제방겸용도로 건설에 따른 제방 안정성 해석에 관한 연구

김성남,이영우 한국도로학회 2008 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.10 No.3

This study analyzes the change of stability of embankment due to the construction of embankment combined used road with two different construction phases. The stabilities have been checked both in the phase of earth banking for a road construction and in the phase of the application of the traffic roads (DB-24). In both cases the factor of safety has been found higher than 1.3 which is the general criterion of the safety of an embankment. The results indicate that the safety of an embankment due to the construction of embankment combined use road is assured, and thus, it is thought that the construction of embankment combined use road can be considered for cutting down on expenses of construction sites for a road construction. However, the pre-examination of stability due to the construction should be carried out because it decreases the factor of safety of an embankment. From this study, it has been found that the factor of safety was dropped most when the water level rose in the transient flow. The result indicates that the stability analysis of a river embankment where the water level changes frequently should be carried out in the condition of transient flow. It is recommended that the inner side of an embankment should have a slope of 1:2 which is identical with the slope of the existing embankment. In addition, the factor of safety also can be decreased due to the traffic loads, and therefore, the effect should also be considered after the construction of embankment combined used road limiting the traffic loads. This study analyzes the change of stability of embankment due to the construction of embankment combined used road with two different construction phases. The stabilities have been checked both in the phase of earth banking for a road construction and in the phase of the application of the traffic roads (DB-24). In both cases the factor of safety has been found higher than 1.3 which is the general criterion of the safety of an embankment. The results indicate that the safety of an embankment due to the construction of embankment combined use road is assured, and thus, it is thought that the construction of embankment combined use road can be considered for cutting down on expenses of construction sites for a road construction. However, the pre-examination of stability due to the construction should be carried out because it decreases the factor of safety of an embankment. From this study, it has been found that the factor of safety was dropped most when the water level rose in the transient flow. The result indicates that the stability analysis of a river embankment where the water level changes frequently should be carried out in the condition of transient flow. It is recommended that the inner side of an embankment should have a slope of 1:2 which is identical with the slope of the existing embankment. In addition, the factor of safety also can be decreased due to the traffic loads, and therefore, the effect should also be considered after the construction of embankment combined used road limiting the traffic loads.

성토지지말뚝에 작용하는 연직하중의 이론해석

홍원표,이재호,전성권 한국지반공학회 2000 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.16 No.1

Several theoretical analyses are performed to predict the vertical load on embankment piles with cap beams. The piles are installed in a row in soft ground below the embankment and the cap beams are placed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the embankment. Two failure mechanisms such as the soil arching failure and the punching shear failure are investigated according to the failure pattern in embankment on soft ground supported by piles with cap beams. The soil arching can be developed when the space between cap beams is narrow and/or the embankment is high enough. In the investigation of the soil arching failure, the stability in the crown of the arch is compared with that above the cap beams. The factors affecting the load transfer in the embankment fill by soil arching are the space between cap beams, the width of cap beams and the soil parameters of the embankment fill. The portion of the embankment load carried by cap beams decreases with increment of the space between cap beams, while it increases with the embankment height, the width of cap beams, the internal friction angle and cohesion of the embankment fill. Thus, the factors affecting load transfer in embankment should be appropriately decided in order to maximize the effect of embankment load transfer by piles.

밀양(密陽) 수산제(守山堤) 수문(水門)의 발굴조사(發掘調査)와 성격(性格)

이동주 ( Dong Ju Lee ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2006 석당논총 Vol.36 No.-

