일제강점기 光州邑城 內의 경관변화

조정규 순천대학교 남도문화연구소 2013 南道文化硏究 Vol.0 No.24

A study on the urban landscape change is one of the main study subject of the geographer concerned in the landscape. Gwangju eupseong is known to constructed from the end of the Korean Dynasty to beginning of the Joseon Dynasty but a Specific records is not being informed. Gwangju eupseong is known to demolish from 1907 to 1910, but some of the castle had existed after 1912 it is marked at 1912 cadastral map. Because Joseon Dynasty government office building almost disappeared during the Rule of Japanese Colonialism it is difficult to identify the location. The Government office building(Gwan-a) was used as Jeonnam provincial government building and Gaeksa was used as the district court. Lands in Gwangju eupseong in 1912 existed in some of field at Dongmun-tong(동문통), Gung-Jeong(궁정), donggwangsan-jeong(동 광산정) but all was converted to ground in the 1920s. Lands were differentiated the homes and shops around Geumnamro and chungjangro. Chungjangro and Geumnamro became commercial function's area and Seomun-tong(서문통) became a residential area. The primary axis of the road in Gwangju eupseong was the Joseon Dynasty's road to connect the four gates. With establishment of the Gwangju Station in 1922, the opening of new roads connecting from Gwangju Station to Jeonnam provincial government building have been constructed Geumnamro in Gwangju eupseong and it served as the center of the road In Gwangju eupseong. Owned land in Gwangju eupseong showed deferent case to other eupseong regions. At the other regions Japanese was entered into eupseong since it was demolished because eupseong set boundary to Japanese and Korean's residential districts. Before this period in 1905, a Japanese store was opened in Gwangju eupseong. On the basis of cadastral at 1912 land ownership in Gwangju eupseong was owned by the Japanese much of the estate. Functions in Eupseong was changed from the administration and the military in the Joseon Dynasty, to the administrative functions and commercial functions in the Rule of Japanese Colonialism. Diverse Joseon Dynasty's hyangcheong functions integrated and many of the areas was rapidly replaced by a commercial function areas. Because Japanese people, especially in the process of national land disposed occupied, lands in Gwangju eupseong was transformed into a Japanese commercial areas. In conclusion, Japanese firstly recognized advanced cultures and urban functions was occupied lands in Gwangju eupseong. Commercial capabilities and administrative functions as the hub of Gwangju developed during the Rule of Japanese Colonialism and the current generation is reached.

조선전기 남동해안 연해읍성의 유형과 이건배경

권순강,이호열 한국건축역사학회 2015 건축역사연구 Vol.24 No.4

Coastal eupseongs, which are mainly built in the period of late Goryeo and early Joseon period, are essential materials in studying the history of Joseon period eupseongs. The purpose of this study is to connect the annexation of local districts with the relocation of local government office, so as to categorize the types of coastal-eupseongs and examine the background of their constructions and relocations. Coastal eupseongs are mainly divided into 'maintenance type' and 'Mergence type' according to the annexation of local districts, and maintenance type is broken down into fortress type and non-fortress type in accordance with the existence of old eupseongs(fortresses). Coastal eupseongs can also be categorized into 'application type' and 'relocation type' depending on whether ex-local government offices were reutilized or relocated. Maintenance type is 'fortress-application type'(Gimhae·Gosung·Old Ulsan-eupseong), 'non-fortress-application type'(New Ulsan-eupseong), 'fortress-relocation type'(Dongrae․Kijang․Geojegohyunseong․ Ulsan(Jwabyeongyoung)-eupseong), 'non-fortress-relocation type'(Sacheon․ Hadong·Jinhae-eupseong·Geojesadeongseong) are differentiated by type. Mergence type is divided into 'Merger of Villages after Castle Relocation Type(Changwon·Namhae·Gonyang-eupseong)', 'Merger of Villages before Castle Relacation Type(Ungcheon-eupseong)'. Coastal-eupseongs are moved to other places in need of more affluent water supply(Gimhae·Gijang-eupseong) and wider usable area(Namhae·Gohyunseong-eupseong). Eupseongs were enlarged owing to the population growth, caused by annexations of local districts.(Ungcheon-eupseong) 'Seonso'(navy yard) is a unique feature which cannot be seen in inland eupseongs.

