제방겸용도로 건설에 따른 제방 안정성 해석에 관한 연구

김성남,이영우 한국도로학회 2008 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.10 No.3

This study analyzes the change of stability of embankment due to the construction of embankment combined used road with two different construction phases. The stabilities have been checked both in the phase of earth banking for a road construction and in the phase of the application of the traffic roads (DB-24). In both cases the factor of safety has been found higher than 1.3 which is the general criterion of the safety of an embankment. The results indicate that the safety of an embankment due to the construction of embankment combined use road is assured, and thus, it is thought that the construction of embankment combined use road can be considered for cutting down on expenses of construction sites for a road construction. However, the pre-examination of stability due to the construction should be carried out because it decreases the factor of safety of an embankment. From this study, it has been found that the factor of safety was dropped most when the water level rose in the transient flow. The result indicates that the stability analysis of a river embankment where the water level changes frequently should be carried out in the condition of transient flow. It is recommended that the inner side of an embankment should have a slope of 1:2 which is identical with the slope of the existing embankment. In addition, the factor of safety also can be decreased due to the traffic loads, and therefore, the effect should also be considered after the construction of embankment combined used road limiting the traffic loads. This study analyzes the change of stability of embankment due to the construction of embankment combined used road with two different construction phases. The stabilities have been checked both in the phase of earth banking for a road construction and in the phase of the application of the traffic roads (DB-24). In both cases the factor of safety has been found higher than 1.3 which is the general criterion of the safety of an embankment. The results indicate that the safety of an embankment due to the construction of embankment combined use road is assured, and thus, it is thought that the construction of embankment combined use road can be considered for cutting down on expenses of construction sites for a road construction. However, the pre-examination of stability due to the construction should be carried out because it decreases the factor of safety of an embankment. From this study, it has been found that the factor of safety was dropped most when the water level rose in the transient flow. The result indicates that the stability analysis of a river embankment where the water level changes frequently should be carried out in the condition of transient flow. It is recommended that the inner side of an embankment should have a slope of 1:2 which is identical with the slope of the existing embankment. In addition, the factor of safety also can be decreased due to the traffic loads, and therefore, the effect should also be considered after the construction of embankment combined used road limiting the traffic loads.

성토지지말뚝에 작용하는 연직하중의 이론해석

홍원표,이재호,전성권 한국지반공학회 2000 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.16 No.1

연약지반속에 말뚝을 설치하고 성토를 실시할 경우 말뚝에 작용하는 연직하중을 산정할 수 있는 이론적 해석법을 개발하였다. 여기서 말뚝은 성토하중지지 효과를 증대시키기 위하여 일정간격의 줄말뚝 형태로 설치하며 각 줄말뚝의 두부는 지중보 형태의 말뚝캡보로 연결시킨 경우를 대상으로 한다. 이론식의 유도과정에서 성토지지말뚝으로 지지된 성토지반의 파괴발생 기구를 말뚝위 성토지반속의 파괴형태에 따라 지반아칭파괴와 펀칭전단파괴의 두 가지로 크게 구분하였다. 여기서 지반아칭은 말뚝캡보 사이의 간격이 좁거나 성토고가 충분히 높을 때 발생된다. 지반아칭파괴는 아치의 파괴부위에 따라 정상파괴와 캡파괴로 나누어 각 파괴형태의 안전성이 검토되었다. 또한, 제안식에 의한 성토지지말뚝의 하중분담효과는 말뚝캡보의 간격과 폭의 크기 및 지반정수에 크게 영향을 받고 있음을 알 수 있다. 즉, 말뚝캡보의 간격이 증가하면 말뚝의 하중분담효과는 감소하며 성토고, 말뚝캡보폭, 내부마찰각 및 점착력의 크기가 증가할수록 하중분담효과가 커지게 된다. 따라서 이러한 말뚝 및 지반에 관한 영향요소를 적절히 결정하면 성토지지말뚝의 성토하중분담 효과를 효과적으로 극대화시킬 수 있을 것이다. Several theoretical analyses are performed to predict the vertical load on embankment piles with cap beams. The piles are installed in a row in soft ground below the embankment and the cap beams are placed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the embankment. Two failure mechanisms such as the soil arching failure and the punching shear failure are investigated according to the failure pattern in embankment on soft ground supported by piles with cap beams. The soil arching can be developed when the space between cap beams is narrow and/or the embankment is high enough. In the investigation of the soil arching failure, the stability in the crown of the arch is compared with that above the cap beams. The factors affecting the load transfer in the embankment fill by soil arching are the space between cap beams, the width of cap beams and the soil parameters of the embankment fill. The portion of the embankment load carried by cap beams decreases with increment of the space between cap beams, while it increases with the embankment height, the width of cap beams, the internal friction angle and cohesion of the embankment fill. Thus, the factors affecting load transfer in embankment should be appropriately decided in order to maximize the effect of embankment load transfer by piles.