This study examined a study on the structure and character of Miryang Susan Embankment, which has almost disappeared today, as well as ancient texts and maps and surrounding relics and topographies to study the overall character of Susan Embankment. This locality is a long valley of plains on both side of Nakdong River and an old water gate was found by its entrance. Thus, a partial excavation was conducted in this area in 1990. The embankment made an artificial tunnel on natural bedrock to flow water through the bedrock and had a water gate on each side of the embankment. Also, its wood and porcelain parts were excavated. These parts were dated back to the late Joseon Dynasty and early modern times, revealing that the embankment was operated until the modern times. The first historical record on Susan Embankment tells us that Geum, Bang Gyeong (1212~1300) from the Goryo Dynasty constructed an embankment to grow enough crops for Goryo-Mongolia Alliance to conquer Japan. The embankment was abandoned by the foundation of the Joseon Dynasty, but King Sejo ordered to reconstruct the embankment in front of Yangdong Station in Miryang on March 13th of the 13th year of his reign (1467). It was partially operated by the Government, but it completely lost its function with the collapse of the Joseon Dynasty. Referring to various ancient maps, the embankment is different from typical reservoirs that trap water on the lowest point of mountain valleys. Instead, it cut off both sides of a flat valley on a high point and trapped water overflowing from Nakdong River to supply it to plains on lower points of the valley. In this case, both parts of the mountain was used to form the waterway, the water gate could control the water supply to the plains. It was a very scientific system of large-capacity water supply and this was why this area was the national crop supplier until the fall of the Joseon Dynasty. The water gate found in the excavation was the outer embankment. Considering that it is located in front of Yangdong Village, it was constructed on March 13th of the 13th year of the reign of Joseon King Sejo. Another embankment is currently a straight road to Geumpo-ri and it was constructed by Geum, Bang Gyeong in the Goryo Dynasty. This embankment must have had an inner embankment, but it cannot be found today. Considering that the water gate which currently controls the waters of Nakdong River is also marked in early maps from before the 1920s and is located in a low point of a valley, we may be able to find the remains of another ancient water gate of Susan Embankment near this water gate.

