtained from this study are as follow ; The effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts on phygocytosis was tended to beslight increase in GME and GAE groups compared to the control group, but not significant. In the experiment of PFC and HY, the results of experiment groups which was given each samples were significantly higher than the control group. The result of rosette forming cell in GME and GAE groups were significantly higher than control group.

연구논문(硏究論文)(재록(再錄)) : 의약화학 ; Glycyrrhiza glabra의 In Vitro and In Vivo에서 항알러지효과 및 그것의 구성 성분

신용욱 ( Yonq Wook Shin ),배은아 ( Eun Ah Bae ),이보미 ( Bo Mi Lee ),이승호 ( Seung Ho Lee ),김정아 ( Jeong Ah Kim ),김영식 ( Yeong Shik Kim ),김동현 ( Dong Hyun Kim ) 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 2007 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.17 No.-

감초 유전자원의 생육 및 수량 특성

손동균(Dong Kyun Son),오명원(Myeong Won Oh),황호섭(Ho Sop Hwang),한종원(Jong Won Han),정진태(Jin Tae Jung),마경호(Gyeong Ho Ma),윤영호(Young Ho Yoon),우선희(Sun Hee Woo),이정훈(Jeong Hoon Lee) 한국약용작물학회 2021 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.29 No.4

Background: When the licorice cultivated in Korea, the quality index components are lower than the standard value, and physiological disorders occur frequently. Therefore, we evaluated the growth and yield characteristics of resources to develop licorice varieties suitable for the domestic environment. Methods and Results: Glycyrrhiza resources were collected from five nations. Leaf margin has been identified as a species-specific characteristic that distinguishes G. uralensis and G. glabra. Glycyrrhiza resources were observed in flowers and seeds for 2 years. Leaf abscission began to fall from July and lasted until November according to the characteristics of the resources. As the number of cultivation years increased, root length, rhizome length, and rhizome number were not significantly related, however, root diameter, root weight and rhizome weight were significantly related. The skin root color became dark after a year. Yield (dry weight of underground part) increased mostly from the first to second year, whereas the yield changed depending on resource characteristics in three years. The yield was positively correlated with dry rhizome weight, plant height, stem diameter, and root diameter. Cluster analysis indicated that, they were classified into three clusters. Among them, the resources in group Ⅲ were confirmed to be of high quantity and quality. Conclusions: GLY13-05, GLY14-02, and GLY14-06 of Glycyrrhiza resources were evaluated as having excellent growth and yield characteristics. Moreover, they can be cultivated in domestic environments.

감초 분말의 현미조직에 관한 연구

김재욱 ( Kim Jae Ug ),길기정 ( Gil Gi Jeong ),이영종 ( Lee Yeong Jong ) 대한본초학회 2003 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.18 No.4

N/A Objectives: To examine the differences in morphological characteristics of Glycyrrhizae Radix according to the original plant, author collected, analyzed and compared products such as Glycyrrhia umiensis Fischer, Glycyrrhiza glabm Linne, and Glycyrrhiza pallidinom Makino. Methods: For samples, laboratory grown Glycyrrhizae uralensis Radix, Glycyrrhizae glabrae Radix, and Glycyrrhizae pallidiflorae Radix were collected. Since, collected products were grown under controlled environment by the Rural Development Administration, the origins of each plant were certain. The genuineness and quality of the samples were checked and examined. To make the specimen, the samples were grinded, and the powder was mounted by a solution of Glycerin, Acetic acid and Water at the rate of 1 : 1 : 1. The specimen was observed by optic microscope(0LYMPUS BHT, Japan), photographs were taken and then schemes of the characteristics were made. Results: Followings are the morphologic characteristics of Glycyrrhizae uralensis Radix, Glycyrrhizae glabrae Radix, and Glycyrrhizae pdidiflorae Radix powder. 1) All of the Glycyrrhizae uralensis Radix, Glycyrrhizae glabrae Radix, and Glycyrrhizae pallidiflorae Radix have a light brown powder. 2) Fibers are formed in bundle with the diameter of 8 - 2 0 ~ It has a thick fiber membrane, which shows a little sign of lignifications. Surrounding parenchymal cells contain the cube crystal of calcium hydroxides and there are formations of the crystal fibers. 3) Rather many cube crystals of calcium hydroxides can be observed with the diameter of 8-20pm. 4) The bordered pit vessels are slightly large. The reticulate vessels are light yellow and seldom observed with the diameter of 30-163~. 5) The starch particles are in an oval or close to a round shape and made of singular grains. The diameter of starch particles is about 5 - 2 0 ~ . The belly point is in the shape of a dot or a short suture. 6) The accessory cells have a reddish plum color, a polygonal shape and some early sign of lignifications. Conclusion : Since, there were no significant morphologic differences among the Glycyrrhizae uralensis Radix, Glycyrrhizae glabrae Radix, and Glycyrrhizae pallidiflorae Radix powder by microscopic investigation, to differentiate of such by their micro tissues are impossible.