삼척읍성의 역사적 배경과 시기별 축성 특성

최보경 강원사학회 2025 강원사학 Vol.0 No.44

삼척읍성의 변천과정은 문헌 및 발굴조사를 통해 확인된 자료로 볼 때 크게 3시기로 나눌 수 있다. 1시기는 초축 시점에 다소 논란의 여지가 있으나, 여말선초인 고려 우왕 12년(1386), 왜구의 침입에 대비하기 위해 지군사로 파견된 남은(南誾)이 축조한 토성으로 추정된다. 2시기는 성종 23년(1492) 기존의 토성을 확장하여 일부구간을 석축으로 증축한 것이다. 한편 문종 1년(1451) 영동지역에 대한 읍성축조가 진행되었지만 이 때 삼척읍성은 축조되지 않았다. 그러나 이후 성종 8년(1477) 관방에 부적합하기 때문에 성종 20년(1489)∼성종 23년(1492) 남벽 일부구간에 대해 석축으로 증축한 것으로 추정된다. 다만 이 시기 축조된 석성은 문종 1년에 부분적으로 축성된 강원지역 읍성과 마찬가지로 본격적인 석성으로의 개축보다 수원확보를 위한 임시조치의 성격이 강하다. 3시기는 중종 5년(1510) 축조된 석성이다. 3시기 석성의 축조방법은 외면은 대형석재로 축조한 다음 내면은 소형의 석재로 뒷채움하고 경사내탁한 방식이다. 이 외에 문헌검토 및 발굴조사 자료를 통해 여장(女墻)과 옹성(甕城)이 있었다는 것이 확인되었다. 1시기에서 3시기까지 삼척읍성의 변천과정은 크게 군사적인 측면과 풍수지리적인 측면이 고려되었다. 군사적인 측면으로는 읍성 내에 수용하기 위한 인구를 늘리기 위함이고, 풍수지리적인 측면으로는 읍성 주변지형의 영향으로 오십천과 인접한 남쪽과 동쪽으로 확장이 이뤄진 점이다. 이러한 변천과정은 1시기에 축조된 토성이 입지를 충분히 고려하지 못한 문제점을 해결하기 위함이었다. 삼척읍성의 변천과정은 강원지역 읍성과 비슷한 양상을 보여주고 있다. 하지만 강릉과 양양의 사례처럼 기존의 토성을 재활용하지 않았고, 토성과 석성의 구분이 명확하게 나뉜다. 또한 사방에 성벽을 축조하여 거의 방형에 가까운 형태를 띠는 강릉·양양읍성에 비해, 삼척읍성은 주변지형의 영향으로 동쪽·남쪽·북쪽에만 성벽을 축조한 주(舟)형의 평면형태를 보인다. The transformation process of Samcheok Eupseong can be divided into three major periods based on historical records and excavation findings. The first period is somewhat controversial regarding the date of its initial construction, but it is presumed to be an earthen fortress built by Nam Eun, who was dispatched as a military commander to prepare for the invasion of Japanese pirates in the 12th year of King U of Goryeo (1386), during the late Goryeo and early Joseon periods. The second period was in the 23rd year of King Seongjong’s reign (1492), when the existing earthen wall was expanded and some sections were added with stone walls. Although Eupseong construction projects were carried out in seven administrative towns in the Yeongdong region during the first year of King Munjong(1451), Samcheok Eupseong was not included at that time. However, due to concerns about its inadequate defensive capabilities, it is presumed that a section of the southern wall near the Osipcheon River was reinforced with stone. Nevertheless, the stone fortifications of this period were not a full-scale reconstruction but rather a temporary measure to secure water sources, similar to other walles partially built in Gangwon Province in the first year of King Munjong. The third period marks the construction of a full-fledged stone wall in the 5th year of King Jungjong (1510). The construction method of this phase involved using large stones for the outer surface, filling the inner layers with smaller stones, and employing a sloped backfill technique for the interior. Additionally, historical documents and excavation findings confirm that Samcheok Eupseong featured defensive structures such as yeojang and an ongseong. Notably, archaeological excavations provided the first evidence of an ongseong in a Eupseong wall within Gangwon Province during the Joseon Dynasty. Throughout the three periods of transformation, both military and geomantic considerations influenced the development of Samcheok Eupseong. From a military perspective, the changes aimed to accommodate a larger population within the wall. Geomantically, the wall expanded toward the south and east, areas adjacent to the Osipcheon River, due to the surrounding terrain. This transformation process was meant to address the locational shortcomings of the initial earthen wall. The changes observed in Samcheok Eupseong exhibit similarities with other Eupseong walles in Gangwon Province. However, unlike the cases of Gangneung and Yangyang, where existing earthen fortifications were reused, Samcheok Eupseong distinctly separated its earthen and stone fortifications. Additionally, while the Eupseong walles of Gangneung and Yangyang were nearly square-shaped with walls constructed on all four sides, Samcheok Eupseong adopted a boat-shaped layout, with walls built only on the east, south, and north sides due to the influence of the surrounding topography.

