Effects of Foot Strengthening Exercises and Functional Insole on Range of Motion and Foot Plantar Pressure in Elderly Women

( Jin Hyung Shin ),( Joong Sook Lee ),( Ki Hoon Han ),( Kang Ho Bae ) 한국운동역학회 2018 한국운동역학회지 Vol.28 No.1

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of foot strengthening exercise program and functional insoles on joint angle and plantar pressure in elderly women. Thirteen elderly women who were enrolled in a university senior citizens academy of a metropolitan city in 2017 were divided into two groups: exercise group with functional insole (n=7) and exercise group without functional insole (n=6). Method: Three-dimensional motion analysis and Pedar-X were performed to compute the joint angle and the foot plantar pressure, respectively. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA was conducted to compare dependent variables within and between groups. The significance level was set at α =.05. Results: The range of motion (ROM) of the ankle, knee, and hip joints in the exercise group with functional insole increased significantly more than the exercise group without functional insole. In both the experimental group and the comparison group, the maximum foot plantar pressure and the mean foot plantar pressure were decreased, but the comparison group without functional insole showed more decrease. Since the experimental group demonstrated greater pressure than the comparison group in the contact area (forefoot, midfoot), it was distributed over a greater area. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that participation in foot strengthening exercises and using a functional insole has more positive effects than foot strengthening exercises alone on the joint angle and plantar pressure in elderly women. Increased foot plantar pressure led to an increased contact area (forefoot, midfoot) for distribution of the foot plantar pressure, but the effect of reducing the maximum and average plantar pressures was incomplete. However, wearing functional insoles along with exercise, could help in improving the stability of the joints, by increasing the range of motion, and could help the elderly in movement of the muscles more effectively, leading to an improvement in gait function.

보행시 보급형 키 높이 인솔의 높이와 재질이 평균 족저압에 미치는 영향

이중숙 ( Joong Sook Lee ),김두환 ( Doo Hwan Kim ),정부원 ( Bu Won Jung ),한동욱 ( Dong Wook Han ),박돈목 ( Don Mog Park ) 한국운동역학회 2011 한국운동역학회지 Vol.21 No.4

This study determined the effects of the height and the quality of the material of popular heel-up insole on mean plantar foot pressure during walking. Seven healthy college students who are studying at Suniversity in Busan were as participants in this study. After sufficiently explaining about the research to the subjects before the experiment, mean plantar foot pressures were examined using F-Scan Pressure Measure System 5.23 for the gait with shoes inserted insole and the data were compared among the height and the quality of material of insoles. In the result, there was a difference significantly in the mean plantar foot pressure followed the height of insoles both left and right. Especially, mean plantar foot pressure in left indicated significantly lower in 3 cm and 5 cm insoles than in 0 cm and 1 cm insoles. Also mean plantar foot pressure in right showed significantly lower in 3 cm and 5 cm insoles than in 0 cm, and indicated significantly lower in 5 cm insoles than in 1 cm and 3 cm insoles. The mean plantar foot pressure followed the quality of the material of insoles were different significantly. In left, the mean plantar foot pressure of urethane poly-acetyl insole was lower significantly tan urethane poly-acetyl inserted air insole, power-gel insole and jelly insole. And the mean plantar foot pressure of urethane poly-acetyl insole was lower significantly than power-gel insole and jelly insole in right. We showed that 3 cm and 5 cm insoles in the height of insoles and Urethane poly-acetyl insole in the quality of material were suitable to reduce a fatigue which is felt in plantar foot during the walking.

인솔 장착형 단하지 보조기의 생체 역학적 분석을 통한 보행 영향성 평가

정지용 ( Ji Yong Jung ),김진호 ( Jin Ho Kim ),김경 ( Kyung Kim ),원용관 ( Yong Gwan Won ),권대규 ( Dae Kyu Kwon ),김정자 ( Jung Ja Kim ),( Pham Hai Trieu ) 한국운동역학회 2010 한국운동역학회지 Vol.20 No.4