밀양(密陽) 수산제(守山堤) 수문(水門)의 발굴조사(發掘調査)와 성격(性格)

이동주 ( Dong Ju Lee ) 東亞大學校附設 石堂傳統文化硏究院 2006 石堂論叢 Vol.36 No.-

본 연구는 현재 흔적조차 확인하기 힘든 밀양 守山堤의 구조와 성격을 부분적으로 이루어졌던 水門址의 조사내용을 바탕으로 고문헌과 고지도, 그리고 주변 유적 및 지형을 통하여 수산제의 전체적인 성격을 검토하고자 하였다. 이 일대는 낙동강 변에 나란히 형성된 긴 골짜기 평야지대로, 그 입구부 쪽에서 우연히 수문지가 발견됨에 따라 1990년 이곳에 대한 부분적 발굴조사가 실시된 바 있다. 조사 당시 수문은 자연 암반을 인공적으로 터널식 굴을 파서 내부로 물이 흐르도록 연결되어 있었으며, 그 양쪽에 각각 2개씩의 수문시설이 갖추어져 있었다. 또한 수문에 사용되었던 목제편 일부와 도자기편들이 출토되었는데, 대부분 조선시대 후기 단계와 근세의 것이어서 늦은 시기까지 수문이 관리되고 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 문헌기록에 처음 언급되는 수산제 축조에 대한 내용은 고려시대 麗蒙聯合軍이 일본 정벌을 위한 군량확보를 목적으로 金方慶(1212~1300)이 제방을 쌓았던 것으로 나타나며, 그 이후 조선이 개국되면서 무너져 있었던 것을 세조 13년(1467) 3월 5일 국가에서 관리하여 경작토록 하였지만, 일주일 후인 세조 13년 3월 13일에는 密陽府 良洞驛 앞에 제방을 쌓고 둔전을 만들었다고 나타나고 있다. 이 이후 부분적으로 관리되어 오다 조선의 멸망과 함께 그 기능을 완전히 상실하게 되었던 것으로 추정된다. 각종 고지도에 나타나는 내용과 지형을 참고한다면, 제방은 산 계곡을 막아 만든 일반적 저수지와는 달리 높은 지점의 평지 골짜기 양쪽을 막아 제방을 쌓고, 그 내부에 낙동강에서 범람하는 물을 가두어 두었다가 골짜기 내부의 낮은 경작지로 공급하였던 구조로 판단된다. 이 경우 양쪽 산자락의 지형을 이용하여 수로를 조성하였기 때문에 수문의 조절만으로 필요한 用水를 평야지대에 공급할 수 있다는 점에서 매우 과학적인 체제로 이루어진 대규모의 국가적 토목사업이었던 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이 때문에 조선이 멸망할 때까지 국가에서 관리하는 國屯田으로 삼았던 것으로 보인다. 따라서 발굴조사에서 확인된 수문은 바깥 제방에 해당하며, 양동마을 앞에 위치하고 있다는 점에서 조선시대 세조 13년 3월 13일 만든 것으로 볼 수 있다. 골짜기 내부의 또 다른 제방 흔적은 현재 金浦里로 이어지는 직선도로가 그것으로 판단되며, 이것이 고려시대 김방경이 축조한 제방으로 볼 수 있다. 이 경우에도 그 내부에 또 하나의 제방이 더 있어야만 하지만 현재로선 확인하기 어렵다. 이러한 점에서 현재의 낙동강 물을 입수 및 배출하는 國農新莊에 있는 수로가 매우 주목되는데, 1920년 이전에 작성된 근세 지도에서도 확인되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 지형상으로도 매우 낮다는 점에서 이 일대를 발굴 조사한다면 고대의 수산제 수문의 흔적이 확인 가능할 것으로 판단된다. This study examined a study on the structure and character of Miryang Susan Embankment, which has almost disappeared today, as well as ancient texts and maps and surrounding relics and topographies to study the overall character of Susan Embankment. This locality is a long valley of plains on both side of Nakdong River and an old water gate was found by its entrance. Thus, a partial excavation was conducted in this area in 1990. The embankment made an artificial tunnel on natural bedrock to flow water through the bedrock and had a water gate on each side of the embankment. Also, its wood and porcelain parts were excavated. These parts were dated back to the late Joseon Dynasty and early modern times, revealing that the embankment was operated until the modern times. The first historical record on Susan Embankment tells us that Geum, Bang Gyeong (1212~1300) from the Goryo Dynasty constructed an embankment to grow enough crops for Goryo-Mongolia Alliance to conquer Japan. The embankment was abandoned by the foundation of the Joseon Dynasty, but King Sejo ordered to reconstruct the embankment in front of Yangdong Station in Miryang on March 13th of the 13th year of his reign (1467). It was partially operated by the Government, but it completely lost its function with the collapse of the Joseon Dynasty. Referring to various ancient maps, the embankment is different from typical reservoirs that trap water on the lowest point of mountain valleys. Instead, it cut off both sides of a flat valley on a high point and trapped water overflowing from Nakdong River to supply it to plains on lower points of the valley. In this case, both parts of the mountain was used to form the waterway, the water gate could control the water supply to the plains. It was a very scientific system of large-capacity water supply and this was why this area was the national crop supplier until the fall of the Joseon Dynasty. The water gate found in the excavation was the outer embankment. Considering that it is located in front of Yangdong Village, it was constructed on March 13th of the 13th year of the reign of Joseon King Sejo. Another embankment is currently a straight road to Geumpo-ri and it was constructed by Geum, Bang Gyeong in the Goryo Dynasty. This embankment must have had an inner embankment, but it cannot be found today. Considering that the water gate which currently controls the waters of Nakdong River is also marked in early maps from before the 1920s and is located in a low point of a valley, we may be able to find the remains of another ancient water gate of Susan Embankment near this water gate.