창녕 영산읍성의 축성의미와 그 구조

남재우 ( Nam Jae-woo ),안성현 ( Ahn Sung-hyun ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2016 석당논총 Vol.0 No.66

Based on excavational results, we have researched on the historical meaning of Youngsan eupseong in Changnyeong and its structural features. Eupseong, Town Wall, which had been built along the coastal area during the Joseon dynasty, had aimed to protect coastal area from japanese pirates. Thought Youngsan area weren`t coastal area, Young-San eupseong had been constructed in the same purpose. Because Changnyeong disrict had been plundered and attacked by japanese pirates who came along the Nakdong river. In 1477(8th year of king Sungjong`s reign, king`s court made decision to costruct Town Wall in Youngsan, Yangsan and Milyang. Because king and his court worried that japanese pirates were able to reach and plunder this region along the Nak dong river. The structure and features of Eupseong is as follows, Location of Youngsan eupseong is same with another Forts and Fortifications in Kyoungnam province after 5th century and Youngchuk sanseong Fortress had been located behind of eupseong. And the Town Wall was constructed between ground and mountainous area. Youngsan eupseong is different from Gohyun Town Wall in Geo-Je Island in terms of layout. Because Youngsan eupseong is becoming narrow towards the mountain area. The construction methods of wall are similar to the other Town Wall of coastal area built in the early Joseon period. we compared Youngsan eupseong with the other Town Walls and Forts of Joseon dynasty. As a results, we found two methods to strengthen the basis of wall. One is using wooden piles and the other is making foundation bed by digging the ground with the L or □ shapes and filling up the pit with rocks. In terms of construction technique of Town Wall of Joseon dynasty, foundation stones had been usually installed on the fundus of walls in the early time. But the technique had been changed and the foundation stones had been disappeared. Stylobate of the Wall had been constructed into two types of shape. One is diagonal shape and the other is horizontal shape. In the Youngsan eupseong, we had found both shapes of stylobate. And the diagonal shape stylobate was a rusult of influence from the Capital Fortress of Hanyang in Joseon dynasty.

全北地域 5개 邑城의 位置와 範圍 再考

박영민 ( Park Youngmin ),황호식 ( Hwang Hosik ) 전북대학교 인문학연구소 2022 건지인문학 Vol.- No.35

There are 13 Eupseongs in Jeollabuk-do, including Gosaburi, Gochang, Namwon, Mangyeong, Mujang, Buan, Buryeong, Okgu, Yongan, Impi, Jeonju, Hamyeol, and Heungdeok-eupseong. The existing eupseong in Jeollabuk-do was built for the storage and transportation of taxes during the Goryeo Dynasty, and most of the remaining eupseong was built between Taejong and Sejong in the Joseon Dynasty. The investigation and research of Eupseong in Jeollabuk-do has been concentrated in Eupseong, where some excavation surveys have been conducted. Due to the bias and deficiency of these survey studies, it was found that the locations and ranges of the five towns in Mangyeong, Buan, Yongan, Hamyeol, and Heungdeok were marked differently from the actual ones. Therefore, I identified the locations and ranges of these five towns through old maps, literature data, aerial photographs after liberation, and field trips, and marked them on the drawings to match the reality as much as possible. Eupseong in Jeollabuk-do is mainly located in the center of large cities and small towns, so damage and destruction are progressing faster than fortresses. Therefore, a comprehensive surver, research, and conservation measures should be devised in the future, including not only the rampart, but also the inside of the eupseong and the moat outside the eupseong.