김제 벽골제의 정비계획을 위한 조사방안 -고지형과 자연과학의 적용을 중심으로-

오승환 원광대학교 마한백제문화연구소 2019 馬韓, 百濟文化 Vol.33 No.-

The Byeokgolje embankment in Gimje have gained much results through more than 10 excavations so far. However, some parts have yet to be identified, which should be revealed through further investigation. Investigations should solve problems that have yet to be addressed using paleogemorphic map analysis, and research methods in various natural sciences. To identify the submerged range and the reach of water of the Byeokgolje embankment, an investigation of the surrounding area of Byeokgolje embankment is necessary. In this area, however, it is difficult to excavate the area because it is all privately owned land that farms. Therefore, a paleogemorphic map analysis that does an indirect investigation works best. Then, it has to accurately measure the Byeokgolje embankment to reveal the width and height of the embankment and simulate the submerged range. The extent to which the paleogemorphic map analysis is assumed to have had the floodgates of the Byeokgolje embankment can be pinpointed the locate by GPR exploration. This allows us to predict the location, shape, and structure of the Byeokgolje embankment's floodgates, as well as find unidentified structures that we did not expect. This enables rapid and precise investigations based on these forecasts prior to excavation. There was much debate about the purpose and use of the Byeokgolje embankment. To resolve this argument, the environment or landscape at the time of the construction must be restored. Soil samples obtained from the boring investigation should be analyzed in natural science. It is also necessary to collect data on radiation-carbon dates, including AMS, and various measurement data for absolute-date. Paleogemorphic map analysis and natural science analysis should be studied not separately from each other but integrated. Only then can we know the natural environment and topographical conditions prior to the construction of the Byeokgolje embankment, and we can trace the changes in personality from one era to another. This will be how the process of forming and developing Gimje Plain before and after the construction of the Byeokgolje embankment could be revealed. 사적 제 111호인 김제 벽골제유적은 그동안 10차례 이상의 발굴조사를 통해 많은 성과를 거두었다. 하지만 명확한 성격 규명이 이루어지지지 못한 부분도 남아 있어 향후 조사에서 이를 해결해야 할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 앞으로의 조사방향은 발굴 뿐 아니라 고지형 분석을 바탕으로 다양한 자연과학적 방법을 적용할 필요가 있다. 이를 통해 그동안의 조사에서 밝히지 못한 문제를 해결하는 한편 새로운 연구의 방향도 제시될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 벽골제의 담수 및 수혜지역을 밝히기 위해서는 주변 일대에 대한 조사가 절실하지만 대부분 논으로 경작되는 사유지란 점에서 직접적인 조사에는 한계가 있다. 여기에는 간접조사 방식인 고지형 분석의 활용이 더 효율적이며 효과도 크다. 이와 함께 정밀 측량방식을 응용한 벽골제의 제방 폭과 높이에 따른 담수량 시뮬레이션도 진행되어야 한다. 그리고 고지형 분석을 통해 추정된 벽골제의 수문에 대해서는 GPR탐사를 통해 세밀한 범위를 밝혀낼 수 있을 것이다. 이로써 수문의 위치, 형태, 범위의 파악은 물론 그동안 예상치 못했던 미확인 구조물이나 시설 등을 발굴에 앞서 예측하고 이를 바탕으로 빠르고 정밀한 조사계획도 가능하게 된다. 벽골제의 축조 목적과 기능에 대한 여러 의문들을 해소하기 위해서는 축조 당시의 환경이나 경관복원이 이루어져야 한다. 여기에는 제방과 주변지역에 대한 광범위한 시추(Boring)조사를 통한 토양샘플의 자연과학적 분석이 필요하다. 아울러 기존의 AMS를 비롯한 방사선탄소연대 측정값 외에 산소동위체 비연륜연대법에 기초한 절대연대 측정자료의 확보는 매우 중요하다. 이처럼 고지형 분석과 자연과학적 분석은 각각 개별적, 독립적인 것이 아닌 상호 연계되는 자료로 통합 연구되어야 한다. 그래야 벽골제 축조 직전의 자연환경적 상황과 축조지점의 지형조건에 대한 해석, 벽골제의 성격 및 그 변화를 추적하는데도 유력한 판단 근거이자 방법이 될 수 있다. 이를 통해 벽골제 축조 이전의 김제평야의 모습부터 벽골제 축조에 따른 김제평야의 성립 및 형성, 그리고 이후의 발달사 등이 보다 명료하게 밝혀질 수 있을 것이다.

성토지지말뚝에 작용하는 연직하중에 대한 모형실험

홍원표,강승인 한국지반공학회 2000 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.16 No.4

A series of model tests were performed both to investigate the load transfer by soil acrching in fills above embankment pils and to verify of the theoretical analysis. In the model tests, the piles were installed in a row below the embankment and the cap beams were placed on the pile heads perpendicular to the longitudinal axias of the embankment. The space between pile cap beams and the embankment height was focused as the major factors affecting the load transfer in embankment fill. When the embankment fill was higher than the minimum required height, which was about 33% higher than the radius of the soil arch proposed by theoretical discussion in the previous study, not only the soil arching could be developed completely but also the experimental results showed good agreement with theoretical predictions. The portion of the embankment load carried by model pile cap beams decreased with increment of the space between pile cap beams, while it increased with increment of the embankment height. Therefore, to maximize the effect of embankment load transfer by piles on design, the interval ratio of pile cap beams should be decreased under considerably high embankments by reducing the space between cap beams and/or enlarging the width of pile cap beams.