김제 벽골제의 정비계획을 위한 조사방안 -고지형과 자연과학의 적용을 중심으로-

오승환 원광대학교 마한백제문화연구소 2019 馬韓, 百濟文化 Vol.33 No.-

The Byeokgolje embankment in Gimje have gained much results through more than 10 excavations so far. However, some parts have yet to be identified, which should be revealed through further investigation. Investigations should solve problems that have yet to be addressed using paleogemorphic map analysis, and research methods in various natural sciences. To identify the submerged range and the reach of water of the Byeokgolje embankment, an investigation of the surrounding area of Byeokgolje embankment is necessary. In this area, however, it is difficult to excavate the area because it is all privately owned land that farms. Therefore, a paleogemorphic map analysis that does an indirect investigation works best. Then, it has to accurately measure the Byeokgolje embankment to reveal the width and height of the embankment and simulate the submerged range. The extent to which the paleogemorphic map analysis is assumed to have had the floodgates of the Byeokgolje embankment can be pinpointed the locate by GPR exploration. This allows us to predict the location, shape, and structure of the Byeokgolje embankment's floodgates, as well as find unidentified structures that we did not expect. This enables rapid and precise investigations based on these forecasts prior to excavation. There was much debate about the purpose and use of the Byeokgolje embankment. To resolve this argument, the environment or landscape at the time of the construction must be restored. Soil samples obtained from the boring investigation should be analyzed in natural science. It is also necessary to collect data on radiation-carbon dates, including AMS, and various measurement data for absolute-date. Paleogemorphic map analysis and natural science analysis should be studied not separately from each other but integrated. Only then can we know the natural environment and topographical conditions prior to the construction of the Byeokgolje embankment, and we can trace the changes in personality from one era to another. This will be how the process of forming and developing Gimje Plain before and after the construction of the Byeokgolje embankment could be revealed. 사적 제 111호인 김제 벽골제유적은 그동안 10차례 이상의 발굴조사를 통해 많은 성과를 거두었다. 하지만 명확한 성격 규명이 이루어지지지 못한 부분도 남아 있어 향후 조사에서 이를 해결해야 할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 앞으로의 조사방향은 발굴 뿐 아니라 고지형 분석을 바탕으로 다양한 자연과학적 방법을 적용할 필요가 있다. 이를 통해 그동안의 조사에서 밝히지 못한 문제를 해결하는 한편 새로운 연구의 방향도 제시될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 벽골제의 담수 및 수혜지역을 밝히기 위해서는 주변 일대에 대한 조사가 절실하지만 대부분 논으로 경작되는 사유지란 점에서 직접적인 조사에는 한계가 있다. 여기에는 간접조사 방식인 고지형 분석의 활용이 더 효율적이며 효과도 크다. 이와 함께 정밀 측량방식을 응용한 벽골제의 제방 폭과 높이에 따른 담수량 시뮬레이션도 진행되어야 한다. 그리고 고지형 분석을 통해 추정된 벽골제의 수문에 대해서는 GPR탐사를 통해 세밀한 범위를 밝혀낼 수 있을 것이다. 이로써 수문의 위치, 형태, 범위의 파악은 물론 그동안 예상치 못했던 미확인 구조물이나 시설 등을 발굴에 앞서 예측하고 이를 바탕으로 빠르고 정밀한 조사계획도 가능하게 된다. 벽골제의 축조 목적과 기능에 대한 여러 의문들을 해소하기 위해서는 축조 당시의 환경이나 경관복원이 이루어져야 한다. 여기에는 제방과 주변지역에 대한 광범위한 시추(Boring)조사를 통한 토양샘플의 자연과학적 분석이 필요하다. 아울러 기존의 AMS를 비롯한 방사선탄소연대 측정값 외에 산소동위체 비연륜연대법에 기초한 절대연대 측정자료의 확보는 매우 중요하다. 이처럼 고지형 분석과 자연과학적 분석은 각각 개별적, 독립적인 것이 아닌 상호 연계되는 자료로 통합 연구되어야 한다. 그래야 벽골제 축조 직전의 자연환경적 상황과 축조지점의 지형조건에 대한 해석, 벽골제의 성격 및 그 변화를 추적하는데도 유력한 판단 근거이자 방법이 될 수 있다. 이를 통해 벽골제 축조 이전의 김제평야의 모습부터 벽골제 축조에 따른 김제평야의 성립 및 형성, 그리고 이후의 발달사 등이 보다 명료하게 밝혀질 수 있을 것이다.

Effect of Different Reinforced Load Transfer Platforms on Geosynthetic-Reinforced Pile-Supported Embankment: Centrifuge Model Test

Di Wu,Chen Luo,Zifeng Gao,Dan Li,Chao Xu 대한토목학회 2022 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.26 No.2

Geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankment has been widely utilized in the railways and highways subgrade of soft clay area. The load transfer platform (LTP), consisting of sand layers and one or more layers of geosynthetic, is constantly used at the base of embankment to increase the load transfer to piles and reduce the differential settlement of embankment surface. However, the effect of different reinforced LTPs on the performances of GRPS embankment has not been fully understood. Eight centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the effect of five influence factors on deformation and load transfer of embankment, and tensile force of geogrid: placing geogrid or not, the number of geogrid layers, geogrid reinforced position, geogrid stiffness, wrapped-back geogrid setting in LTP. The results showed that the wrapped-back geogrid setting in the LTP was equivalent to anchoring the geogrid at the slope toe of embankment, which strengthened the reinforcement-soil interaction and restricted the pull-out displacement of geogrid to enhance the stiffness for LTP. The LTP reinforced with stiffer geogrid or multi-layer geogrid contributed to increase the stability and load transfer of embankment due to the increase of the integrity stiffness for LTP. When the geogrid was set at the middle of LTP, the performances of the GRPS embankment was enhanced due to the more interfaces between the geogrid and soil to improve the integrity stiffness of the LTP. The two-layer geogrid reinforced in the LTP could be the best choice to enhance the performance of the GRPS embankment under the comprehensive consideration of the performance and economy. The five setting ways of the reinforcement in LTP increased the integrity stiffness of LTP, which provided more methods to enhance the performances of the GRPS embankment.