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of insole-equipped ankle-foot-orthoses (AFO) on gait. 10 healthy males who had no history of injury in the lower extremity participated in this study as the subjects. The foot of each subject was first scanned, and the insole fit to the plantar was made using BDI-PCO(Pedcad Gmbh, Germany). The subject then was made to walk on a treadmill under four experimental conditions: 1) normal walking, 2) walking wearing AFO, 3) walking wearing AFO equipped with the insole, 4) walking wearing pneumatic-ankle-foot-orthosis (pAFO) equipped with the insole. During walking, foot pressure data such as maximum force, contacting area, peak pressure, and mean pressure was collected using Pedar-X system (Novel Gmbh, Germany) and EMG activity of lower limb muscles such as gastrocnemius medial head, gastrocnemius lateral head, and soleus was recorded using MP150 EMG module (BIOPAC System Inc., USA). Collected data was then analyzed using paired t-test in order to investigate the effects of the insole. As a result of the analysis, when insole was equipped, overall contacting area was increased while both the highest peak pressure and the mean pressure were significantly decreased, and EMG activity of the lower limb muscles was decreased. On the contrary, the cases of wearing AFO showed the decreased contacting area and the increased pressures. Therefore, the AFO equipped with a proper insole fit well to the foot can help comfortable walking by spreading the pressure over the entire plantar.

운동효과 증진을 위한 Arch Support 효과에 관한 연구

이창민(Chang?Min Lee),김진훈(Jin?Hoon Kim),오연주(Yeon?Ju Oh),김대웅(Dae?Woong Kim) 대한인간공학회 2008 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.27 No.3

Walking shoes for walking and jogging have been used to enjoy lots of leisure time. Functional shoes such as walking shoes have special functions to improve body motility by changing of shoe shapes. The walking shoes could improve the motility by structural transformation of outsole as increase degrees of heel and toe. The study on insoles has not been conducted enough on the contrary of the study of outsole. The purpose of this study is to perform ergonomics analysis whether the Arch Supported insoles have an improving effect of muscle activities or not. Experiments were performed with 6 subjects who are health and haven't experienced any diseases past. EMG(Electromyography) and Foot Pressures were measured repeatedly for 5 seconds at 0 hour, after 1 hour and after 2 hours of walking. Insoles used for experiment are normal insole, insole inserted Arch Support and pad. The electrodes for EMG measurement were set on waist (erector spinae), and thigh (vastus lateralis), calf (gastrocnemius). Evaluations of EMG were analyzed by shift of MF (Median Frequency) and MPF (Mean Power Frequency). Foot Pressure was analyzed by mean pressure of feet and change of walking time. As results, Arch Support insole had larger frequency shift value than that of normal insole. Frequency shift between Arch Support insoles and normal insole showed significant difference on 95% confidence interval. And insole 1 has the highest value of frequency shift. For results of foot pressure, Arch Support insoles show continuous decreasing tendency when comparing with normal insoles by changing of times. Also, insole 1 has the highest decreasing value of foot pressure. Therefore, this study presented that the Arch Support insole can promote muscle activities and improves comfort for a prolonged walking.

편평발이 있는 대상자의 오버헤드 스쿼트 시 깔창이 넙다리네갈래근각과 무릎너비에 미치는 효과

김기재(Gi-Jae Kim),김주현(Ju-Hyun Kim),박세원(Se-Won Park),우영교(Yeong-Gyo Woo),정병준(Byung-Jun Geong),안나원(Na-Won An) 한국임상움직임치료학회 2023 한국임상움직임치료학회지 Vol.3 No.1

Background Flat foot is a common musculoskeletal disease that affects lower extremities alignment. The insole was used to manage flat feet. To our knowledge, there is no study on the insole effects ankle and knee joint kinematics during overhead squats in subjects with flat feet. Objectives The purpose of the study is to compare the Q-angle and knee width of adults with flat feet according to the presence or absence of the insole during overhead squats. Methods A total of 15 participants with flat feet participated in this study. Flat feet were assessed according to scores on the navicular drop test. To measure Q-angle using Kinovea®, we attached markers to the tibial tuberosity, the center of anterior superior iliac spine and the center of the patella. The participants maintained a static standing position for 10 seconds, and performed the overhead squat for 7seconds. We measured the Q-angle in standing and squatting positions, and knee width while maintaining the squatting position. The difference in outcome measures in squatting with and without an insole was analyzed using a paired t-test. Results In the standing and overhead squatting postures, the Q-angle significantly decreased when using the insole compared to when it was not used (p < 0.05). In the overhead squatting posture, the knee width significantly increased when using the insole compared to when it was not used (p < 0.05). Conclusions These results showed that using an insole can help adults with flat feet in static standing posture and dynamic squat movements.