읍성도시 유형별 도시발전 방안 연구 : 진주성?홍주읍성?나주읍성을 중심으로

이재희(Lee, Jae-Hee),안정근(Ahn, Jung-Geun),정현수(Jung, Hyun-Su) 한국주거환경학회 2015 주거환경(한국주거환경학회논문집) Vol.13 No.2

Urban decline in Castle towns was generated according to all sorts of regulation in land use, but this phenomenon allows traditional urban features to preserve due to the regulation of land use. In recent years, there have been a lot of efforts for tourist resources by restoring the parts of destroyed Eupseongs. In addition, Eupseongs are precious assets to present the direction of future cities along with the establishment of the city identity. Therefore, to suggest desirable development plans, the analysis on castle towns is required in terms of the unique history, culture, tradition, and arts of castle towns. In this regard, this study aims to suggest the differentiated development plans of castle towns, which have performed a central role of the region for a long period of time by classifying types of castle cities with regard to the urban planning and systems, business operation and management system, and development project around Eupseongs. According to the fortress of physical preservation forms, castle cities are classified into eupseongs, close to the original form, Eupesongs, whose parts are remaining, and Eupseongs, whose sites are only preserved due to the deterioration of the fortress. This study set target areas; Jinju-Fortress, Hongju-Eupseong and Naju-Eupseong, which represent each type, and conducted questionnaire surveys targeting relevant local residents and experts. First of all, the need for urban development plans according to the types of castle towns was verified through the cross analysis, and second, the variables of major effect were drawn through the multiple regression analysis. The study results are as follows: First, appointed management would be required for the castle cities, where fortress, which is close to the original form, is still remaining as the urban centers of the self-sufficient historic city on the premise of the preservation of castle cities. Second, the factors of sustainable population influx should be excavated through the cultural industry or the operation of educational programs in relation to the historic culture in castle cities, where some parts of the fortress are remaining. Third, in view of the structure of existing urban space, the restoration project of Eupseong is needed in castle cities, whose sites are only preserved due to the deterioration of the fortress.

성내동 지명의 공간적 특성에 관한 연구

류상규 한국교통대학교 2020 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.55 No.-

This study conducted a study on the characteristics of the geographical names, such as the origin of the Seongnae name and the spatial relationship with the past town castle, and the suitability of the Seongnae name currently used. The results of the study are as follows: First, regarding the origin of the inner city name, it can be classified into three periods: the Joseon Dynasty, Japanese colonial era, and after the liberation of Korea. Second, the spatial relationship of the Seongnae and Eupseong can be divided into four categories. In some cases, the spatial scope of the Seongnae is part of the inner part of the Eupseong, including parts of the inner part of the Eupseong and the surrounding area, the entire inner part of the Eupseong and the surrounding area, and, in particular, the surrounding area of the Eupseong, which is not related to the inner part of the Eupseong. Third, there are three distinct categories in terms of the suitability of the use of Seongnae. It was divided into examples showing diversity in the use of the Seongnae, cases focusing on the symbolism of the Eupseong, and cases requiring the adjustment of the spatial scope of the Seongnae through further research.

조선 후기 읍성의 인구 구성과 상업 집적 특성

김승정,박인권 도시사학회 2022 도시연구 Vol.- No.30

This study highlights the significance of research on an Eupchi (county ruling place, 邑治), a type of Korean traditional city, and investigates characteristics of an Eupseong (walled town, 邑城), an Eupchi enclosed by fortress walls in the late Joseon Dynasty. First, according to the results of the multiple regression analysis using population census data ( 民籍統計表 ) in the early 20th century, Eupchi was a place where non-agricultural activities such as commerce and manufacturing were concentrated. However, it is inferred that the non-agricultural sector was a factor that depended on the demand of the regional population rather than attracted the population to the Eupchi. In particular, it is most noteworthy that the concentration of commerce was lower in Eupseongs than in unwalled Eupchis. This finding is also supported by an examination of Imwonkyungjeji ( 林園經濟志 ), an agricultural encyclopedia written in the first half of the 19th century, and the Provincial Map of 1872( 1872年 地方地圖 ), which showed that Jangsis (periodical markets, 場市) were located outside the walls in approximately 25-70% of Eupseongs. This was in contrast to the characteristics of medieval European cities, where merchants settled within city walls. It is believed that this phenomenon was not due to the social discrimination that despised merchants but rather to the characteristics of the periodic market (Jangsi) where peddlers had to move on a daily basis and the absence of a threat to safety. As the walls served as a growth boundary, it could also be inferred that small merchants with low purchasing power were pushed out of Eupseong. The findings of this study suggest that it is important to precisely understand the commerce of the time represented by Jangsis in order to investigate urban characteristics of Eupchis and Eupseongs in the late Joseon Dynasty. 본 연구는 한국 전통 시대 도시의 한 유형으로서 읍치 연구의 중요성을 강조하고, 그중에서도 성곽으로 둘러싸인 읍성 읍치의 성격을 규명하고자 하였다. 우선 20세기 초 인구통계인 민적통계표 의 다중회귀분석에 따르면, 읍치는 상업・공업 등 비농업 활동이 집중된 곳이지만, 비농업 부문은 인구를 읍치와 그 주변 지역으로 능동적으로 유인하기보다는 지역 전체의 수요에 따라 변동하는 요소라고 추론된다. 특히, 읍성 읍치에서는 비읍성 읍치보다 상업 기능의 집중도가 낮았다는 사실이 가장 주목할 만한데, 이는 약 25~70%의 읍성에서 장시는 성 밖에 입지하고 있었다는 임원경제지 와 1872년 지방지도 의 분석 결과에 의해서도 뒷받침된다. 상인들이 성 내에 집주하였던 중세 유럽 도시의 특성과는 대비되는 사실이다. 이와 같은 현상은 상업을 천시하는 사회적 차별인식 때문이라기보다는, 행상들이 일일 단위로 이동해야 하는 장시라는 정기시적 특성과 안전에 대한 위협의 부재가 가장 큰 요인이라고 여겨진다. 읍성이 성장경계로 작용하면서 구매력이 낮은 중소상인 계층이 성 외곽으로 밀려났을 가능성도 떠올릴 수 있다. 이상의 연구 결과는 조선 후기 읍치와 읍성의 도시적 특성을 규명하기 위해서는 정기시로 대표되는 당대 상업의 성격을 적절하게 이해하는 것이 중요하다는 사실을 시사한다.