Effect of Shape Parameters on Failure of Earthen Embankment Due to Overtopping

Rawya M. Kansoh,Mohamed Elkholy,Ghada Abo-Zaid 대한토목학회 2020 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.24 No.5

Selection of the appropriate mixtures of earthen embankments plays an important role in reducing the chances of failure of such crucial structures by either overtopping, internal erosion, or seepage, etc. Recent studies show that 34% of failures cases are due to overtopping which pose a major flood risk to the people and properties in the inundation areas. In this study, the failure of compacted homogeneous non-cohesive earthen embankment due to overtopping has been experimentally investigated. Effects of different shape parameters including the embankment downstream slope, the crest width and the height of the embankment on the erosion process are tested. Evolution of the breach shape is tracked using a high-definition camera. Time of failure of the embankments is evaluated for different downstream slopes, crest width and embankment heights. The results show that the downstream slopes have a major effect in changing the failure modes of the embankment. For small downstream slope of 5:1 (V: H), and 10:1, the erosion of the downstream slope takes place along a pivot point located above the bed of the embankment where the base length of the embankment increases by time. However, for higher values, the pivot point is located on the base of the embankment and the base length of the embankment decreases by time till it reaches equilibrium. Also, using different mixtures of gravel/sand materials affect the time of failure.

차수매트 포설 범위에 따른 저수지 월류시 거동 특성

김영익,이익상,최돈환,임은상,김용성,Kim, Young-Ik,Lee, Ik-Sang,Choi, Don-Hwan,Im, Eun-Sang,Kim, Yong-Seong 한국농공학회 2010 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.52 No.2

This study was performed to develop the embankment protection method that can reduce demage by prevention of embankment loss and collapse from overflow due to heavy rain and flood. For overflow test, model dam was prepared and embankment behaviors were monitored with the established piezometer and strain meter during overflow. As a result of overflow test for model dam, in case of embankment without waterproof mat, the lower end of embankment was collapsed within 40 seconds after beginning of overflow. On the other hand, in case of embankment with waterproof mat, embankment collapse didn't occurred during overflow. Accordingly, establishment of waterproof mat for embankment showed that be absolutely effective for the embankment protection during overflow in reservoir. Also, it showed that the minimum establishment range of waterproof mat to prevent embankment collapse in reservoir is from maximum storage level to the lower end of embankment.

바이오폴리머 혼합토를 활용한 제방 통문 주위 내부침식 저항성 평가를 위한 모형실험

김민진(Minjin Kim),문준호(Junho Moon),김찬희(Chanhee Kim),김영욱(Younguk Kim) 한국지반환경공학회 2021 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.22 No.12