기능성 인솔과 일반 인솔의 발에 대한 접촉 면적, 최대 압력, 최대 평균압력 및 최대 힘 비교

이수경 대한고유수용성신경근촉진법학회 2022 PNF and Movement Vol.20 No.3

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in the contact area, maximum pressure, maximum mean pressure, and maximum force of functional insoles and general insoles when walking. Methods: Foot pressure was measured by the ignition of functional insoles and general insoles on Company N shoes. The foot pressure was measured using a precision pressure distribution meter (Pedar – X mobile system, Novel, Germany). Each insole sensor contained 99 independent cells and was inserted between the foot and the shoe. A wireless Bluetooth-type program was used to measure the pressure detected by the measuring insoles. In order to eliminate adaptation and fatigue caused by wearing the guide during the experiment, sufficient rest was taken between each experiment, and the wearing order was randomly selected. Results: Functional insole significantly increased the forefoot and midfoot (medial, lateral) (p<0.05), while total foot, forefoot, and rearfoot peak pressure significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared to the general insole. Conclusion: In the functional insole, a high contact area was measured inside, even in the middle of the foot, leading to a proper change in foot pressure. It was confirmed that the contact area was reduced and dispersion occurred well. In addition, it was found that the maximum pressure in the front and back of the entire foot was reduced, so the weight pressure dispersion in the functional insole was evenly distributed, and the maximum average pressure change was similar.

직교 그리드 센서가 삽입된 인솔을 이용한 족압분포 연구

손정협 ( Jeong-Hyeop Son ),정인준 ( In-jun Jung ),장승환 ( Seung-hwan Chang ) 한국복합재료학회 2021 Composites research Vol.34 No.3

본 연구에서는 당뇨병 환자들의 균일한 족압 분포를 유도하여 발의 상처를 예방하는 신발을 개발하기 위한 연구방법을 제시하였다. 직교 그리드 센서를 사용하여 일반인의 직립 상태 시 족압 분포를 확인하고, 다양한 조건에 대한 족압분포의 변화를 비교하였다. 신발 바닥부에 삽입된 스프링의 스프링 상수와 인솔의 아치부 유무 등에 따른 족압 분포의 변화를 파악하여 효과적인 족압 분산 조건을 확인하였다. 인체거동의 임의성 등에 의한 실험 오차를 최소화 하기 위해, 직립 상태를 모사한 유한요소해석을 통해 특정 조건에서의 족압 분포를 예측하고 실험 결과와 비교하여 실험의 정확성을 확보할 수 있도록 하였다. 스프링의 개수와 배치에 따른 족압 분포의 변화를 유한요소해석을 통해 확인하여 보다 균일한 족압을 구현할 수 있는 조건을 제시하였다. 이러한 결과는 당뇨발을 가진 환자를 위한 신발 설계에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. In this study, we present a research method to develop a shoe that prevents foot injury by inducing the foot pressure. An orthogonal grid sensor was used to check the foot pressure in the upright standing position, and the change in the foot pressure distribution for various conditions was compared. We checked the conditions for distributing foot pressure efficiently by changing the spring constant of the spring inserted into the sole of the shoe and the foot pressure generated with or without the arch of the insole. In order to minimize the experimental error from the randomness of the human body's behavior, it is possible to predict through foot pressure under certain conditions through finite element analysis that simulates the pressure distribution. By checking the change of foot pressure according to the number and arrangement of springs through finite element analysis, conditions were established to provide more efficient foot pressure. The result can be used for designing footwear for patients with diabetic feet.