감초 신품종과 약전 수재 감초 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 암세포 독성 비교 연구

김민희 ( Minhee Kim ),강명훈 ( Myunghoon Kang ),이정훈 ( Jeonghoon Lee ),임강현 ( Kang-hyun Leem ),안효진 ( Hyo-jin An ),진종식 ( Jong-sik Jin ),이종현 ( Jong-hyun Lee ),장재기 ( Jaeki Chang ),성신 ( Shin Seong ),김원남 ( Wonnam 대한본초학회 2021 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.36 No.3

Objectives : The Glycyrrhiza new varieties, WONGAM and SINWONGAM, were developed through interspecific cross between Glycyrrhiza glabra and Glycyrrhiza uralensis by the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration in Korea. This in vitro study was undertaken to compare the antioxidant and cytotoxic effects between Glycyrrhiza new varieties (WONGAM and SINWONGAM) and official compendia (Glycyrrhiza glabra and Glycyrrhiza uralensis ). Methods : Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhy drazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis (3-rthylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) diammonium salt, Nitrite radical scavenging assay, and Reducing Power assay. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay and cell morphology was observed by an inverted microscope. Results : The DPPH, ABTS, Nitrite radical scavenging activities and reducing power of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, WONGAM, and SINWONGAM were evaluated at different concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ㎍/㎖). Glycyrrhiza glabra , Glycyrrhiza uralensis , WONGAM, and SINWONGAM showed similar dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activities. The cytotoxic effects with increasing doses of Glycyrrhiza new varieties and official compendia did not differ in HCT116, HT29, A549, MDA-MB231, PC3, ACHN, and HeLa cells. However, significant difference in cytotoxicity were observed in AGS, MCF7 and Hep3B cells by Glycyrrhiza glabra , Glycyrrhiza uralensis , WONGAM, and SINWONGAM. Conclusions : These results showed that Glycyrrhiza new varieties and official compendia acts as a potent antioxidant. Also, the finding that equivalent cytotoxic potency was observed in a cell dependent manner. Our study suggests that Glycyrrhiza new varieties may offer a wide-variety of health benefits.

원산지별 감초 추출물의 항산화 활성 비교 연구

한샛별 ( Saet Byeol Han ),구현아 ( Hyun A Gu ),김수지 ( Su Ji Kim ),김혜진 ( Hye Jin Kim ),권순식 ( Soon Sik Kwon ),김해수 ( Hae Soo Kim ),전소하 ( So Ha Jeon ),황준필 ( Jun Pil Hwang ),박수남 ( Soo Nam Park ) 대한화장품학회 2013 대한화장품학회지 Vol.39 No.1