우리나라 제방 중 내부침식에 의한 붕괴는 약 10% 이상을 차지하고 있다. 내부침식 뿐만 아니라 월류, 제체 불안정 등으로 인한 제방의 붕괴를 사전에 방지하고 최소한의 피해를 위하여 다양한 연구들이 시도되고 있고, 그 중 하나가 바이오폴리머 적용에 관한 연구이다. 바이오폴리머의 적용 분야에는 강도, 식생, 내침식성으로 나뉘며 본 연구에서는 내침식성에 대한 내용을 다룰 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 모형제방의 다짐도 및 내부침식 유도로에 따른 붕괴양상을 검토하고 적합한 조건을 선정하여 바이오폴리머 혼합토 제방의 효과를 검증하기 위한 실규모 실험 기초자료를 확보하는 것이다. 모형제방의 다짐도를 상, 중, 하로 나누어 각각의 유도로 조건에 따른 침식양상을 검토하여 가장 적합한 실험 조건을 선정하였으며, 바이오폴리머 혼합토 처리 유무에 따른 효과를 확인하였다. 실험결과, 바이오폴리머 혼합토를 적용한 제방에서의 내부침식률이 크게 감소하였으며, 실제 제방에 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 스케일을 축소시킨 모형제방에 바이오폴리머 혼합토를 적용하여 실제 적용 가능한지 여부를 연구하였다. 따라서, 실제 현장적용성 평가를 위해서는 실규모 제방실험이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. River-side Embankment collapse involves various causes. The embankment collapse due to internal erosion around embedded structures reaches up to more than 10% in Korea. Many studies are being attempted to prevent from the collapse of the embankment rooted from overtopping and instability as well as internal erosion. One of them is the study on the application of biopolymers. The application of biopolymers to soils are divided into enhancing strength, vegetation and erosion resistance. This study investigated the effect of biopolymer treated soil on erosion resistance. The main goal of the study is to obtain basic data for real-scale experiments to verify the effectiveness of biopolymer treated soil embankment including a review of the collapse pattern in the model embankment with various test conditions. The optimized experimental conditions were selected by examining the erosion patterns according to each induction path with three compaction degree of the model embankment. As a result of the experiment, the internal erosion rate in the embankment to which the biopolymer treated soil was applied is greatly reduced, and it could be concluded that it might be applied to the actual embankment. However, in this study, the conclusion was drawn only within the scaled-down model embankment. In order to practically apply the biopolymer treated soil to the embankment, the study considering the scale effect would be needed.