충격흡수 및 통기기능 인솔을 적용한 개발 전투화의 족저압력 및 온도변화 연구

한기훈(Ki Hoon Han),이중숙(Joong Sook Lee),배강호(Kang Ho Bae),신진형(Jin Hyung Shin),정상옥(Sang Ok Jeong) 한국유화학회 2018 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.35 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 충격흡수 및 통기기능 인솔을 적용한 개발 전투화의 족저압력 및 온도변화를 연구하는데 있다. 남성 피험자 11명(age: 21.8±2.2 yrs, height: 174.3±3.6 cm, weight: 71.6±8.6 kg, foot length: 261.0±1.0 mm)을 대상으로 총 3종류 전투화의 족저압력 및 온도 변화를 비교하였다: 전투화 A(보급형 일반 전투화), 전투화 B(통기구가 적용된 개발 전투화), 전투화 C(전투화 B에 통기기능 및 충격흡수용 인솔 적용). 족저압력 측정을 위해 Pedar-X를 사용하였고, 전투화의 내부온도는 휴대용 써미스 터의 온도센서를 사용하였다. 전투화의 종류별 족저압력 및 온도 변화결과를 비교하기 위해 일원변량분석 (one-way ANOVA)을 실시한 결과, 첫째, 족저압력 변인에서, 기능성 인솔을 적용한 전투화 C가 전투화 A보다 오른발/왼발 후족부의 최대족저압력에서 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았으며, 전투화 C가 전투화 B보다 왼발 후족부의 평균족저압력에서 통계적으로 유의하게 낮은 압력을 나타내었다. 둘째, 내부온도에서 보행 시작 후 40분경과 시점부터 개발 전투화인 B, C가 일반 전투화인 A보다 낮은 내부 온도를 보였다. The purpose of this study was to compare the foot plantar pressure and temperature changes of the developed combat boots with functional impact absorption and ventilation insole. A total of 11 male subjects(age: 21.8±2.2 yrs, height: 174.3±3.6 cm, weight: 71.6±8.6 kg, foot length: 261.0±1.0 mm) were recruited to compare the foot plantar pressure and temperature changes of the three types of combat boots: Combat boots A (generalized combat boots), Combat boots B (developed combat boots with ventilation function), Combat boots C (Application of ventilation function and impact absorption insole to combat boots B). Pedar-X and a portable thermistor temperature sensor were used to measure the foot plantar pressure parameters and the internal temperature of the combat boots, respectively. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the results of plantar pressure and temperature changes. The results were as follows: First, in the foot plantar pressure parameters, combat boots C showed the significant lower maximum foot plantar pressure in the right/left rear foot compared with combat boots A and average foot plantar pressure in the left foot compared with combat boots B. Second, after 40 minutes from the start of walking, the developed combat boots B and C showed the significant lower temperature than the general combat boots A.

트레드밀 보행시 인솔 형태 변화에 따른 족저압력 분석

우정휘 ( Jung Hwi Woo ),이중숙 ( Joong Sook Lee ),양정옥 ( Jeong Ok Yang ),이범진 ( Bom Jin Lee ),배강호 ( Kang Ho Bae ),한동욱 ( Dong Wook Han ),박상묵 ( Sang Muk Park ),배진우 ( Jin Woo Bae ) 한국운동역학회 2015 한국운동역학회지 Vol.25 No.1

Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze the foot-pressure distribution of 2D(2 dimensional form) & 3D(3 dimensional form; a customizedarch-fit for posture correction) insoles for assessing their biomechanical functionality· Background: Recently there has been increased interest in both foothealth and foot pain patients· Analysis of the plantar pressure was often used to solve the problems of the foot displayed by such people as rheumatoidarthritis patients· Method : Subjects who participated in this study were 17 female university students who had no previous injury experience in lower limbs and a normalgait pattern· The shoe size of all subjects was 240 mm· Two models of insoles of 2D(typical flat insole - 2 dimensional form) and 3D(special production- 3 dimensional form) were selected for the test· Using the Pedar-X system and Pedar-X insoles, 4·0 km/h of walking speed, and a compilation of 50steps walking stages were used to analyze foot-pressure distribution· Results : Results of the foot-pressure distribution and biomechanical functionality on each insole were as follows; analyses of mean plantar pressure,maximum plantar pressure, maximum vertical GRF, and plantar pressure curve shape all showed overall low plantar pressure and GRF· Conclusion : This can be evaluated as an excellent insole for low levels on the plantar pressure and GRF· Therefore, it is possible to conclude thataccording to this analysis the 3D Customized Arch-fit Insole was better than 2D insole on the basis of these criteria·

편평족의 환자 맞춤형 인솔 보조기가 양발속도에 미치는 영향

민경기,박광용,박승환 한국재활복지공학회 2008 재활복지공학회논문지 Vol.2 No.1

Pes planus is a condition where the arch of the foot collapses and comes in contact with the ground. The purpose of study was to confirm the effect of a patient-customized insole on both feet velocity of pes planus with and without the insole, in order to establish both feet velocity as a rehabilitation evaluation factor of pes planus in future. As a result, the average velocity shifts of both feet showed that left foot is 2.96%, right foot is 1.09% via gait experiment with 13 pes planus patients with and without insole. Therefore this study verified that the patient-customized insole effects on both feet velocity of pes planus. However further study needs to demonstrate both feet velocity as a rehabilitation evaluation factor in pes planus.