본 연구에서는 한국과 중국 감초(Glycyrrhiza uralensis) 및 우즈베키스탄 감초(Glycyrrhiza glabra)를 이용하여 원산지별 감초 추출물의 항산화 활성에 관한 비교 연구를 수행하였다. 감초 추출물의 자유 라디칼(1, 1-phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) 소거활성(FSC₅₀)은 각 3가지 원산지 중 한국 감초가 50% 에탄올 추출물(21.15 μg/mL), 에틸아세테이트 분획(29.15 μg/mL), 아글리콘 분획(3.26 μg/mL)에서 모두 가장 우수한 활성을 나타내었다. 루미놀-의존성 화학발광법을 이용한 Fe³⁺-EDTA/H₂O₂ 계에서 생성된 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS)에 대한 감초 추출물의 총 항산화능(OSC₅₀)은 중국 감초의 50% 에탄올 추출물(1.00 μg/mL)과 에틸아세테이트 분획(0.34μg/mL)이 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다. Rose-bengal로 증감된 사람 적혈구의 광용혈에 대한 억제 효과를 측정하였을 때 원산지별 감초의 50% 에탄올 추출물과 아글리콘 분획 모두 농도범위(5 ~ 50 μg/mL)에서 농도의존적으로 세포 보호 효과를 나타내었으며, 특히 아글리콘 분획(10 μg/mL)의 경우 한국 감초(τ₅₀ = 847.4 min)가 동일한 종인 중국 감초(τ₅₀ = 194.3 min)보다 약 4배 더 우수한 활성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 통해 미백 소재로만 주로 사용되어오던 감초 추출물이 천연 항산화제로서 화장품 분야에 응용될 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 특히 세포 보호 효과가 우수한 것으로 보아 감초 추출물이 자외선으로 유도된 ¹O₂와 외 ROS로부터 피부를 효과적으로 보호할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. In this work, comparative study on antioxidative activities of extracts from Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) produced in Korea and in China and Glycyrrhiza glabra (G. glabra) produced in Uzbekistan was conducted. Among three origins, 50% ethanol extracts (21.15 μg/mL), ethyl acetate fraction (29.15 μg/mL) and aglycone fraction (3.26 μg/mL) of G. uralensis from Korea showed the higher free radical (1,1-phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity (FSC₅₀) than extracts from other origins. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities (OSC₅₀) of extracts from three origins on ROS generated in Fe³⁺-EDTA/H₂O₂ system were investigated using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay 50% ethanol extract (1.00 μg/mL) and ethyl acetate fraction (0.34 μg/mL) of G. uralensis from China showed the most prominent ROS scavenging activity. The protective effects of extract/fractions of G. uralensis and G. glabra extracts on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. 50% ethanol extract and aglycone fraction of G. uralensis and G. glabra extracts from three origins showed cellular protective effects in a concentration dependent manner (5 ∼ 50 μg/mL). Aglycone fraction of G. uralensis from Korea (τ₅₀ = 847.4 min)especially showed cellular protective effects four times higher than that from China (τ₅₀ = 194.3 min). These results indicate that G. uralensis and G. glabra extracts, which have been used as whitening agent, could be applicable to functional cosmetic ingredient as a natural antioxidant. Judging from the prominent cellular protecitve effects, it is concluded that G. uralensis and G. glabra extracts can protect the skin from ¹O₂ and various ROS induced by UV.

감초와 상백피 복합추출물의 항염증 효과

최사랑 ( Sa-rang Choi ),김만종 ( Man-jong Kim ) 조선대학교 공학기술연구원 2022 공학기술논문지 Vol.15 No.1

This study confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. complex extracts (Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Morus alba L.) by the complex ratio of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Morus alba L. extract. Cell viability was assessed using RAW 264.7 cells by MTT assay. The Glycyrrhiza glabra L. complex extract was measured through changes in the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), nitric oxide (NO), inflammatory cytokine (i.e., IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha), COX-2, and iNOS in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. All test results were analyzed by an ELISA reader, western blot analysis, and Luminex. Compared with those in the control group, all complex ratio extracts were not toxic below a concentration of 100 ㎍/㎖. In addition, the complex ratio extract treatments significantly reduced the productions of NO, PGE₂, and cytokine and significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The results indicate that Glycyrrhiza glabra L. complex extracts prevented and alleviated inflammatory indications. Thus, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. complex extracts may be developed as a functional option material for feeding to improve diseases caused by inflammatory mediators.