논문 : 김제 벽골제와 백제 중방성

최완규 ( Wang Yu Choi ) 호남고고학회 2013 湖南考古學報 Vol.44 No.-

전북지역에서는 1990년대 이후 많은 유적들의 발굴조사가 이루어져 왔다. 그러나 이들유적들을 종합적으로 검토한 체계적인 연구가 이루어지기 보다는 개별 유적에 대한 서술적수준에 머물러 온 것이 사실이다. 따라서 고고학적 분석을 통해 전북지역의 고대사를 복원하려는 노력이 절실히 요구되는 시점이라 할 것이다. 이 글은 이러한 취지에서 전통성과 보수성이 강한 분묘유적을 활용하여 각 지역별 문화양상을 간략히 파악하였다. 특히 김제 벽골제의 발굴조사 결과를 바탕으로 기존의 제설을 재검토하고, 인근 정읍 고사부리성, 부안 백산성의 최근 조사 성과와 연계하여 백제 지방통치의 중심이었던 중방성인 고사부리성의 설치 배경에 접근하고자 하였다. 동진강유역은 벽골제 중수비에 보이는 몽리 지역을 통해 정치·경제영역 설정이 가능한데 이곳에 벽골제와 백산성, 그리고 고사부리성(고부구읍성)이 배치되어 있다. 이들 유적은 백제 오방성 가운데 중방성인 고사부리성의 근간이 된다. 곧 벽골제는 생산유적으로서, 백산성은 유통의 거점으로서, 정치 중심은 고사부리성으로 비정될 수 있다. 벽골제는 문헌기록이나 1975년도 발굴조사 결과 초축이 330년에 해당한다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 기존의 연구에서는 한강유역의 풍납토성의 축조연대나 축조공법의 비교를 통해 백제중앙세력이 벽골제 축조 중심에 있는 것으로 파악되어 왔었다. 그러나 금번 발굴조사 결과에서는 제방의 축조법이 풍납토성의 축조공법보다는 마한 분구묘의 축조공법과 매우 유사함이 밝혀졌다. 따라서 벽골제 축조집단의 중심은 마한 분구묘 축조 전통을 가진 세력이라는 결론에 도달하였다. 특히 벽골제의 축조는 3·4세기 대에 호남 서해안 일대에서 급증하는 대규모취락과 깊은 관련성이 있는 것으로 추정된다. 백산성 조사결과 4중 환호로 둘러싸인 유구로 정상에서 많은 곡물과 3·4세기의 마한계 토기가 출토되었다. 또한 고사부리성 근처에 지사리나 운학리의 마한 분구묘가 군집을 이루고 있기 때문에 백제 중방성 고사부리성은 그 근간을 마한전통에 두고 있음을 알 수 있다. From the 1990s onwards, lots of excavations for research of cultural relics have been carried out in Jeonbuk provincial area. In fact, however, such excavations have not been performed within the frame of systematic programs for composite studies on overall cultural relics in the area but have only left behind written reports of individual ones. It is thus urgently needed to make now serious efforts to restitute the ancient history of Jeonbuk area backed up by unearthed archaeological evidences. In this context, the present paper was aimed at investigating cultural aspects of each region by relying mainly on the remains from the tombs that have usually revealed strong tints of tradition and conservativeness. Based particularly on the outcomes of studies on excavations of Byeokgolje Embankment, this paper attempted to review some preceding claims in this connection and to explain the background of establishment of Gosaburiseong Castle which owned a key position for local administration during Baekje Kingdom, in consideration of the outcomes of researches made in the neighboring areas like Gosaburiseong Castle in Jeongeup and Baeksanseong Castlen i Buan. Judging from the irrigation district found in the restored monument of Byeokgolje Embankment, it might be possible to define the political and economic district of Dongjingang River area in which Byeokgolje Embankment, Baeksanseong Castle and Gosaburiseong Castle (Gobu-eupseong Castle) were placed. These remains formed the back bone of Gosaburiseong Castle which was the central strategic castle among the five strategic ones in the Baekje Kingdom era. In a figurative sense, Byeokgolje Embankment might be assumed as a place of production, Baeksanseong Castle as a point of logistics and Gosaburiseong Castle as a political center. The findings ofrm excavation of Byeokgolje Embankment conducted in 1975 led to a conclusion that it was first constructed in 330 CE. On the basis of these findings and by comparison of the construction years and the engineering technology employed in construction of Poongnaptoseong Earthen