Effect of Shape Parameters on Failure of Earthen Embankment Due to Overtopping

Rawya M. Kansoh,Mohamed Elkholy,Ghada Abo-Zaid 대한토목학회 2020 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.24 No.5

Selection of the appropriate mixtures of earthen embankments plays an important role in reducing the chances of failure of such crucial structures by either overtopping, internal erosion, or seepage, etc. Recent studies show that 34% of failures cases are due to overtopping which pose a major flood risk to the people and properties in the inundation areas. In this study, the failure of compacted homogeneous non-cohesive earthen embankment due to overtopping has been experimentally investigated. Effects of different shape parameters including the embankment downstream slope, the crest width and the height of the embankment on the erosion process are tested. Evolution of the breach shape is tracked using a high-definition camera. Time of failure of the embankments is evaluated for different downstream slopes, crest width and embankment heights. The results show that the downstream slopes have a major effect in changing the failure modes of the embankment. For small downstream slope of 5:1 (V: H), and 10:1, the erosion of the downstream slope takes place along a pivot point located above the bed of the embankment where the base length of the embankment increases by time. However, for higher values, the pivot point is located on the base of the embankment and the base length of the embankment decreases by time till it reaches equilibrium. Also, using different mixtures of gravel/sand materials affect the time of failure.

Effect of Different Reinforced Load Transfer Platforms on Geosynthetic-Reinforced Pile-Supported Embankment: Centrifuge Model Test

Di Wu,Chen Luo,Zifeng Gao,Dan Li,Chao Xu 대한토목학회 2022 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.26 No.2

Geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankment has been widely utilized in the railways and highways subgrade of soft clay area. The load transfer platform (LTP), consisting of sand layers and one or more layers of geosynthetic, is constantly used at the base of embankment to increase the load transfer to piles and reduce the differential settlement of embankment surface. However, the effect of different reinforced LTPs on the performances of GRPS embankment has not been fully understood. Eight centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the effect of five influence factors on deformation and load transfer of embankment, and tensile force of geogrid: placing geogrid or not, the number of geogrid layers, geogrid reinforced position, geogrid stiffness, wrapped-back geogrid setting in LTP. The results showed that the wrapped-back geogrid setting in the LTP was equivalent to anchoring the geogrid at the slope toe of embankment, which strengthened the reinforcement-soil interaction and restricted the pull-out displacement of geogrid to enhance the stiffness for LTP. The LTP reinforced with stiffer geogrid or multi-layer geogrid contributed to increase the stability and load transfer of embankment due to the increase of the integrity stiffness for LTP. When the geogrid was set at the middle of LTP, the performances of the GRPS embankment was enhanced due to the more interfaces between the geogrid and soil to improve the integrity stiffness of the LTP. The two-layer geogrid reinforced in the LTP could be the best choice to enhance the performance of the GRPS embankment under the comprehensive consideration of the performance and economy. The five setting ways of the reinforcement in LTP increased the integrity stiffness of LTP, which provided more methods to enhance the performances of the GRPS embankment.

차수매트 포설 범위에 따른 저수지 월류시 거동 특성

김영익,이익상,최돈환,임은상,김용성,Kim, Young-Ik,Lee, Ik-Sang,Choi, Don-Hwan,Im, Eun-Sang,Kim, Yong-Seong 한국농공학회 2010 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.52 No.2

This study was performed to develop the embankment protection method that can reduce demage by prevention of embankment loss and collapse from overflow due to heavy rain and flood. For overflow test, model dam was prepared and embankment behaviors were monitored with the established piezometer and strain meter during overflow. As a result of overflow test for model dam, in case of embankment without waterproof mat, the lower end of embankment was collapsed within 40 seconds after beginning of overflow. On the other hand, in case of embankment with waterproof mat, embankment collapse didn't occurred during overflow. Accordingly, establishment of waterproof mat for embankment showed that be absolutely effective for the embankment protection during overflow in reservoir. Also, it showed that the minimum establishment range of waterproof mat to prevent embankment collapse in reservoir is from maximum storage level to the lower end of embankment.