양양 읍성의 입지와 공간구성에 관한 연구

김경추 국토지리학회 2010 국토지리학회지 Vol.44 No.2

우리나라에는 과거부터 수많은 읍성이 존재하고 있었으나, 일제 강점기와 산업화시기를 겪으면서 대부분이 철거되었다. 읍성의 입지에는 군사적, 행정·경제적, 축성의 편리성, 성곽의 안전성, 풍수지리적 조건 등이 영향을 끼친다. 양양읍성은 이러한 일반적 입지조건을 거의 갖추고 있다. 읍성 내외 지역은 중국의 건축물 규정인 「주례고공제」, 조선조 정치이념인 유교적 가치관의 공간적 표현인 위계질서, 그리고 풍수지리적 사상 등을 공간구성원리로 하여 기능지역 분화가 이루어진다. 양양읍성은 이러한 공간구성 원리를 기본으로 하되 4개 문루 중 동문, 남문이 중시되고, 도로망도 이들을 연결하여 “T”자형보다는 “Y”자형을 이룬다. 읍성의 형태는 사각형이고, 건물은 남향 배치되고 祭儀的 공간은 「左廟右社」의 원칙에 의해 배치되었으나 후에 부의 오른쪽 향교골로 이전되었고, 배산임수의 전형적 풍수형국을 이루는 점이 문헌과 고지도상에서 발견된다. In Korea, many city castles had been elected from the ancient times, but during the japanese imperialism and the industrial development period they had destroyed. The location conditions of Eupseong are militarial, administrative, economic, Geomancical, convenience of election and stability of castle. The castle of Yangyang town coincide with the general location conditions of Eupseong. The spatial division of Eupsung region is performed according to the 「Juregogongje」, value system of confucianism and the Geomancy. The region of Yangyang Eupseong is divided spatially based on the general spatial division principles, but some elements differ from the those elements. The south and east gate are more important than the others. the main street is ??pattern and the shape of city wall is a quadrilateral type. The functional region of sacrificial rites is located according to the 「Juameowusa」principle, and the buildings disposition orient to the south direction that attach importance to other directions in Geomancy.

강릉읍성의 입지와 공간구성에 관한 연구

김경추 ( Kyung Choo Kim ) 한국도시지리학회 2004 한국도시지리학회지 Vol.7 No.2

In Korea, many city walls had been constructed from the ancient times, but during the Japanese imperialism and the industrial development period they had been destroyed. The location conditions of Eupseong are militarial, administrative, economic, geomancical, convenience of construction and stability of the wall. The wall of Gangnung city coincides with the general location conditions of Eupseong. The spatial division of Eupsung region is performed according to the 「Juregogongje」, value system of confucianism and the geomancy. The region of Gannung Eupseong is divided spatially based on the general spatial division principles, but some elements differ from the those elements. The south and east gate are more important than the others. the main street is `一` pattern and the shape of city wall is a diamond type. The functional region of sacrificial sites is located according to the 「Juameowusa」principle, and the buildings disposition is oriented to the south direction that has more importance than the other directions in geomancy.