Wall along the Hangang River basin, preceding studies used to claim that the central force of Baekje played a key role in constructing Byeokgolje Embankment. On the contrary, however, it became clear in the latest excavation research that the engineering technology used in construction of Byeokgolje Embankment is rather more similar to that of Bungumyo or mounded burial in Mahan statelet than to that employed for construction of Poongnaptoseong Earthen Wall. It might therefore be concluded that the main force of people active to construct Byeokgolje Embankment were those who had succeeded the tradition of constructing mounded burial of Mahan style. The construction of Byeokgolje Embankment is assumed to have particular links to settlements of large scale that were increasing in number along the region of Honam and west coast areas of the country in about the 3rd and 4th centuries. The excavation of Baeksanseong Castle brought to light the remains surrounded by fourfold trenches with lots of grain and earthenware of Mahan style in the 3rd and 4th centuries atop of them. Furthermore, mounded burials of Mahan style were formed in cluster in Jisa-ri and Unhak-ri near Gosaburiseong Castle, proving that Gosaburiseong Castle, as a central strategic castle of Baekje, took the root in the tradition of Mahan.

Impact of road embankment construction on groundwater system in alluvial aquifers

김다혜,차범근,여인욱 한국지질과학협의회 2023 Geosciences Journal Vol.27 No.1

This study aims to evaluate the impact of road embankment construction on the groundwater system in alluvial aquifers that have excessively used groundwater. A road embankment was constructed across extensive flat alluvial deposits. Laboratory permeability tests demonstrated that the loading by road embankment significantly reduced the permeability of alluvial sediments, creating an impermeable boundary in the groundwater system. The numerical modeling results showed that road embankment acting as an impermeable boundary caused groundwater levels to rise in the upstream area but decline in the downstream area. However, unlike in other upstream areas, there was no noticeable rise in the groundwater level after the embankment construction in the area where the groundwater was in extensive use. The long-term water level monitoring also confirmed no meaningful change in water level during the road embankment construction. This is because the additional decline of the water level due to the decrease in the influence radius of groundwater pumping by the impermeable boundary offsets the increase in the upstream water level. The flow modeling and the water level monitoring showed that the overall impact of the road embankment construction on the groundwater supplies could be insignificant. However, the numerical modeling indicates that the degree of impact varies with the distance from the road embankment. This study implies that the impact of the road embankment construction on the groundwater supplies in the upstream area will depend on the geological and hydraulic settings, which determine the radius of influence, such as the hydraulic property of the alluvial aquifer, pumping rate, the number and location of pumps, etc.