바이오폴리머 혼합토를 활용한 제방 통문 주위 내부침식 저항성 평가를 위한 모형실험

김민진(Minjin Kim),문준호(Junho Moon),김찬희(Chanhee Kim),김영욱(Younguk Kim) 한국지반환경공학회 2021 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.22 No.12

우리나라 제방 중 내부침식에 의한 붕괴는 약 10% 이상을 차지하고 있다. 내부침식 뿐만 아니라 월류, 제체 불안정 등으로 인한 제방의 붕괴를 사전에 방지하고 최소한의 피해를 위하여 다양한 연구들이 시도되고 있고, 그 중 하나가 바이오폴리머 적용에 관한 연구이다. 바이오폴리머의 적용 분야에는 강도, 식생, 내침식성으로 나뉘며 본 연구에서는 내침식성에 대한 내용을 다룰 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 모형제방의 다짐도 및 내부침식 유도로에 따른 붕괴양상을 검토하고 적합한 조건을 선정하여 바이오폴리머 혼합토 제방의 효과를 검증하기 위한 실규모 실험 기초자료를 확보하는 것이다. 모형제방의 다짐도를 상, 중, 하로 나누어 각각의 유도로 조건에 따른 침식양상을 검토하여 가장 적합한 실험 조건을 선정하였으며, 바이오폴리머 혼합토 처리 유무에 따른 효과를 확인하였다. 실험결과, 바이오폴리머 혼합토를 적용한 제방에서의 내부침식률이 크게 감소하였으며, 실제 제방에 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 스케일을 축소시킨 모형제방에 바이오폴리머 혼합토를 적용하여 실제 적용 가능한지 여부를 연구하였다. 따라서, 실제 현장적용성 평가를 위해서는 실규모 제방실험이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. River-side Embankment collapse involves various causes. The embankment collapse due to internal erosion around embedded structures reaches up to more than 10% in Korea. Many studies are being attempted to prevent from the collapse of the embankment rooted from overtopping and instability as well as internal erosion. One of them is the study on the application of biopolymers. The application of biopolymers to soils are divided into enhancing strength, vegetation and erosion resistance. This study investigated the effect of biopolymer treated soil on erosion resistance. The main goal of the study is to obtain basic data for real-scale experiments to verify the effectiveness of biopolymer treated soil embankment including a review of the collapse pattern in the model embankment with various test conditions. The optimized experimental conditions were selected by examining the erosion patterns according to each induction path with three compaction degree of the model embankment. As a result of the experiment, the internal erosion rate in the embankment to which the biopolymer treated soil was applied is greatly reduced, and it could be concluded that it might be applied to the actual embankment. However, in this study, the conclusion was drawn only within the scaled-down model embankment. In order to practically apply the biopolymer treated soil to the embankment, the study considering the scale effect would be needed.

Impact of road embankment construction on groundwater system in alluvial aquifers

김다혜,차범근,여인욱 한국지질과학협의회 2023 Geosciences Journal Vol.27 No.1

This study aims to evaluate the impact of road embankment construction on the groundwater system in alluvial aquifers that have excessively used groundwater. A road embankment was constructed across extensive flat alluvial deposits. Laboratory permeability tests demonstrated that the loading by road embankment significantly reduced the permeability of alluvial sediments, creating an impermeable boundary in the groundwater system. The numerical modeling results showed that road embankment acting as an impermeable boundary caused groundwater levels to rise in the upstream area but decline in the downstream area. However, unlike in other upstream areas, there was no noticeable rise in the groundwater level after the embankment construction in the area where the groundwater was in extensive use. The long-term water level monitoring also confirmed no meaningful change in water level during the road embankment construction. This is because the additional decline of the water level due to the decrease in the influence radius of groundwater pumping by the impermeable boundary offsets the increase in the upstream water level. The flow modeling and the water level monitoring showed that the overall impact of the road embankment construction on the groundwater supplies could be insignificant. However, the numerical modeling indicates that the degree of impact varies with the distance from the road embankment. This study implies that the impact of the road embankment construction on the groundwater supplies in the upstream area will depend on the geological and hydraulic settings, which determine the radius of influence, such as the hydraulic property of the alluvial aquifer, pumping rate, the number and location of pumps, etc.